Knowledge Nugget: India's ‘green' power capacity overtakes thermal — What you must know for UPSC Exam
India has reached a key climate milestone five years ahead of schedule — as of June 30, non-fossil fuel sources account for 50.1 per cent of the country's installed electricity capacity. When the Paris Agreement on climate change was signed in 2015, India had committed to reaching 40 per cent non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030. This target was raised to 50 per cent in 2022.
1. The sources — which include nuclear, large hydro, and renewables — made up just 30 per cent of installed capacity in 2015 and 38 per cent in 2020, before rising sharply over the last five years, on the back of solar and wind power.
2. As of June, India's total installed capacity stood at 485 gigawatts (GW). Of this, renewables — including solar, wind, small hydro, and biogas — accounted for 185 GW, according to a press release by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
3. Large hydro capacities contributed 49 GW, and nuclear energy added 9 GW, taking the total non-fossil fuel capacity just over the halfway mark. Thermal power, mostly coal- and gas-based, made up the remaining 242 GW, or 49.9 per cent. In 2015, thermal's share was 70 per cent.
Installed Capacity
Thermal
Non-fossil fuel
Grand Total
Non-fossil fuel share (%)
Nuclear
Large hydro
Renewables*
June 2015
191.26
5.78
42
35.78
274.82
30.4
June 2020
230.9
6.78
45.7
87.67
371.05
37.8
June 2025
242.04
8.78
49.38
184.62
484.82
50.1
*Solar, wind, small hydro, biomass. (Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, CEA)
4. Notably, in 2024, India ranked fourth globally in renewable installed capacity, including large hydro, behind only China, the US, and Brazil.
5. The rise in contribution of renewables to India's energy mix marks a significant shift, driven by the rapid addition of solar and wind power in recent years. However, installed thermal capacity falling below the halfway mark does not mean India's reliance on thermal power has dipped below 50 per cent. On the contrary, since renewable sources such as solar and wind are intermittent and cannot generate power around the clock, thermal plants still produce over 70 per cent of the country's electricity.
6. Bringing down thermal's share in power generation — and hitting India's 500 GW non-fossil fuel target by 2030 — will require much more, starting with the stabilisation and strengthening of the grid.
With renewables now contributing 185 GW to India's total installed power capacity, let's understand what the different types of renewable energy sources are.
1. Solar Energy: Solar energy is harnessed from the sun's radiation. It can be transformed into electricity using solar panels (photovoltaic cells) or alternatively can be utilised to produce heat through solar thermal systems. Due to its abundance, solar power stands out as one of the most widely available renewable energy sources. China, the US, India and Japan are among the world's leading producers of solar power.
2. Hydropower: It is created by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water in rivers, dams, waterfalls, etc. It is one of the oldest and most widely used forms of renewable energy.
3. Biomass Energy: Biomass is produced from organic materials such as plant residues, animal waste, and wood. It can be heated or converted to liquid or gaseous fuels for consumption. Its usage includes heating, electricity generation, or biofuels for transportation. It is considered renewable because the materials used can be regrown or replenished.
4. Wind Energy: It is generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind into electricity using wind turbines. Onshore and offshore wind farms have become a significant contributor to the renewable energy mix in many countries like China, India and the US.
5. Geothermal Energy: This form of energy is derived from the Earth's internal heat. These can be naturally occurring hot water reservoirs or can be man-made. Occurring at various depths and varying temperatures below the earth's surface, these geothermal resources can be used for electricity generation and direct heating applications. Geothermal power plants which produce electricity, typically utilise steam or hot water from underground reservoirs.
6. Tidal and Wave Energy: It harnesses the movement of ocean water to generate electricity. Tidal energy relies on the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun, whereas wave energy captures the energy of surface waves.
The Energy Transition Index (ETI) 2024, released by the World Economic Forum, ranked 120 countries based on their advancements towards a sustainable, affordable, and secure energy future. Here are the countries leading the way in energy transition, as reported by the World Economic Forum.
