The unintended consequences of Trump's copper tariff

The Age

19 hours ago

The US has substantial reserves and resources of unmined copper, but only produced about half the 1.64 million tonnes of copper that it consumed last year. It gained another 150,000 or so tonnes from recycling but imported 810,000 tonnes of the refined metal.
The challenge for the US is that it has copper in the ground but its smelting and refining capacity has shrunk over the past several decades.
A slump in the copper price in the 1980s and 1990s led to the closure of US mines and smelters. In the late 1990s it still had 11 smelters in operation; today it has two, with a third that processes scrap.
By contrast, China, which saw a strategic opportunity in the 1990s, made major investments in smelting and now has more than half the world's smelting capacity. Ore from the rest of the world is exported to China to be smelted and refined and then either increasingly consumed within China – which is leading the global electrification race – or re-exported.
Given the centrality of copper to the 21st Century economy and advanced industrial and military technologies, China's dominance of the sector is obviously seen by the US as a national security threat.
The obvious response would be to produce and process more of its own copper. The problem it has is that most of its undeveloped resources are on federal land, which creates challenging and very lengthy approval processes. The average time to bring a new US mine into operation has blown out to about 29 years.
The giant Resolution copper project in Arizona owned by Rio Tinto and BHP, for instance, was discovered in 1995.
Rio submitted a mine plan for the project, in which the companies have already invested several billion dollars, in 2013. It took until May this year for the US Supreme Court to clear the way for a land swap, opposed by native Americans, that will enable the project to proceed. It will take a decade or more to actually bring a mine into production.
(BHP and Rio, via the giant Escondida mine in Chile will, incidentally, be exposed to the copper tariff, although more of that project's output is exported to Asia. Rio does have a mine – and a smelter – in the US that might benefit from the tariff and the higher domestic copper prices it will produce).
Adding more domestic supply of copper might address the threat of supply shortages and the increasing reliance on Latin America (although the US has a free trade agreements with Chile, the major producer), but it doesn't solve the shortage of processing capacity.
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Smelters take at least a decade and $US3 billion-plus of investment to construct and involve environmentally unfriendly processes, which is part of the explanation for why much of the global capacity migrated to China which, at the time, was more interested in economic and strategic benefits than its environment.
Even if that capacity could be built in the US, it is unlikely to be competitive with China's smelters. China already has about 8 of the 20 largest copper smelters in the world.
In the meantime, with the likelihood that Trump's new tariff will apply not only to imports of refined copper but downstream semi-fabricated products like copper sheeting and wire, US manufacturers reliant on copper will face a steep increase in costs.
America's reliance on imported copper, once the tariff is in place, means that those manufacturers will not only incur higher costs that they will try to pass onto their own customers, but those costs will be unique to the US and therefore they will, to the extent that they compete outside the US or with imports, be at a significant competitive disadvantage.
The ubiquity of copper usage means that will be an economy-wide issue, adding to inflation while damaging US competitiveness. That's a familiar aspect of Trump's trade war on the rest of the world.
US copper buyers have already seen a preview of what's to come within the differential in US copper prices and those in the rest of the world as traders scrambled to get in ahead of the tariffs.
That rush to get their hands on physical metal not only forced the copper price to record levels, but has inverted the normal futures price curve for copper, known as contango, where future prices are higher than the spot price to reflect the costs of storage, opportunity costs and risk.
The price curve is now in 'backwardation' – spot prices are higher than future prices, with the prospect of losses for traders and hedged sellers of copper as their contracts expire and they are forced to cover their exposures at higher prices.
The shortage of physical metal in the market, driven by the urgency of getting ahead of the tariff, could lead to even more price rises and market disruption as sellers that have to deliver physical copper try to cover their positions.
Trump has claimed that 'trade wars are good and easy to win.' With copper, as with all of his other tariffs, he'll discover that they are nowhere near as straightforward as he has assumed, with hosts of unexpected and unintended consequences, some of them unpleasant and peculiarly so, not just for copper buyers and traders, but for US manufacturers and their customers.