
How city gangsters who sold high-grade cocaine to 10,000 clients were busted
The gang, headed by a 57-year-old grandfather who fronted as an antiques dealer, had more than 10,000 clients on their books.
It's thought their line, called Top Gear or City Gear, was particularly popular with wealthy Londoners who work and party in the Square Mile.
Detectives said the purity of their cocaine was up to 60% higher than the street average, allowing them to charge higher prices.
Ledgers showed they made sales of £14,480 in just one week, suggesting they could have netted as much as £728,000 a year.
'This was a serious and sophisticated drug supply operation which would have resulted in large quantities of cocaine being sold over an extended period of time,' said DC Matt Cooper of the City of London Police's Serious Organised Crime Team.
'This was one of the longest running and biggest cocaine lines in the City of London.'
Head honcho Nathan Samuels led the operation while reportedly running a a business selling antiques and jewellery and living in a council house near Waterloo Station.
He was helped by his son Matthew, 33, and Islington-based 24-year-old Josh Atherton.
The drugs were couriered to clients by Aaron Bretao, 43, Martin Gupta, 38, and Michael Redgrave, 56, a licensed taxi driver who used his black cab to get to drop-offs.
Detectives began penetrating the operation after catching another courier, Gary Miller, 36, from Islington, making a cocaine delivery.
Using his phone records they were able to piece together details of customers and fellow couriers.
The bust was unusual because it reportedly involved almost no large-scale drug seizures.
According to MailOnline, the couriers were arrested shortly after making drop-offs in the summer of 2023.
Cocaine was recovered from stunned customers, while call data and delivery locations allowed officers to make arrests without the couriers having drugs on them.
The seizure of more phones then enabled detectives to uncover details about the more senior members of the operation.
Samuels and his son were arrested simultaneously around two months after their couriers were arrested.
DC Cooper added: 'We will continue to work tirelessly to disrupt and tackle serious and organised crime groups and these sentences demonstrate our commitment to putting criminals involved in drug lines and drug supply behind bars.
'We hope that this sends out a clear message to those involved in the illegal drugs trade, as well as a reassurance to members of the public, that we will take action against those criminals and bring them to justice.'
The six were sentenced today at London's Inner Crown Court after being convicted of supplying cocaine.
Samuels senior was jailed today for nine years, while his son was sentenced to three-and-a-half years.
Redgrave, of Cornwall Road, SE1, was jailed to for two years and nine months.
Bretao received three years in jail, while Gupta received four years and three months.
Atherton, who also pleaded guilty of possession of a weapon for the discharge of a noxious liquid, was jailed for two years.
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
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Daily Mirror
39 minutes ago
- Daily Mirror
Nigel Farage under pressure to distance himself from 'racist' Ant Middleton rant
Ant Middleton - who has been close with Nigel Farage and posed with him ahead of Donald Trump's inauguration in Washington - said first, second and third generation immigrants should be banned from top government jobs Pressure is mounting on Nigel Farage to distance himself from TV hardman Ant Middleton after he was accused of "overt racism". The former soldier sparked an outcry after claiming that first, second and third generation immigrants should be barred from "top tier government positions". Middleton - who gave a speech at last year's Reform conference and has been linked with a mayoral run for the party - was pictured smiling with Mr Farage and treasurer Nick Candy in Washington DC ahead of Donald Trump's inauguration in January. The ex-SAS: Who Dares Wins host has said he will stand to be London mayor - and claimed to be "very much aligned" with Reform. Mr Farage now faces