Source: ETI 2024, WEF
India has ranked 63rd out of 120 countries in the 2024 Global Energy Transition Index, which is an improvement from its previous position of 67th in 2023.
The Bottom 10 Countries in WEF's energy transition index:
Source: ETI 2024, WEF
1. On October 2, 2015, India submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It became a signatory to the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement – an international treaty adopted in 2015, which operates on a five-year cycle of increasingly ambitious climate action plans known as NDC.
2. India's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) initially included two main goals: First, to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030 from 2005 level, and second, to achieve about 40 per cent of its total installed electric power capacity from non-fossil fuel energy resources by 2030.
3. In August 2022, India updated these targets: The goal for reducing the emissions intensity of GDP was increased to 45 per cent by 2030 from 2005 level, and the target for non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity was raised to 50 per cent by 2030.
4. In addition, India has set itself a target of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by the year 2030 (as announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the COP26 summit in Glasgow, UK). Furthermore, India is potentially aiming for 1 TW (form 500 GW) by 2035. India has also set a target of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
India has implemented various schemes to achieve its renewable energy targets. Some of the key schemes that have contributed to this include:
📌Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan scheme (PM-KUSUM): This scheme promotes the installation of small grid-connected solar power plants, standalone solar pumps, and solarisation of existing grid-connected pumps in rural areas.
📌PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana: It is a government project aimed at providing free power to Indian families. Launched on February 15, 2024, the initiative would give homes with a rebate for installing solar panels on their roofs. The subsidy will pay for up to 40% of the cost of the solar panels. The plan is anticipated to benefit one crore households in India. The scheme will promote the use of renewable energy.
📌Grid Connected Rooftop Solar program (Pradhan Mantri Suryodaya Yojana): Under this scheme, solar PV panels are installed on the roof of a building to meet the electricity needs of the building. Surplus solar power units generated from the rooftop solar plant can also be exported to the grid.
📌Green Energy Corridor Scheme: The series of infrastructure projects under this scheme aimed at synchronising the power generated from renewable energy sources with the national grid of India.
📌National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM): The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) implemented the NGHM with a target to achieve a production capacity of 5 million tonnes per annum of Green Hydrogen by 2030. This will support an addition of about 125 GW of renewable energy capacity in our country.
Consider the following statements about Solar Power (PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana):
1. The scheme was launched in 2022.
2. Under the scheme, households will be provided with a subsidy cover of 40 per cent to install solar panels on their roofs.
3. The scheme will promote the use of renewable energy.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
(Sources: India's 'green' power capacity overtakes thermal: Why it matters, the challenges posed, and what's next, Akshay Urja Day 2024: India making strides in advancing renewable energy,Top 10 countries leading energy transition 2024: Where does India rank on the ETI?)
