logo
Inside the making of India's default internet interface

Inside the making of India's default internet interface

Mint16-06-2025
Bengaluru: Geeta Nikam, 38, speaks into her smartphone in Marathi as she makes her way through a bustling vegetable market in Hiware Bazar, a village in Maharashtra, looking for seeds for her farm. A first-time internet and mobile phone user, Nikam has never typed a word. Keyboards, especially in Indic scripts, feel alien.
In Ludhiana, a large textile manufacturer with crores of rupees in revenue spends his entire working day talking to people on his phone to get tasks done. A computer system loaded with the business softwares of the world is useless to him.
Nikam and the textile manufacturer are part of the 'non-typing majority' among India's 900 million internet users. These are primarily people from Tier II, Tier III cities and villages, where English is uncommon and digital literacy is just emerging. Their preference for voice communication highlights a fundamental need for new interaction methods.
'Nobody's typing in Gujarati or Marathi," says Abhishek Upperwal, founder of Soket AI Labs. Founded in 2019 by Upperwal, Soket AI Labs is an AI research company developing multilingual large language models such as Pragna-1B for Indian languages. It is among the four startups selected by the government under its IndiaAI initiative to co-develop indigenous AI systems.
Voice remains the 'primary interface' for most Indians, says Upperwal. These users, including rural entrepreneurs, gig workers and homemakers, are reshaping India's internet, demanding tools that listen and respond in their native languages.
Those demands are slowly being addressed by AI startups. In the drought-prone villages of Maharashtra, for instance, farmers can now learn about crop insurance, credit eligibility and weather-resilient agriculture without reading a single word. They receive three-minute voice calls from bots deployed by a local non-banking financial company (NBFC), in partnership with Bengaluru-based conversational AI firm Gnani.ai.
The bot speaks in their own dialect, poses simple questions and delivers tailored advice. In one pilot, more than 15,000 farmers across 120 villages received weekly updates and 38% of them adopted new crop diversification strategies using this information, according to Gnani.ai
Voice AI is improving accessibility and also reshaping how information is delivered at scale. In Tamil Nadu, the same technology was used to deliver financial literacy and health education to over 12,000 women in 85 villages. Following the initiative, 59% of the participants opened their first savings accounts and 41% reported improved medical savings behaviour, the company states.
These pilots, in some ways, demonstrate how a voice-native internet might function. 'India's voice-first internet will likely be a dynamic blend of multilingual, context-aware, and highly personalized experiences," says Ganesh Gopalam, CEO and cofounder of Gnani.ai.
From GUIs to voice
In 2019, a Google report said that Hindi had become the second-most used language globally on Google Assistant, just behind English, indicating how voice was gaining ground in multilingual markets such as India. Around 60% of Indian users interact with voice assistants on their smartphones, making voice a core part of everyday digital life.
A subsequent report by WATConsult found that 76% of Indian users were familiar with speech and voice-recognition technology, which reflects a natural shift in a country where smartphone access is high, but digital and linguistic literacy is not evenly distributed. A growing reliance on voice has emerged as a workaround to the limitations of Graphical User Interface (GUI)-based systems, which require users to be comfortable navigating English-language menus.
A GUI lets you interact with computers and devices using visuals such as buttons, icons and menus. This method of using computers started evolving in the 1970s with Xerox PARC's Alto. GUIs gained popularity with Apple's Macintosh in 1984 and then expanded through Microsoft Windows, transforming computing from complex text-based command systems into a more visual experience.