calls to clarify if he condones the remarks by Middleton or cut ties with him. It comes after a Nigel Farage watchdog probe was revealed to centres on a mysterious fishing boat. In an outburst on Twitter /X, the former Special Forces commando wrote: "Our Capital City of our Christian country needs to be run by a native Brit with generational Christian values, principles and morals coursing through their veins from which our very society was built, thrived and was forged upon." By Middleton's criteria, Winston Churchill, whose mother was born in Brooklyn, Boris Johnson and King Charles would not qualify for high office. Tory MP Ben Obese-Jecty responded on Twitter: "This level of overt racism shows who he really is once he lets the mask slip." He told The Mirror: 'After his starring role as a leading speaker at the Reform party conference last year, Ant Middleton's campaign to be the Mayor of London is increasingly being characterised with dangerous rhetoric that stokes division. "Given his prison sentence for assaulting a police officer and ban from being a company director over £1m in unpaid taxes he shouldn't even pass Reform's vetting process. With Nigel Farage claiming to be tough on crime he should clarify whether he supports the views of his likely candidate to be mayor of our capital; a man who doesn't even live in the country, let alone London.' A Labour Party spokeswoman said: 'These racist comments are completely unacceptable and have no place in our politics or our society. Nigel Farage has shared appearances at Reform UK events with Ant Middleton, but is yet to distance himself from these remarks or clarify whether he condones them. "Farage must urgently confirm that Reform UK will immediately cut all ties with Middleton.' Dubai-based Middleton, who was jailed in 2013 for wounding a male police officer and assaulting a female PC, vowed that if he becomes Mayor he will "prioritise the indigenous people" above all. In June he claimed rumours that Mr Farage was looking elsewhere for a candidate were "incorrect". He said: "We are still very much aligned and no such drifting away has happened. "However I have always voiced an option to run independently which may have been a cause of certain rumours!" He was loudly applauded at Reform's conference in Birmingham last September, when he was presented as an expert in security. Middleton told the audience: 'We are at a very, very important and crucial stage before it teeters into civil unrest, which we want to avoid at all costs, but it's coming. We're on that edge where violence has hit the streets, we've all seen it, I don't need to mention what it is, we've all seen it.' And voicing his support for the party he said: "I know enough about modern day politics to realise that it's not working here in the UK. Hence, the solution is in the title Reform." Last year Mr Farage posted a photo of himself alongside Middleton, who he described as "the big man". And he was snapped alongside Mr Farage and billionaire property tycoon Mr Candy with the White House in the background in January. The TV host was a controversial figure long before his appearance at the event in Birmingham. He was dropped by Channel 4 in March 2021 after tweeting about the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement. He moved to Dubai, telling GB News last year that people in the UK are "just stuck in a rut". In 2012 he body-slammed PC Christopher Brooksbank outside a nightclub and assaulted PC Katherine Alison. He was given a 14-month jail sentence the following year. He told The Mirror in 2015: "I was shocked by how I acted. I'm very ashamed of it, hence why I've put it behind me." And he said he had written to both officers to apologise. But he now claims he "never laid a finger on a woman". In March Middleton was banned from being a company director after his firm Sway and Starting failed to pay over £1million in tax. The Insolvency Service said he and wife Emilie were "taking millions of pounds out of" the company when they should have been paying tax. Sway and Starting, which provided media representation services, went into liquidation in 2022. At the time it owed £300,000 in VAT and £800,000 in corporation tax.


