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Time of India
5 hours ago
- Time of India
Breast cancer lumps: Where do they usually grow first?
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally and is the leading cause of cancer death in women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2022, there were an estimated 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer diagnosed worldwide, resulting in approximately 670,000 deaths. In 2025, breast cancer remains a significant global health concern, as approximately 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer are expected worldwide, with a substantial number of deaths attributed to the disease. The global burden is projected to rise, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimating 3.2 million new cases and 1.1 million deaths annually by 2050 if current trends continue. For breast cancer, it usually starts with a lump. Hence, finding a lump in the breast can be a worrying experience. However, knowing common patterns helps with early detection. Noticing the lump Breast cancer lumps most commonly grow in the upper outer quadrant, the area nearest the armpit, accounting for around 60–70% of cases . These lumps often feel hard, fixed, and painless with irregular edges. Other early signs include skin dimpling, nipple changes, or underarm swelling. Though most lumps aren't cancer, any new or persistent change should prompt evaluation by a healthcare provider. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Buy Resmed AirSense 11 with flat 20% off ResMed Buy Now Undo Where breast cancer lumps most often appear Breast cancer lumps can technically develop anywhere in breast tissue, but multiple studies show a clear favorite spot: the upper outer quadrant. This area lies closest to the armpit, where breast tissue extends and lymph nodes are present. In a 2019 observational study of 290 patients , about 70% had tumors in that area; other quadrants had far fewer: lower outer (~4.5 %), upper inner (~10 %), lower inner (~14 %), and central under the nipple (~1 %). Why is the upper outer quadrant most common Two main reasons indicate why the UOQ is a hotspot for cancerous cells: Greater breast tissue density: More lobules and ducts reside there, creating more opportunity for cancer to start. Extension toward armpit: Breast tissue often extends into the underarm (axilla), where lymph nodes reside, adding both tissue volume and metastatic potential. What cancerous lumps feel like (how are they different from regular lumps) Malignant lumps often share key characteristics: Hard or firm: They're not soft or squishy like benign lumps. Fixed in place: They don't move under the skin index, unlike benign lumps. Irregular edges: Unlike the texture of the breast tissue, they're not smooth or round. Often painless: They don't change with the menstrual cycle, and only in rare cases, they can be tender. On the other hand, benign lumps, such as fibrocystic changes, cysts, or fibroadenomas, tend to feel soft or rubbery, movable, and sometimes painful or cycle-dependent. Beyond lumps: What are the other signs While most cancers present with lumps first, look out for: Skin changes: Dimpling, puckering, orange‑peel texture. Nipple signs: Inversion, discharge, crusted skin, redness. Underarm swelling: Enlarged lymph nodes near the breast or collarbone. As per research , lumps represent about 83% of initial signs in symptomatic women, while nipple changes or skin alterations make up the rest. What are benign lumps (how are they different from malignant ones) Although it can be worrisome, lumps aren't always a red flag to trigger panic. Common and mostly harmless, 80–90% of breast lumps are benign. Common non-cancerous causes include: Fibroadenomas: Solid, rubbery, and movable, often found in younger women. Cysts: Fluid-filled and change with menstrual cycles. Fibrocystic changes: Hormone-related lumps and tenderness during periods. These often resolve on their own or require minimal treatment. Still, consultation with a professional healthcare provider and evaluation by ultrasound or biopsy, especially for persistent lumps, is essential. How to check and take action While formal breast self-exams are no longer universally recommended, being breast aware, i.e., knowing how your breasts normally feel, remains an essential part of breast cancer awareness. If you notice a new lump or change in texture, a fixed, firm, irregular mass, especially in the upper outer quadrant, or skin dimpling, nipple inversion, discharge, or localized swelling, you're advised to contact a doctor for further evaluation. Diagnosis for breast cancer often involves a combination of methods, including imaging tests, biopsies, and potentially blood tests. Screening mammograms are used to detect cancer early in women without symptoms, while diagnostic mammograms, ultrasounds, and MRIs are used when abnormalities are found or symptoms are present. Biopsies are necessary to confirm cancer and determine its characteristics. Staging tests help determine if the cancer has spread. According to WHO, detecting lumps early, particularly when small and localized, leads to much better outcomes. In fact, five-year survival rates can exceed 95% when cancer is caught early and has not spread to lymph nodes. As per study , patients with tumors in the UOQ often have slightly better outcomes than cancers in central or lower quadrants, partly due to earlier detection and lower lymph node spread rates. Awareness campaigns emphasize recognizing subtle symptoms, not just lumps, because delays in reporting non‑lump signs can prolong diagnosis and worsen prognosis. Oncologist shares 5 things that you can do to prevent breast cancer