'GUIs ruled for decades because Apple and Microsoft made screens and clicks the global standard, but they're a poor fit for India's chaotic and voice-driven markets," says Tushar Shinde, founder of Vaani Research, an enterprise voice AI startup. 'With millions of non-typing users juggling dialects and high-volume businesses, voice is the natural interface. It's how we've always connected," he adds.
'Many entrepreneurs are earning crores in revenue but barely use any software, because they spend most of their day just talking to people. The systems built for them were never in a format they found acceptable," says Shinde, referring to enterprise softwares built specifically for small and medium businesses. 'That's where voice comes in." His startup builds voice agents for insurance, banking and healthcare clients.
Voice as an interface is now gaining prominence with advanced AI, as it offers hands-free convenience and challenges the long-standing dominance of GUIs in many everyday interactions.
This is especially relevant in markets such as India, where GUI-based systems that come designed with dropdown menus, buttons, toggles and input fields require a level of literacy and linguistic ease that many users simply don't have. Though Indic keyboards were introduced as an alternative for users like Nikam, they remain clunky and unreliable. Autocorrect often yields incorrect results and filling out forms in Hindi or Tamil becomes a frustrating ordeal.
Even targeted solutions such as Indus OS, founded by an IIT Bombay alumnus to create a multilingual app ecosystem, struggled to take off due to its heavy reliance on text navigation. In contrast, voice, which is rooted in India's oral culture, is now emerging as a more intuitive bridge to digital access.
Unlike GUI-based apps, voice systems deliver content naturally in the user's own words. A 2025 study cited by Gnani suggests that educational content delivered in local dialects results in 47% higher retention than standardized language formats.
Government push
India's voice AI sector is experiencing massive growth, driven by the country's linguistic diversity and increasing demand for voice-first digital interactions. Under the government's IndiaAI mission, launched in 2024 with a five-year budget of ₹10,372 crore, four startups—Sarvam, Soket Labs, Gnani.ai and Gan.ai—have been selected to build foundational AI models in India.
Sarvam AI has developed Sarvam-M, a 24-billion-parameter multilingual large language model trained in 10 Indian languages, aiming to enhance reasoning tasks such as mathematics, coding and multilingual comprehension. Despite early criticism, the model is recognized for its technical achievements in building AI infrastructure within India.
Gnani.ai specializes in voice-first agentic AI solutions, and supports over 40 languages, including 12 Indian languages. The platform handles more than 30 million voice interactions daily, serving over 150 enterprises across India and the US.
In Gurugram, Soket AI Labs is commercializing its Realtime Speech API, enabling AI agents to augment call centres with support for Hindi, Tamil and Marathi, addressing India's non-typing users. Last year, in one of its more ambitious endeavours, Soket AI Labs developed its foundational AI model, Pragna-1B (like Open AI's ChatGPT) with a focus on Indian languages. But in the absence of venture capital funding for research efforts, Soket pivoted to building monetizable voice APIs for customer support, marketing and sales, which proved to be a more immediate route to revenue, one that still serves India's non-typing majority.
Startups building voice-based applications in India lack the kind of institutional support and infrastructure readily available to their western counterparts. As a result, most are building voice-first applications for business use-cases to continue to fund their foundational research journey and attract investments.
Tech chops and challenges
Building voice AI for India is as much a linguistic challenge as a technological one. 'If there are five tokens for English, there will be almost 15 to 20 for Hindi," says Upperwal, pointing to the extra compute required for Indic languages.
A token is a unit of text, such as a word or character or subword, which language models use to process and generate language. The more tokens a sentence requires, the more memory and compute power the model needs to handle it, making Indian languages more resource intensive to train.