Daily Mail
4 hours ago
- Daily Mail
Left-wing 'anti-racism' activists clash with police and anti-migrant activists as migrant hotel protests rock London's rich postcodes - as 'asylum seekers' laugh, film and wave
Anti-racism activists clashed with police and anti-migrant protesters on Saturday outside a London hotel where asylum seekers are being housed. Both protesting groups gathered near the Thistle City Barbican hotel in wealthy Islington, north London. Anti-immigration protesters chanted under the banner 'Thistle Barbican needs to go - locals say no', against the use of the hotel accommodating asylum seekers. A counter-protest, organised by Stand Up To Racism and supported by former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, as well as other groups including Finsbury Park Mosque and Islington Labour Party, also took to the streets. Clashes transpired between the two groups of demonstrators, before police separated the opposing sides, with the Metropolitan Police imposing conditions on both the protest and counter demonstration. A group of anti-fascist protesters blocked a junction outside the hotel in breach of conditions, with officers being forced to push their way into the crowd to detain several demonstrators, dragging them out by their arms and legs. Then, the group was moved from the road where officers informed them they were in breach of conditions put in place, before forming a circle around the protesters. According to Metropolitan Police, nine people have been arrested. Metropolitan Police said on X this morning: 'There is an increased police presence in the Clerkenwell area today where a protest against the use of a hotel to accommodate asylum seekers and a related counter protest are due to take place later'. But by the afternoon, the police force said: 'Officers have cleared the junction where counter protesters had assembled in breach of the conditions in place. 'There have been nine arrests so far, with seven for breaching Public Order Act conditions.' Of those arrested, one was detained for their support for Palestine Action and another for a public order offence. Seven others were detained for breaching Public Order conditions. Meanwhile, people believed to be migrants were seen filming and laughing as protesters and counter-demonstrators clashed in the streets of Islington today. It comes after a coach of suspected migrants was seen arriving at the four-star Britannia International Hotel in Canary Wharf at around 1.40am this morning. 'Patriots of Britain' and 'Together for the Children' have also voiced their support for the protests. A student counter-protester outside the Thistle City Barbican Hotel said he wants migrants to 'feel safe' in Britain. Anti-fascist protesters take part in a counter demonstration as anti-refugee protesters hold a demonstration outside the Thistle City Barbican Hotel in London, United Kingdom on August 02, 2025 Pat Prendergast, 21, said: 'I want people to feel safe. I think the (rival protesters) over there are making people feel unsafe. 'I want to stand up in solidarity and say that, you know, we want people here. We want migrants. We want asylum seekers.' A noticeably smaller group of protesters waved union flags and held banners outside the hotel, with one man chanting in the direction of the hotel: ''Get these scum off our streets'. The Metropolitan Police previously said plans were in place to 'respond to any protest activity' in the vicinity of other London hotels being used to accommodate asylum seekers. Anyone participating in the anti-asylum hotel protest must remain within King Charles Square and that the assembly must not begin before 1pm and must conclude by 4pm, in line with conditions imposed by the Met. Counter protesters also must remain in Lever Street, near the junction with Central Street, and that the assembly must not begin before 12pm and must conclude by 4pm. Chief Superintendent Clair Haynes, in charge of the policing operation, said: 'We have been in discussions with the organisers of both protests in recent days, building on the ongoing engagement between local officers, community groups and partners. 'We understand that there are strongly held views on all sides. People believed to be migrants were seen filming and laughing as protesters and counter-demonstrators clashed in the streets of Islington today One man could be seen giving a thumbs up to those below, while others attempted to cover their faces as they peered out of the window Nine people have been arrested so far, with seven detained for breaching Public Order conditions 'Our officers will police without fear or favour, ensuring those exercising their right to protest can do so safely, but intervening at the first sign of actions that cross the line into criminality. 'We have used our powers under the Public Order Act to put conditions in place to prevent serious disorder and to minimise serious disruption to the lives of people and businesses in the local community. 