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Roshni Yadav is a Deputy Copy Editor with The Indian Express. She is an alumna of the University of Delhi and Jawaharlal Nehru University, where she pursued her graduation and post-graduation in Political Science. She has over five years of work experience in ed-tech and media. At The Indian Express, she writes for the UPSC section. Her interests lie in national and international affairs, governance, economy, and social issues. You can contact her via email: roshni.yadav@indianexpress.com ... Read More
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Indian Express
6 hours ago
- Indian Express
UPSC Key: India-UK FTA, Chola emperor Rajendra I and Genetically modified agricultural products
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'In every respect, this is an agreement which opens far greater opportunities for India than any other agreement,' the minister said. • On concerns that the UK's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) could negate the tariff concessions India has received under the trade deal, Goyal said: 'Currently there is no CBAM in effect. So it cannot be addressed in the FTA. But India is a sovereign country, and if our export interests are hurt, we will react and retaliate, or 'rebalance'. 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From Front Page 'UK's duty concession on textiles is only half the battle won for India' • One of the key highlights for Indian industry under the India-UK trade deal signed on Thursday is the benefit extended to India's labour-intensive sectors such as textiles, footwear, and gems and jewellery, which will now see tariff elimination compared to pre-deal rates ranging from 4 to 12 per cent. • However, tariff elimination under a trade deal does not always translate into export gains—particularly in advanced markets where competitors such as Vietnam, Bangladesh, and China already have secured supply chains and a well-established presence. • Several competitors in the UK market already enjoy zero-duty access and have entrenched supply chains. Bangladesh, for instance, holds a 20 per cent share of UK RMG imports and benefits from zero-duty access to the premium market due to its Least Developed Country (LDC) status. Turkey, too, has zero-duty market access for its RMG exports to the UK and commands an 8 per cent share. Do You Know: • CBAM is an import duty imposed by Europe on items manufactured in foreign nations using procedures that result in more carbon emissions than domestic European businesses are permitted to generate. • The stated goal is to reduce 'carbon leakage,' but this has the effect of raising the cost of steel and cement produced in nations such as India, making them less competitive in European markets. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍India-UK: Deal's Done 📍India misses chance to tackle UK carbon tax in trade pact. Why is it concerning? UPSC Prelims Practice and Previous Year Question Covering similar theme: (1) Consider the following statements about Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM): 1. It is an import duty that is imposed by Europe on goods produced in other countries by processes that lead to greater carbon emissions than domestic European manufacturers are allowed to emit. 2. Its purpose is to check 'carbon leakage'. 3. It does not have any effect on the manufacturing of steel or cement. How many of the statements given above are correct? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None (2) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023) Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? 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Key Points to Ponder: • What is the history of India-Maldives relations? • What are the areas of cooperation between both countries? • What are the challenges seen between the nations in recent years? • What is India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy? • What is the significance of the Maldives for India? • What are the major agreements signed during your recent visit? • What is the 'India-out' campaign? How did it affect the India-Maldives relationship? • Know about the SAGAR and MAHASAGAR? • Map work: Location of Maldives and surrounding islands Key Takeaways: • Earlier in the day, Modi was welcomed by Muizzu at the iconic Republic Square, the venue of the ceremony at the heart of the Maldivian capital. Modi sat next to Muizzu and watched the over 50-minute event marking the 60th anniversary of the independence of the Maldives, which included a military parade and colourful cultural performances by children and traditional artistes. • Besides the top political and military brass of the Maldives, several members of the Prime Minister's delegation including External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar, National Security Advisor Ajit Doval and Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri also attended the event. • Muizzu noted that the relationship between the two countries extends far beyond formal diplomacy, with deep-rooted connections dating back centuries, according to a statement issued by the President's Office. He referred to the Indian Ocean as a living testament to these long-standing ties, emphasising that the shared journey of both nations, as traders and neighbours, has forged a resilient and unbreakable bond. • The visit marks a defining reset in ties that had come under strain almost 20 months ago. Arguably, New