Soket introduced a novel tokenization method that significantly reduces this burden, making AI systems faster and more cost-effective for Indian languages.
Upperwal says that apart from core infrastructure, India's voice-first internet also relies on domain-specific intelligence tailored to Indian needs. 'Sectors like education and law are especially underserved. Western LLM models like ChatGPT don't work well with Indian legal systems. It often mixes up Indian and US laws," he says, recalling how a legal AI startup ran into challenges while fine-tuning an open-source model after it began hallucinating hybrid jurisprudence.
Soket is now exploring collaborations with domain experts to build models from scratch, rooted in Indian context and vernacular data. 'We're not domain experts, we build systems. But if startups come in with their expertise, we can train models together and open-source them for the ecosystem," he explains.
Indian startups still rely heavily on models like OpenAI and Deepgram, trained on Western datasets. These models often misinterpret names, accents or local nuances, especially in sectors such as healthcare or banking, where clarity is critical.
To close this gap, the IndiaAI mission has allocated subsidies and compute access to startups such as Soket and Vaani, encouraging them to build speech systems trained on Indian datasets. 'These infrastructure breakthroughs don't just make AI cheaper. They make it accessible to speakers of Hindi, Gujarati or Marathi," says Shinde. 'When an AI enabled system can understand a manufacturer in a remote village asking for a loan, that's inclusion at the infrastructure level."
For Global South
Startups, meanwhile, are also rethinking how voice might reshape user behaviour. 'Imagine booking a cab or shopping online with a single voice command," says Shinde. In low-bandwidth towns where GUIs fail to load, voice interfaces will allow people to interact with the web through language and not literacy. 'We could go back to how people actually used to shop conversationally, through discovery, without filters and dropdowns," he adds.
According to Prashanth Prakash, founding partner at Accel, voice will become the default interface for India's most critical sectors and redefine how people interact with information. 'In healthcare and education, voice won't replace doctors or teachers, but it will radically change explainability and access," he says. From appointment bookings to post-discharge summaries and classroom companions that personalize learning, voice interfaces offer a lower friction and highly intuitive alternative. 'Every doctor will have a co-pilot. Every workflow will start with voice," he adds.
The government thinks voice tools will play a key role in frontline service delivery. From crop advisories to citizen helplines, voice is being positioned as the cornerstone of public digital infrastructure, says Abhishek Singh, CEO of IndiaAI mission.
'If a voice-enabled advisory tool trained on Indian datasets can help a farmer here, it'll likely work anywhere in the Global South," Singh adds.
Limitations with voice
Voice-based applications offer a natural bridge to India's non-typing internet users, but the path is riddled with complexity. India's diverse linguistic landscape acts as a hurdle in accurate speech recognition.
While voice bots are changing habits, making digital interaction easier for those unfamiliar with typing, accuracy drops sharply in noisy environments and with dialectal variations.
'Replacing GUIs with voice at scale in India faces major design and infrastructure challenges, particularly for first-time digital users," says Gopalan of Gnani.ai, pointing out that ensuring accurate voice recognition across diverse accents, dialects and languages continues to remain a challenge.
Farmer Geeta Nikam admits that she uses voice commands to browse ecommerce websites but has never made a purchase using her device yet. India needs a system that enables confidence, ease and convenience for someone like Nikam to not just browse but place an order successfully using voice commands. When a billion Indians like her are able to navigate the web effortlessly by speaking, just as others do by typing, India's internet will look and sound different.
Read more on IndiaAI Mission in tomorrow's Long Story.
Orange background

