Tren de Aragua, a gang started in a Venezuelan prison, becomes early target of Trump administration immigration raids
A series of immigration executive actions by President Donald Trump on the first day of his second term included a recommendation that the State Department start the process of designating the Venezuelan Tren de Aragua gang as a foreign terrorist organization.
An executive order, signed on January 20, specifically named Tren de Aragua and the Salvadoran MS-13 gang, citing their 'campaigns of violence and terror in the United States and internationally' as threats to 'the stability of the international order in the Western Hemisphere.' Trump's order also asked that the terrorist designation apply to Mexico's drug cartels.
The president's designation comes months after the Biden administration, in July, designated Tren de Aragua a significant transnational criminal organization.
In the first week of the immigration crackdown, a suspect described by a senior law enforcement source as a high-ranking member of the gang was arrested by federal agents in New York City. The White House on X touted the arrest in Atlanta on Monday of two members of the gang 'illegally present in the U.S.'
Here's what is known about Tren de Aragua:
The criminal gang originated in a Venezuela prison and has slowly spread both north and south in recent years. It now operates in the United States.
The full scale of its operations is unknown. While the gang has principally focused on human trafficking and other crimes targeting migrants, it has also been linked to extortion, kidnapping, money laundering and drug smuggling, according to the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).
For years, Tren de Aragua – also known as 'TdA' – not only terrorized Venezuela but also countries such as Bolivia, Colombia, Chile and Peru.
Retired Gen. Óscar Naranjo, a former vice president of Colombia and chief of the Colombian National Police, has called the gang 'the most disruptive criminal organization operating nowadays in Latin America, a true challenge for the region,' CNN has reported.
In Colombia, Tren de Aragua and a guerrilla group known as the National Liberation Army 'operate sex trafficking networks in the border town of Villa del Rosario' and Norte de Santander, according to a US State Department 2023 Trafficking in Persons Report about Colombia.
The criminal groups exploit Venezuelan migrants and displaced Colombians in sex trafficking, taking advantage of economic vulnerabilities and subjecting them to 'debt bondage,' the report stated. Police in the region reported the organization has victimized thousands through extortion, drug and human trafficking, kidnapping and murder.
OFAC said Tren de Aragua members many times kill victims who try to escape and 'publicize their deaths as a threat to others.'
'As Tren de Aragua has expanded, it has opportunistically infiltrated local criminal economies in South America, established transnational financial operations, laundered funds through cryptocurrency, and formed ties with the U.S.-sanctioned Primeiro Comando da Capital, a notorious organized crime group in Brazil,' according to OFAC.
A challenge for law enforcement officials is the difficulty knowing how many members of Tren de Aragua are already in the US. Some Venezuelan immigrants in Florida and other states have told CNN they are already beginning to see the same type of criminal activity they fled in Venezuela.
Insight Crime, a think tank dedicated to organized crime, said in October that Tren de Aragua's 'reputation appears to have grown more quickly than its actual presence in the United States.'
'Additionally, there is no evidence, thus far, of cells in the United States cooperating with one another or with other criminal groups,' according to Insight Crime. 'Authorities have also not revealed any proof of criminals receiving specific instructions from the organization's leadership or sending money to Venezuela or other foreign countries.'
Tren de Aragua adopted its name between 2013 and 2015 but its operations predate that, according to a report by Transparency Venezuela.
'It has its origin in the unions of workers who worked on the construction of a railway project that would connect the center-west of the country and that was never completed' in both Aragua and Carabobo states, according to the report.
The gang's leaders operated out of the notorious Tocorón prison, which they controlled, the report said. When Venezuelan officials raided the prison in September 2023, they found a swimming pool and several restaurants inside, along with a cache of weapons controlled by inmates, including automatic rifles, machine guns and thousands of rounds of ammunition.
Venezuelan authorities say they have dismantled the leadership of Tren de Aragua and freed Tocorón prison, one of the largest in the country, from the control of its members.
Adam Isaacson, director of defense oversight at the human rights advocacy group Washington Office on Latin America, told CNN last week US sanctions on Tren de Aragua will likely have little effect on the group's day-to-day operations.
'For the members of the groups themselves, the penalties don't change very much, though prosecutors may be more energetic in getting the maximum sentence for you and there could be less room for plea-bargaining,' he said via email.
'Penalties and rewards are similar. It may make it easier to devote more US intelligence and defense resources to pursuing them, though.'
US Customs and Border Protection as well as the FBI have said the gang is established in the US.
'They have followed the migration paths across South America to other countries and have set up criminal groups throughout South America as they follow those paths, and that they appear to follow the migration north to the United States,' said Britton Boyd, an FBI special agent in El Paso, Texas, CNN previously reported.
In December, a married couple was kidnapped by a group of undocumented migrants in their Aurora, Colorado, apartment complex. Police said they were bound, beaten and pistol-whipped. Several suspects were identified as Tren de Aragua members, according to Police Chief Todd Chamberlain.
The man arrested by federal agents in New York was among five suspects in custody in the investigation into 'crimes involving the city's migrant community,' Aurora police said in a statement Tuesday.
In September, Trump seized on rumors that Tren de Aragua had been running amok in Aurora and terrorizing a handful of apartment buildings. Trump described the city as a harbinger of what unchecked migration could mean for America. But Aurora police said gang influence was 'isolated,' and the city countered that the real problem had been abusive housing conditions.
'TdA has not 'taken over' the city,' Aurora Mayor Mike Coffman and Council Member Danielle Jurinsky said in a joint statement at the time.
This story has been updated with additional information.
CNN's Belisa Morillo, Laura Weffer, Jaide Timm-Garcia, Gloria Pazmino and Stefano Pozzebon contributed to this report.
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