'Those conditions identify two distinct protest areas where the protests must take place, meaning the groups will be separated but still within sight and sound of each other.' Elsewhere, at The New Bridge Hotel in Newcastle there are set to be protests with online posts advertising them as 'for our children, for our future'. A person can be seen peering behind a curtain inside the Thistle City Barbican Hotel A 'stop the far right and fascists in Newcastle' counter-protest has also been organised by Stand Up To Racism at the nearby Laing Art Gallery. In a statement, they said: 'Yet again far-right and fascist thugs are intent on bringing their message of hate to Newcastle. They aim to build on years of Islamophobia, anti-migrant sentiment and scapegoating. 'In Epping and elsewhere recently we have already seen intimidation and violence aimed at refugees, migrants and asylum seekers. 'Newcastle, like the rest of the North East, has a well-earned reputation for unity in the face of those who seek to divide us. Whatever problems we face, racism and division are not the answer.' Northumbria Police have been approached for comment. On Friday, around 100 people attended a protest outside the Stanwell Hotel in Spelthorne in Surrey, during which a packet of lit firelighters was thrown at police. A man was arrested on suspicion of attempted arson and inquiries are ongoing to trace another suspect, the police force said. Officers also arrested a man on suspicion of conspiracy to commit violent disorder and aggravated trespass following a protest at the same location on Thursday evening. A man waves a St George flag as protests surrounding a hotel believed to be housing migrants continues in north London today It comes after people to be asylum seekers appear moved into a glitzy four-star hotel in London under the cover of darkness. A coach full of suspected migrants was seen arriving at the Britannia International Hotel in Canary Wharf at around 1.40am on Saturday morning. Tower Hamlets Council confirmed the Government intends to use the hotel - which has around 500 rooms - for asylum seekers in a move that has angered anti-migrant protesters and guests whose bookings have been cancelled Footage of the passengers getting off the coach showed they were all men, with the vast majority dressed in matching grey tracksuit tops and bottoms. They were helped by masked security guards, some of whom appeared to be wearing body cameras. Last week, workers were seen hauling beds and mattresses into the hotel in preparation for the arrival of 'hundreds' of asylum seekers. A barricade of metal fencing was placed around the hotel by the Metropolitan Police after anti-migrant demonstrators protested the plan for immigrants to be housed there. Met Police officers were called to the Britannia International Hotel last week amid warnings the 'discontent is real' in Britain. Footage on social media shows eggs were thrown, while a police helicopter was circling above as officers on the ground blocked the entrance to the hotel which has more than 500 rooms and is located on the waterfront of the South Dock. The Canary Wharf protest did not reach the violence seen in Epping, with YouTuber-types making up a large proportion of the crowd in preparation for any tension. However, there were still dozens of protesters - some wearing masks and others draped in St George's flags. One placard said: 'This is a peaceful protest to protect our own.' Counter-protesters also gathered outside the scene - and in one clip appeared to be escorted away from the hotel by police as protesters followed behind. Furious hotel guests have left damning reviews online, claiming they were told their stays were 'cancelled'. One wrote: 'My confirmed reservation was cancelled less than 24 hours before my stay via a brief phone call, citing a 'private hire' event.' Another said: 'Completely unprofessional company. Hotel cancelled my booking at last minute because they had a bulk booking.' Dozens of police officers were deployed to the Britannia International Hotel in Canary Wharf Protesters gathered outside the hotel, some wearing masks and others draped in St George's flags Police officers blocked access to the hotel which the Government intends to use to house migrants It comes as footage of Essex Police helping counter-demonstrators from a nearby station to the Bell Hotel in Epping on July 17 emerged after the force initially denied offering help Be the first to comment What's your take on this matter? Comment now And a third fumed: 'Booked in for three nights on 18th July. Told we couldn't stay on Sunday night no explanation but waiter said they were closing. Left to go to other hotel 1 hr away on Sunday. Waste of a day.' While guests claimed they were not given a reason for the cancellations, a spokesman for Tower Hamlets Council confirmed: 'We are aware of the Government's decision to use the Britannia Hotel in Canary Wharf to provide temporary accommodation for asylum seekers. 'It is important that the Government ensures that there is a full package of support for those staying at the hotel. 