Who are the Druze and who are they fighting in Syria?

Yahoo

4 hours ago

Sky News special correspondent Alex Crawford is in Sweida in Syria, where she has witnessed mutilated, burned and decomposing bodies after a week of fierce fighting in the region.
Government security forces have been redeployed to enforce the first day of a US-brokered ceasefire. Tensions remain high with fears of further violent clashes. Hundreds have died.
Here's what you need to know about the conflict and who's involved.
Who are the Druze?
The Druze religious sect is an offshoot of Ismailism, a branch of Shiite Islam. About half of the roughly one million Druze worldwide live in Syria, with most others in Lebanon and Israel, including the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
The Druze largely celebrated the downfall of Bashar al Assad in December after an almost 14-year civil war, but were divided over interim president Ahmad al Sharaa, a former militant linked to al Qaeda who led Islamist rebels to overthrow the Syrian autocrat.
A few months after the transition, which was mostly peaceful, government forces clashed with pro-Assad armed groups on Syria's coast, spurring sectarian attacks that killed hundreds of civilians from the Alawite religious minority to which the former president belongs. (Assad now lives in exile in Russia).
The violence left other minority groups, including the Druze in the south, and the Kurds in the northeast, increasingly mistrustful of the new Sharaa government and worried whether it would protect them.
Multiple Druze militias have existed for years, originally set up to protect their communities against ISIS fighters and drug smugglers - and they have been reluctant to lay down their arms.
Government supporters often paint Druze factions as potential separatists or tools of Israel, where they are seen as a loyal minority within and often serve in its military.
What are the factions?Diana Darke, an author, Arabist and Middle East cultural writer, told Sky presenter Barbara Serra there are three main Druze factions, two of which are keen to ally with the government, but the third is controlled by anti-government leader Hikmat al Hijri.
Sky News special correspondent Alex Crawford says that that faction feels vulnerable and mistrusts the government, who they see as Islamic jihadis.
Why did the violence break out?
Deadly clashes broke out last Sunday in the southern province surrounding the city of Sweida between Druze militias and local Sunni Muslim Bedouin tribes.
Rami Abdurrahman, who heads the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, said the conflict started with the kidnapping and robbery of a Druze vegetable seller by members of a Bedouin tribe who set up a checkpoint, leading to tit-for-tat attacks and kidnappings.
Ms Darke says "horrible outbreaks of sectarian violence" are inevitable in a civil war-ravaged country with so many groups - and Sharaa doesn't have "enough manpower" to prevent it.
Who else is involved?
Hijri called for intervention from Israel, and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said they would help to protect the Druze.
Israel bombed key military installations and carried out airstrikes which killed hundreds of Syrian government troops, who were initially sent to restore order before effectively siding with the Bedouins.
Thousands of fighters from Arab tribal groups across Syria also flocked to the area to support the Bedouin tribe.
"There has been absolutely brutal mayhem and total anarchy inside the city with mass looting, mass pillaging, and it looks like a substantial number of deaths," says Crawford.
She says the tribes claim they "are not against the Druze, that this is not a sectarian fight, although it looks very much like that to outsiders like myself and many others".
They have been directing their anger towards Hijri faction, with Khalaf al Modhi, the head of one group called United Tribe, seen telling followers: "We aren't here to fight and kill Druze… we are here to stop that criminal Hijri who asked Israel to bomb our country."
Has a ceasefire been negotiated?
By Wednesday, a truce had been negotiated, allowing Druze factions to maintain security in Sweida as government forces pulled out, although fighting between the Druze and Arab factions continued.
Crawford says she's been talking to doctors, engineers, and architects who've travelled from the cities of Aleppo and Damascus with guns on their backs primarily to provide humanitarian aid, but also to fight Hijri, "who they see as a criminal gang leader who now has the backing of Israel".
The US, another key global player, has indicated its displeasure with the Israeli strikes in Syria and with the government for withdrawing its troops from Sweida.
US special envoy to Syria Tom Barrack announced a ceasefire had been brokered between Israel and Syria on Saturday, hours before Syria's internal security forces began redeploying to Sweida in a bid to restore order.
Syrian leader Sharaa said Sweida "remains an integral part of the Syrian state, and the Druze constitute a fundamental pillar of the Syrian national fabric," vowing to protect all minorities in Syria.
What could happen next?
The situation has calmed, but it could go either way, says Crawford, adding: "I wouldn't describe the ceasefire as anything other than fragile and shaky."
Afraa Hashem from the Syria Campaign group said the chain of violence "is not isolated" and is growing beyond southern Syria.
"It's spreading in northern Syria and dragging Syria towards civil war," she told Sky presenter Barbara Serra.