Hindustan Times
10 hours ago
- Hindustan Times
Why there hasn't been a formal declaration of famine in Gaza
The leading international authority on food crises said Tuesday that the 'worst-case scenario of famine is currently playing out in Gaza." It predicted 'widespread death' without immediate action. Palestinians crowd a coastal path west of Beit Lahia after managing to get aid parcels on July 29, 2025, following the entry of aid trucks to the Israel-besieged Gaza Strip.(AFP) The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification, or IPC, said Gaza has been on the brink of famine for two years, and that recent developments, including 'increasingly stringent blockades' by Israel, have 'dramatically worsened' the situation. Even though Israel eased a 2 1/2-month blockade on the territory in May, aid groups say only a trickle of assistance is getting into the enclave and that Palestinians face catastrophic levels of hunger 21 months into the Israeli offensive launched after Hamas' Oct. 7 attack. Hundreds have been killed by Israeli forces as they try to reach aid sites or convoys, according to witnesses, health officials and the United Nations' human rights office. The military says it has only fired warning shots. The IPC warning stopped short of a formal declaration of famine. Here's why: The IPC and aid groups says Gaza's hunger crisis is worsening Also read: UK says will recognise Palestinian state unless Israel agrees to ceasefire Gaza's population of roughly 2 million Palestinians relies almost entirely on outside aid. Israel's offensive has wiped out what was already limited local food production. Israel's blockade, along with ongoing fighting and chaos inside the territory, has further limited people's access to food. The UN World Food Program says Gaza's hunger crisis has reached 'new and astonishing levels of desperation." Nearly 100,000 women and children are suffering from severe acute malnutrition, and a third of Gaza's population is going days without eating, Ross Smith, the agency's director for emergencies, said Monday. The Gaza Health Ministry says there have been 82 malnutrition-related deaths in Gaza this month, including 24 children. It did not give their exact cause of death. The ministry, part of the Hamas-run government, is staffed by medical professionals and its figures on war deaths are seen by the UN and other experts as the most reliable estimate of casualties. Famine occurs when these conditions are met The IPC was first set up in 2004 during the famine in Somalia. It includes more than a dozen UN agencies, aid groups, governments and other bodies. Famine can appear in pockets — sometimes small ones — and a formal classification requires caution. The IPC has only declared famine a few times — in Somalia in 2011, and South Sudan in 2017 and 2020, and last year in parts of Sudan's western Darfur region. Tens of thousands are believed to have died in Somalia and South Sudan. It rates an area as in famine when all three of these conditions are confirmed: — 20% of households have an extreme lack of food, or are essentially starving. — At least 30% of children 6 months to 5 years old suffer from acute malnutrition, based on a weight-to-height measurement; or 15% of that age group suffer from acute malnutrition based on the circumference of their upper arm. — At least two people, or four children under 5, per 10,000 are dying daily due to starvation or the interaction of malnutrition and disease. Gaza poses a major challenge for experts because Israel severely limits access to the territory, making it difficult and in some cases impossible to gather data. The IPC said Tuesday that data indicate famine thresholds have been reached for food consumption in most of Gaza, and for acute malnutrition in Gaza City. Famine declarations usually come from the UN or governments While the IPC says it is the 'primary mechanism' used by the international community to conclude whether a famine is happening or projected, it typically doesn't make such a declaration itself. Often, UN officials together with governments will make a formal statement based on an analysis from the IPC. But the IPC says once a famine is declared it's already too late. While it can prevent further deaths, it means many people will have died by the time a famine is declared. It's not always clear that hunger is the cause of death Most cases of severe malnutrition in children arise through a combination of lack of nutrients along with an infection, leading to diarrhea and other symptoms that cause dehydration, said Alex de Waal, author of 'Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine' and executive director of the World Peace Foundation. 