'We are working with the Home Office and partners to make sure that all necessary safety and safeguarding arrangements are in place.' Local residents group chief Maxi Gorynski is an IT worker renting a high-rise flat in Canary Wharf. He made clear he wanted to distinguish himself and fellow residents from far-right demonstrators, saying they were 'notably distinct'. However, he told the Financial Times he was concerned the suspected asylum seekers could bring 'bag theft and gig economy fraud, all the way up to robbery, arson, sexual assault, rape, even murder' to their area. Felicity J Lord estate agent John Costea also told the FT that clients from the UK and abroad had asked 'many questions' about what is going on, such as 'how is it going to reflect their property value'. A Home Office spokesperson said: 'Since this Government took office, we have taken immediate action to fix the asylum system, removing more than 35,000 people with no right to be here in our first year. 'From over 400 asylum hotels open in summer 2023, costing almost £9 million a day, there are now less than 210, and we want them all closed by the end of this Parliament. 'We will continue to work closely with community partners across the country, and discuss any concerns they have, as we look to fix this broken system together. 'In the interim, the security of the local communities within which hotels are located will always be our first priority.' Protests have broken out across the country this summer, with more than 150 gathering outside The Park Hotel, in Diss, Norfolk last week after the Home Office announced plans to change it from housing asylum-seeker families to single men. Trouble first broke out in Epping two weeks ago after Ethiopian asylum seeker Hadush Gerberslasie Kebatu, 38, was charged with sexually assaulting a 14-year-old girl in the town by attempting to kiss her. He denies the charges. The protest started peacefully, but descended into frenzied violence when anti-migrant demonstrators clashed with counter protesters and police. A police officer sits in a car outside the entrance of the Britannia Hotel in Canary Wharf A police cordon and fencing is placed outside the Britannia International Hotel this morning A person waves an English flag from a car as it passes the Britannia International Hotel in Canary Wharf One placard brought by a group of protesters said: 'This is a peaceful protest to protect our own.' Amid warnings 'discontent is real' in Britain, Met Police officers were called to the Britannia International Hotel, on Marsh Wall, Canary Wharf Furious hotel guests have left damning reviews online, claiming they were told their stays were 'cancelled' Police officers gather in front of counter-protesters outside the Canary Wharf hotel Essex Police has faced major questions after footage emerged of officers escorting pro-migrant activists to the hotel - despite the force initially denying this has happened. Reform UK leader Nigel Farage posted footage allegedly showing pro-migrant protesters being 'bussed' to the demonstration in police vans but Essex Police said this was 'categorically' untrue. However, after footage emerged of cops leading pro-migrant activists to the hotel by foot, Essex police admitted its officers had escorted the protesters. Farage had called for Chief Constable Ben-Julian Harrington to quit, saying it was 'absolutely disgraceful' and 'heads must roll'. But Chief Constable Harrington rejected claims his officers had given a higher level of protection to pro-migrant protesters. He said: 'The only protection that officers are doing is to those lawful and law-abiding people, whether they are in that accommodation, whether they are the people of Epping or whether they are people who are standing there with placards and banners wishing to make a very important and legitimate view, whichever your views about it. 'Where officers have intervened that is because there has been are not being partial in any way, shape or form.' When asked if he would resign, he said: 'No, I am not going to do that. This is not about me, this is about the communities of Essex... the issue is not about my resignation.' He said Essex Police made 10 arrests, adding: 'What has been unacceptable has been the people who have come to Epping and committed violence, who have attacked people who work at the hotel, who have attacked officers, who have damaged property and who have caused fear and disruption to the people of Epping. 'That is not tolerable, it will not be tolerated, and to that end, we have made 10 arrests.' In a warning to Farage and other politicians about their online posts, he added: 'It is not the police's job to clamp down on elected politicians... All I am asking is that people are responsible about what they say and they consider the real world consequences.' MPs and council leaders have raised fears that Britain could be heading for another 'summer of riots' - in a repeat of the street violence that followed the Southport murders last year. Deputy prime minister Angela Rayner warned that anger at high levels of illegal immigration is risking social cohesion in Britain's poorest communities and must be addressed. Her comments came after Sir Keir Starmer was warned by Epping Forest Council Leader Christ Whitbread that the UK is a 'powder keg' that could explode. Newly appointed shadow housing secretary Sir James Cleverly criticised the Prime Minister for a 'disconnect from reality' when it comes to housing asylum seekers.