Delhi's sustained efforts, including its assistance to the island nation to deal with economic hardship, helped bring the relations back on track. Do You Know: Significance of Maldives for India • Location and maritime security: Maldives' proximity to the west coast of India, and its location at the hub of commercial sea lanes running through the Indian Ocean imbues it with significant strategic importance to India. The security scenario in India's periphery in the Indian Ocean is very much linked to the maritime strength of Maldives. • Defence: This is the reason why India invests on Maldives' security by training its defence forces. Estimates suggest that almost 70 per cent of Maldives' defence training is done by India… • China: India is obviously concerned at the expanding Chinese footprint there. So, from a purely strategic perspective, India needs Maldives on its side to secure its maritime periphery, keep an eye on the Indian Ocean, and check the influence of China in its neighbourhood. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Key takeaways from the India-Maldives vision document: health, education, start-ups, political exchanges 📍Maldives, India, China: history shapes the present UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme: (3) India and Maldives are separated by which of the following channels? (a) Seven Degree Channel (b) Eight Degree Channel (c) Nine Degree Channel (d) Ten Degree Channel Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India's maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? (UPSC CSE 2024) Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of National importance, History of India. Mains Examination: General Studies-I: Ancient history, Architecture from ancient to modern times. What's the ongoing story: Arun Janardhanan writes- 'An emperor who ruled a thousand years ago has drawn two political heavyweights into the same arena, with Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin and Prime Minister Narendra Modi making separate efforts to honour the legacy of Rajendra Chola I (1014–1044 CE), the maritime monarch of the Chola dynasty.' 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Key Takeaways: • 'While Stalin has declared the emperor's birth anniversary as an official state celebration and announced several initiatives to commemorate his rule, Modi is set to visit Gangaikonda Cholapuram in Ariyalur district, which was once the Chola capital, on July 27 to unveil a commemorative coin and inaugurate an exhibition on Rajendra Chola's northern conquest. The Union Ministry of Culture is hosting a four-day festival in the town commemorating 1,000 years of Rajendra Chola's maritime expedition to Southeast Asia and the commencement of the construction of the Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple.' • 'Rajendra Chola inherited a powerful kingdom from his father Rajaraja I, but it was his bold campaigns from the Ganga to Suvarnadwipa (an ancient term for islands in Southeast Asia, including Java and Sumatra) that turned the Cholas into a pan-Asian maritime empire.' • 'To commemorate his successful northern expedition, Rajendra Chola established Gangaikonda Cholapuram and ceremonially poured Ganges water brought back by his army into a vast man-made reservoir known as the Cholagangam tank, locally referred to as Ponneri. This act was immortalised in copper plate inscriptions, including those cited by K A Nilakanta Sastri in The Cholas, describing how Rajendra created a 'liquid pillar of victory (ganga-jalamayam jayastambham) using sacred water from the Ganga.' • 'According to the Trichinopoly Gazetteer (1855 edition) by British civil service officer F R Hemingway, the Cholagangam tank once irrigated approximately 1,564 acres of land. Later reports note that the embankment extended some 25 km, with multiple sluices engineered to manage water flow.' • 'The tank, once the hydrological heart of Gangaikonda Cholapuram and an engineering marvel, now lies in disrepair. As recorded in the Trichinopoly Gazetteer by Hemingway, the tank embankments were fortified by laterite stone and sluices designed to control sediment flow.' • 'The British dismantled much of the town's granite fortifications in 1832 to construct the Lower Kollidam Anaicut, breaking promises to rebuild its outer wall. The destruction was resisted by locals who were reportedly punished for their defiance. 'A promise was made that a brick wall would be built in place of the stone wall that was pulled down,' the 1855 Gazetteer mentions. 'But it has never been redeemed.' • 'The PM visit also carries its symbolic weight. On Sunday, he will unveil a commemorative coin to mark the 1,000th anniversary of Rajendra Chola's Gangetic campaign, while musician Ilaiyaraaja is set to perform a 20-minute concert. An exhibition will showcase trophies and miniature sculptures from the Chola period. The town, which British officers compared to ancient Babylon, is being repainted and refenced.' • 'A millennium after Rajendra's ships left Tamil shores for faraway islands, his legacy is back at the centre of a different expedition. As historian Tansen Sen writes in The Military Campaigns of Rajendra Chola, Rajendra's campaigns were not about empire-building or expansionism in the modern sense but 'strategic signalling' to regional powers, asserting Tamil commercial presence across Asia.' Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Today in Politics: PM Modi in Tamil Nadu to inaugurate projects, honour Chola emperor UPSC Prelims Practice Question Covering similar theme: (4) With reference to the Chola Empire, consider the following statements: 1. The Chola kingdom stretched across present-day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 2. The empire was at its most expansive under Rajendra. 3. Arulmozhivarman was one of the only Indian monarchs to conquer territory outside the Indian subcontinent. 4. The gigantic Bridheshwara Temple is one of the finest examples of artistic brilliance. How many of the statements given above are correct? 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India's biotechnology approval processes are slow, opaque, and subject to political influences, and do not appear to take into account science-based approval processes for GE products in exporting countries,' the USTR report had said. • While India is seeking greater market access for its textiles, leather and footwear, the US is pushing for access to India's agricultural and dairy markets — a major hurdle, as Indian farmers often operate on small land parcels with limited technological support. In contrast, the US has demanded that India should drop its GM regulation. • There is significant resistance to genetically modified (GM) crops in India. Only one GM crop — Bt cotton — is approved for cultivation. No GM food crop is commercially grown, although experimental trials continue. However, imports of GM soybean oil and canola oil are permitted. • A 2013 report by the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER) emphasised that many studies deeming GM foods safe were industry-funded, and that long‑term, independent studies were lacking. • New Delhi‑based think tank GTRI said: 'Environmental studies have shown that widespread use of Bt crops can lead to pest resistance, such as in the pink bollworm, and pose risks to non‑target species such as monarch butterflies, as suggested in a 1999 Nature study. Additionally, the overuse of glyphosate with herbicide-tolerant GM crops has led to 'superweeds' and increased herbicide use.' • The GTRI said that GM and non‑GM crops may intermingle at various stages of the supply chain — during transport, storage or processing. 'Once GM material enters, there is a high risk it could leak into local farming systems or processed food chains, posing risks to food safety, environmental integrity, and India's export reputation — especially in GM‑sensitive markets such as the EU,' the think tank warned. Do You Know: • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) involve the modification of the genetic material of the host by the introduction of foreign genetic material. Notably, GMOs is a broader term that includes GM crops as a subset. GM crops are plants used in agriculture whose DNA has been altered to add desired properties. They are usually developed to increase yield, resist pests/herbicides, and withstand extreme weather conditions. • Gene modification is different from genetic editing (GE). GM involves the introduction of genes from unrelated species into host plants. 'GM is nothing more than a breeding technique, much like crossing that we've been doing for thousands of years. But it's more sophisticated, so we can make very precise changes very rapidly,' said David Spencer, a phytopathologist and spokesperson for Replanet, an alliance of NGOs advocating for science-based solutions to climate change and the loss of biodiversity. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍UPSC Issue at a Glance | Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and India: 4 essential questions to understand the debate Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: (5) Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created? (UPSC CSE 2012) 1. To enable them to withstand drought 2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce 3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations 4. To increase their shelf life Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: 'What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India's National self-esteem and ambitions'. Explain with suitable examples. (UPSC CSE 2019) Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance. Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests. What's the ongoing story: As border clashes continue between Thailand and Cambodia, India on Saturday said it was closely monitoring the situation and hoped both sides would take measures for cessation of hostilities. Key Points to Ponder: • Read about the status of India's bilateral relations with Cambodia and Thailand. • What is happening at the Thailand-Cambodia border? • Why have Thailand-Cambodia ties deteriorated of late? • What is India's diplomatic response to the Thailand-Cambodia clashes? • Read about Prasat Ta Muen Thom. • What is ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)? • What is the significance of regional groupings like ASEAN in conflict resolution within Southeast Asia? • What is India's Act East Policy? • How do border disputes in Southeast Asia impact India's Act East Policy? • Map work: Cambodia, Thailand and ASEAN member countries Key Takeaways: • The Ministry of External Affairs also urged Indian travellers in both countries to contact embassies in case they needed any assistance. • 'We are closely monitoring the situation along the border between Cambodia and Thailand,' said MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal while responding to media queries. • 'India has close and