Try Our AI Features

Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:

Comments

No comments yet...

Related Articles

In An AI World, These 5 Human Skills Are Non-Negotiable
In An AI World, These 5 Human Skills Are Non-Negotiable

NDTV

timean hour ago

  • NDTV

In An AI World, These 5 Human Skills Are Non-Negotiable

July 15 is observed as World Youth Skills Day, a moment to reflect on how we prepare young people for the evolving demands of work, entrepreneurship, and lifelong learning. This year's theme - Youth Empowerment through AI and Digital Skills - is a timely reminder of the changing landscape shaped by technology. Generative AI (GenAI) has become an integral part of our professional and personal lives. To stay relevant, it's no longer optional - it's essential to understand and apply these tools effectively. Just as proficiency in English and basic math are expected in today's workforce, GenAI skills are fast becoming foundational. Whether you're a designer, data analyst, customer support executive, or freelance writer, knowing how to use AI platforms like ChatGPT, Midjourney, or GitHub Copilot is no longer a bonus - it's a necessity. "By stopping at basic GenAI skills, we fail to provide proper training to young professionals. We see the full picture every day through our interactions with customers in different industries. GenAI will assist and expedite, not replace, human skill. To thrive in the AI-powered future, young professionals must build a foundation of core, timeless abilities," said Pankaj Jathar, CEO of NIIT Ltd. Here are five key skills that will define success in the GenAI age: 1. Work Ethic Still Matters A 2023 McKinsey report, The State of Organisations, identifies resilience and adaptability as critical workplace traits. But at the core of any long-term success lies an age-old value: hard work. In an AI-accelerated world, consistency, discipline, and accountability still matter. AI may streamline tasks, but it cannot replace effort or ownership. Showing up on time, delivering results, and constantly pushing to improve continue to set professionals apart. Employers assess work ethic through tangible markers - academic performance, recommendations, and project outcomes - which reflect a candidate's seriousness and dedication. 2. Sales Skills Are Universal Sales is no longer confined to sales teams. Whether you're explaining your code, pitching a startup, or convincing someone of your idea - you're selling. The World Economic Forum's Future of Jobs Report 2023 ranks "influencing and persuasion" among the top emerging skills. Mastering these requires not just charisma, but the ability to present value, manage rejection, and navigate negotiations. Unfortunately, many educational pathways underplay the importance of sales. For young professionals, this skills gap presents both a challenge and an opportunity. 3. Communication and Soft Skills Are Non-Negotiable Today's workforce spans generations, geographies, and hybrid models. In such environments, strong communication - both online and in person - is vital. The British Council's Future of English report reaffirms English as the most sought-after skill worldwide. However, it's not just about grammar - it's about clarity, tone, and context. More importantly, communication includes emotional intelligence, listening, collaboration, and conflict resolution - areas where humans remain irreplaceable. "Our data shows that teams with effective communicators perform 20-30% better, even when their technical skills are similar," Jathar added. 4. Deep Domain Knowledge Still Wins GenAI can assist, but it cannot think for you. Your domain expertise - the skill rooted in your degree or qualification - must stand out. Whether you're in programming, marketing, or manufacturing, understanding the "why" behind your work is critical. GenAI can help you research faster, but it takes human insight to ask strategic questions, make sound decisions, and uphold quality. According to NASSCOM's 2024 Tech Talent Landscape report, companies are increasingly hiring for "T-shaped profiles" - individuals with both broad digital skills and deep functional knowledge. No tool can compensate for a shallow understanding of your core subject. 5. Problem-Solving Is the Ultimate Human Skill Amid all technological change, the one skill that remains uniquely human is problem-solving - the bridge between tools and outcomes. The World Economic Forum (2023) names analytical thinking and complex problem-solving as the most important skills for the next five years. AI can offer options, but it takes a human to make the call. For instance, a chatbot can suggest five campaign ideas - but only a human can decide which one fits the brand's voice. Similarly, AI may scan contracts, but only a trained legal mind can spot nuance and risk. Problem-solving brings together judgment, creativity, and strategic thinking - the very heart of leadership. Are We Preparing to Lead - or Just to Comply? India, with one of the world's youngest workforces, has a unique opportunity - and responsibility - to equip its youth not just to survive in an AI-dominated world, but to lead in it. "Empowering youth with GenAI and digital tools is essential - but it must be anchored in timeless human skills. As educators, skilling providers, and employers, we have a responsibility to blend the latest tech capabilities with the core ingredients of professional success. World Youth Skills Day serves as an excellent opportunity to dedicate ourselves to the long-term success of our youth," Jathar added.