The National
14 hours ago
- The National
Scotland's child protection system described as 'racially biased'
The claim by Black and migrant-led organisations in Scotland – Passion4Fusion and Project Esperanza – is backed by research launched in recent months. It highlights claims that the child protection system is not providing families with enough support to stay together when they are struggling and is too quick to remove them. These organisations said they had supported dozens of Black and racialised families who felt they had been culturally misunderstood or treated unfairly by the system over the last two years. Passion4Fusion said most of the cases of 76 families they had worked with over two years displayed 'elements' of racial bias from child protection. Many of the parents were migrants, sometimes unfamiliar with Scottish laws and customs. In some cases support organisations had worked on, they claim parents did not know that smacking was illegal, or had different attitudes to leaving children alone, but had their children taken into care without the opportunity to modify their parenting. READ MORE: Police remove pro-Palestine protesters from John Swinney's Edinburgh Fringe show In others, the hostile immigration system was impacting parental mental health, according to the Scottish Refugee Council and Glasgow-based Women's Integration Network, but this was not understood by social workers and appropriate support was not offered. Scottish policy dictates that children and parents should get the support they need to stay together, as long as it is considered safe for them to do so. Most recent Scottish social work statistics record 828 Black and ethnic minority children as being in care as of July 31, 2024. But there are a further 1297 – 11% of those in care – where no ethnicity was recorded. In England, it is a legal requirement to record ethnicity but in Scotland, it is not. The Ferret has been investigating claims that there are systemic issues with the child protection system in terms of racial and cultural issues for migrant families as part of a cross-border investigation with Scottish-based Migrant Women Press, as well as journalists in Romania and Italy. Today, both Scottish publications ran the story of Nina, a mother originally from Southeast Africa, who had five children taken into care. We have changed her name to protect the identities of her children. Following more than two months in immigration detention when her asylum claim was refused, concerns were raised about her mental wellbeing, leading to two of her children being taken into care under a voluntary agreement. Two further children and her new baby were later taken into care following historic concerns about her parenting. But three of her children were later returned following an assessment that noted that cultural misunderstandings about her behaviour had played a part in several issues of concern. Assessors acknowledged previous 'concerns about her parenting'. However, they also wrote that 'behaviours when taken in the context of Nina's nationality and culture are immediately less alarming' and said an understanding of them would have allowed for 'intervention in a culturally sensitive manner'. Her oldest daughter, now in her mid-twenties and living and working in England, remembers the relief of that decision to return her to her mother's care. 'If there hadn't been that assessment, everything could have been different,' she said. 'To me, it explained – she is not an evil mother. She was just trying to look after kids in the way that was normal in her culture.' However, two of Nina's children taken into care remained there, their relationship with their mother having broken down. They went on to be permanently fostered, which meant Nina lost her parental rights. The fostered daughter has constantly refused to have contact with her mother. Her fostered son took his own life as a young teen while in permanent foster care, where he had been for many years. Previous work by The Ferret has found that since 2021, 11 young people in the care system have completed suicide, the most common cause of death in this group. Nina and her lawyer are calling for a Fatal Accident Inquiry so that her questions about the circumstances of his death can be answered. The Crown Office confirmed that it is still investigating and no decision will be taken until that concludes. But Nina claims social work discriminated against her. She said: 'Once my life was a normal life. They took my kids. And now I am sitting here and my son is dead. I feel like he was kidnapped by social services, like there is no accountability. What went wrong? What was happening that nobody could see? Those are the questions I want answered.' The Ferret and Migrant Women Press tried to get figures for the number of migrant children taken into care in Scotland over the last five years. Only nine local authorities provided figures, with six claiming no children had been taken into care. West Lothian's figures were the highest provided with a total of 42 migrant children taken into care over five years, including 12 children from Nigeria, eight from Poland and eight from Romania and Slovakia. Two were taken into care at birth. Though some cases were 'ongoing', none of those children had been adopted. Five councils, including Edinburgh, refused to give details due to the small number of children involved, which they argued could identify them. But 11 out of the 32 local authorities – more than a third – said they were unable to provide the information without looking through individual files, or did not record data on whether children taken into care had migrant parents or not. 