'There are no standard guidelines for physicians to classify cause of death as 'malnutrition' as opposed to infection," he said. When famine occurs, there are often relatively few deaths from hunger alone. Far more people die from a combination of malnutrition, disease and other forms of deprivation. All of these count as excess deaths — separate from violence — that can be attributed to a food crisis or famine, he said. The war has made it hard to get accurate information Israel's offensive has gutted Gaza's health system and displaced some 90% of its population. With hospitals damaged and overwhelmed by war casualties, it can be difficult to screen people for malnutrition and collect precise data on deaths. 'Data and surveillance systems are incomplete and eroded," said James Smith, an emergency doctor and lecturer in humanitarian policy at the University College London who spent more than two months in Gaza. 'Which means that all health indicators — and the death toll — are known to be an underestimation,' he said. Even when famine is declared, the response can be lacking A declaration of famine should in theory galvanize the international community to rush food to those who need it. But with aid budgets already stretched, and war and politics throwing up obstacles, that doesn't always happen. 'There is not a big, huge bank account' to draw on, said OCHA's Laerke. 'The fundamental problem is that we build the fire engine as we respond.' Aid groups say plenty of food and other aid has been gathered on Gaza's borders, but Israel is allowing only a small amount to enter. Within Gaza, gunfire, chaos and looting have plagued the distribution of food. The international pressure led Israel to announce new measures over the weekend, including daily humanitarian pauses in fighting in parts of Gaza and airdrops of food. Israel says there's no limit on how many aid trucks can enter Gaza. UN agencies say Israeli restrictions, and the breakdown of law and order, make it difficult to distribute the food that does come in. 'Only a massive scale-up in food aid distributions can stabilize this spiraling situation, calm anxieties and rebuild the trust within communities that more food is coming,' the World Food Program said. 'An agreed ceasefire is long overdue.'


Mint
11 hours ago
- Mint
Gaza Famine Risk Grows as UN Warns Time Running Out for Help
(Bloomberg) -- Famine conditions in Gaza are worsening as time runs out to mount a full-scale humanitarian response, United Nations agencies warned, amid growing international outcry over the crisis. Food consumption and nutrition measures reached their worst levels since the conflict began, the World Food Programme and Unicef said in a report. That means two out of three official famine thresholds have been breached. Pressure is mounting on Western governments to push Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to step up efforts to address the crisis as worries of massive starvation grow. Israel started restricting fresh aid shipments into the territory in March when it resumed its military campaign, and while it established a new system of supply distribution, that has been hit by problems. Israel over the weekend increased aid distribution, but German Chancellor Friedrich Merz and US President Donald Trump have called for more supplies to reach those at risk of starvation. Trump, a staunch defender of Israel, this week said he did not agree with Netanyahu's assertion that there is no starvation in Gaza and floated setting up 'food centers' to alleviate the situation in the territory. 'Whether they talk starvation or not, those are kids that are starving,' Trump told reporters on Tuesday. He added that Israel wanted to oversee the proposed food centers. 'They want to preside over the food centers to make sure the distribution is proper,' he said. 'The unbearable suffering of the people of Gaza is already clear for the world to see,' WFP Executive Director Cindy McCain said in the report. 'Waiting for official confirmation of famine to provide life-saving food aid they desperately need is unconscionable.' Food consumption in Gaza has plunged since May, with 39% of people now going days without eating, the report from the agencies showed. More than 500,000 people, or almost a quarter of the population, are enduring famine-like conditions, and acute malnutrition has risen at an unprecedented rate. Acute malnutrition and reports of starvation-related deaths — the third core famine indicator — are increasingly common. However, collecting robust data in Gaza is very difficult as health systems are collapsing, according to the report. 'We need to flood Gaza with large-scale food aid, immediately and without obstruction, and keep it flowing each and every day to prevent mass starvation,' McCain said. 'The longer we wait to act, the higher the death toll will rise.' --With assistance from Skylar Woodhouse and Meghashyam Mali. (Updates to add Trump remarks in starting in fifth paragraph.) More stories like this are available on