Intelligence Bureau Issues Recruitment Notification For 3,000 Vacancies, Check Details
Intelligence Bureau Issues Recruitment Notification For 3,000 Vacancies, Check Details

NDTV

timean hour ago

  • NDTV

Intelligence Bureau Issues Recruitment Notification For 3,000 Vacancies, Check Details

IB Executive Recruitment 2025: The Intelligence Bureau (IB) has released the notification for the Assistant Central Intelligence Officer (ACIO) Grade 2 Executive Recruitment 2025. The recruitment drive aims to fill a total of 3,717 vacancies. The online registration process will begin on July 19, and the last date to apply is August 10. Interested and eligible candidates can apply by visiting the official website of the Ministry of Home Affairs at IB Executive Recruitment 2025: Vacancy And Eligibility Criteria Candidates must hold a graduation degree from a recognised university. The age limit is 18 to 27 years as of August 10, 2025. Age relaxation is applicable as per government rules. Category-wise Vacancy Distribution: General: 1,537 Economically Weaker Sections (EWS): 442 Other Backward Classes (OBC): 946 Scheduled Castes (SC): 566 Scheduled Tribes (ST): 226 IB ACIO Recruitment 2025: Selection Process And Exam Pattern The selection process includes: Written Examination (Objective Type) Descriptive Test Interview Document Verification Medical Examination The written exam will consist of 100 objective-type questions for a total of 100 marks, to be completed in 1 hour. There will be negative marking of 0.25 marks for each incorrect answer. The descriptive test will carry 50 marks, followed by an interview worth 100 marks. Written Exam Subjects: Current Affairs: 20 questions - 20 marks General Studies: 20 questions - 20 marks Numerical Aptitude: 20 questions - 20 marks Reasoning: 20 questions - 20 marks English: 20 questions - 20 marks IB Executive Recruitment 2025: Application Fee General, OBC, EWS: Rs 650 SC, ST, PwD: 550 The fee is to be paid through the online payment gateway provided on the application portal. IB ACIO Recruitment 2025: How to Apply Visit the official website, Click on the link for IB Executive Recruitment 2025 Fill in the online application form with the required details Upload key documents including a recent photograph, signature, and relevant certificates Pay the application fee and submit the form Candidates are advised to regularly visit the official website for further updates and announcements.

SBI PO 2025 admit card: When and how to download Prelims call letter from sbi.co.in
SBI PO 2025 admit card: When and how to download Prelims call letter from sbi.co.in

Mint

timean hour ago

  • Mint

SBI PO 2025 admit card: When and how to download Prelims call letter from sbi.co.in

SBI PO 2025 admit card: The Probationary Officers (PO) Prelims admit card will soon be released by the State Bank of India (SBI). After the call letter access opens, candidates can download the SBI PO Prelims 2025 admit card from the official website at The SBI PO exam comprises 3 phases, including Prelims, Mains and GD/ Interview round. Notably, candidates will be selected for consecutive rounds based on merit. As per the official notification PDF under the Advt. No. CRPD/PO/2025-26/04), SBI will issue PO Prelims admit cards in the third or fourth week of July. SBI PO 2025 admit card: The Prelims examination will be conducted in July/August, and the results will be announced in August/September. The exam notification for one of the most coveted jobs in the banking industry states, 'Preliminary Examination consisting of Objective Test for 100 marks will be conducted online. The test will have of 3 Sections (with separate timings for each section).' English Language section will carry 40 marks while Quantitative Aptitude and Reasoning Ability will be of 30 marks each. The Prelims examination will be conducted in July or August and the results will be announced in August or September. Follow the steps given below to download Prelims call letter: Step 1: Visit the official website at Step 2: Click on the careers page and navigate to current openings Step 3: Select the Probationary Officers recruitment tab, followed by the preliminary examination call letter download link Step 4: Enter login details and click on Submit Step 5: Download and save the admit card, take a printout and keep the hard copy for future reference. The SBI PO Mains exam will be held in September and the result will be announced in September or October. The Mains admit cards or call letters will be released in August or September. This recruitment drive is to fill a total of 541 Probationary Officer vacancies out of which 500 are regular posts while the remaining 41 are backlog vacancies.

DOWNLOAD THE APP

Get Started Now: Download the App

Ready to dive into a world of global content with local flavor? Download Daily8 app today from your preferred app store and start exploring.
app-storeplay-store