'While information on nationality and ethnicity may be provided on a voluntary basis, where this is the case, it is often only contained in observational notes and may not be provided at all,' admitted Glasgow City Council, one of the authorities which did not hold figures. Concerns about the disproportionate intervention of social work in Black families are long-running and widespread. In 2021, the BBC reported on the case of a Nigerian victim of trafficking, living in an Italian migrant shelter, who was threatened with having her son taken into care. Those running the shelter were apparently concerned by her so-called 'African' ways of bringing up her son, which included carrying him on her back and encouraging him to eat by putting food in his mouth. The 2023 Indian film Mrs Chatterjee vs Norway documented the real-life story of Anurup Bhattacharya and Sagarika Chakraborty, an Indian immigrant couple whose children were taken away by Norwegian authorities in 2011. Other cases have been documented in Germany and Sweden. Conversely, concerns have previously been raised that fears of being perceived as racist have stopped social workers stepping in to prevent abuse. The murder of eight-year-old Victoria Climbié (below) from the Ivory Coast 25 years ago, by her great aunt and her boyfriend, is said to be instrumental in current social work practice. But some claim that case has led to prejudice. Helene Rodger, project director and co-founder of Passion4Fusion, said: 'A lot of the families we support come to the attention of social services due to physical chastisement'. She doesn't excuse it, but said this needs to be seen in context especially for new Scots. 'In a lot of African countries, it is quite normal for it to be used as a form of discipline not harm,' Rodger added. 'We were parented like that. In Scotland, it's only been illegal since 2020. Often it's teachers or neighbours who contact social services.' She claimed migrants should be given clearer information so they know it is against the law to smack their children, with social workers trained to better understand the different cultural contexts. Black social workers and foster carers should be recruited, she claimed. As part of its report, They Took My Child Too – launched at the Scottish Parliament in May – Passion4Fusion surveyed more than 100 parents, community members and professionals with experience of the social work system. Almost three-quarters believed that there was a 'culture gap' for families and social work, while 93% 'agreed or strongly agreed' that more culturally sensitive child protection services would improve the welfare of Black and brown children. Esther Muchena, manager of Scottish Refugee Council's Family Rights Service, said involvement with child protection has sometimes been caused by different cultural norms where parents might leave a child at home alone, unaware of the laws. 'That is the type of behaviour that can be corrected,' Muchena said. 'In our experience working with women accessing our services, the issues are never about the woman not being capable enough. The root issue in our cases is usually because of the pressures of navigating a complex asylum process, which can cause poor parental mental health. Women in this position have to fight to survive while keeping their families together.' Victoria Nyanga-Ndiaye, founder of Project Esperanza, shares that view. The Edinburgh-based charity is currently working with over 40 migrant families with child protection involvement, though not all of them have children in care. The majority of the families she is supporting have come to the attention of social work as a result of perceptions of neglect, she said. She supports international students struggling to balance study with work and childcare, along with families with no recourse to public funds, due to their immigration status, who are struggling to cope. But the social workers, who should be there to help, often simply do not understand the cultural issues, are misinformed, under-trained and under-resourced to best help these families, Nyanga-Ndiaye said. 'I think the system is actually designed that way,' she added. 'It's designed for hardship.' A Scottish Government spokesperson said:'[[Scottish Government]] guidance on child protection in Scotland makes clear that cultural respect and understanding must be consistently applied in all child care and protection practices. 'The guidance sets out that professionals should learn about the culture or faith of the child and family and seek advice if necessary. They should also be culturally sensitive while keeping focus on the child's experience and potential harm.'