friendly relations with both countries and hopes that both sides will take measures for a cessation of hostilities and prevention of further escalation,' he said, adding, 'Indian travellers in the region may contact our respective embassies in the two countries for any assistance.' • At least 32 people have been killed and nearly 1,50,000 displaced in the border clashes between the two Southeast Asian countries that erupted on Thursday. Both countries have recalled their ambassadors and Thailand has closed its northeastern border crossings with Cambodia. • During an emergency meeting on Friday, members of the United Nations Security Council called for de-escalation and urged the regional bloc, the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), to mediate a peaceful solution. Do You Know: • Cambodian Prime Minister Samdech Thipadei Hun Manet Sunday said he agreed to an 'immediate and unconditional ceasefire' in armed clashes with Thailand following a phone call with US President Donald Trump late Saturday night. In an official statement, Hun Manet said, 'On the night of Saturday, 26 July 2025, I had a phone discussion with Honorable Donald Trump, President of the United States, regarding the armed clashes along the Cambodia–Thailand border.' • He added, 'The President of the United States expressed his desire not to see war or fighting that would lead to many deaths and injuries on both sides, including soldiers and civilians.' • Thailand confirmed in principle its agreement to a ceasefire but urged 'sincere intention' from Cambodia. 'Any cessation of hostilities cannot be reached while Cambodia is severely lacking in good faith and repeatedly violating the basic principles of human rights and humanitarian law,' Thailand's foreign ministry said in a statement cited by AP. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Explained: The border dispute, and the Hindu temples at the heart of deadly Cambodia-Thailand clashes Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. 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Hindustan Times
7 hours ago
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UPSC Recruitment 2025: Apply for 45 Assistant Director posts at upsc.gov.in
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Indian Express
a day ago
- Indian Express
UPSC Key: India-Maldives, Renewable energy, and CBAM
Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for July 26, 2025. If you missed the July 25, 2025, UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here. Line of credit, trade talks, direct flights: Modi, Muizzu mark turnaround in ties Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests What's the ongoing story: India is proud to be the most trusted friend of the Maldives, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said Friday after announcing a Rs 4,850-crore line of credit to the island nation. Key Points to Ponder: • Know the historical background of the India-Maldives relationship? • What are the challenges seen between the nations in recent years? • What is India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy? • How significant is the Maldives for India? • What are the areas of cooperation between India and the Maldives? • What are the major agreements signed during this visit? • What is the 'India-out' campaign? How did it affect the India-Maldives relationship? • What are SAGAR and MAHASAGAR? • Map work: Location of Maldives and surrounding islands Key Takeaways: • 'Peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indian Ocean region are our shared goals. Together, through the Colombo Security Conclave, we will strengthen regional maritime security,' Modi said in his remarks after the two leaders held wide-ranging talks focusing on consolidating cooperation in areas of trade, defence and infrastructure. • Besides FTA negotiations, Modi also announced that the two countries will work towards finalising a bilateral investment treaty. Later, addressing a media briefing, Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri said that both sides expect this FTA to be completed 'fairly quickly'. • The Maldives holds an important place in India's 'Neighbourhood First' policy, Modi said, underlining that mutual cooperation in defence and security is a testament to the mutual trust. 'India will always support the Maldives to strengthen its defence capabilities,' he said. • In his remarks, President Muizzu — who had visited India in October last year, signifying a thaw in bilateral ties — said: 'I am also pleased to announce the initiation of negotiations for a free trade agreement between India and the Maldives. This landmark initiative marks a significant step forward in strengthening our economic partnership.' • He flagged India's place as a 'key source market' for tourism in Maldives, adding that the two countries have discussed starting direct flights towards this objective. • Both countries exchanged four MoUs and three agreements in the presence of Modi and Muizzu. India handed over 3,300 social housing units in Hulhumale under India's Buyers' Credit facilities. Modi inaugurated a roads and drainage system project in Addu, and six high-impact community development projects. • India will also provide 72 heavy vehicles to the Maldivian Ministry of Defence. Besides, there was an MoU on cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture, and one on sharing successful digital solutions implemented at population scale, as per officials in the Ministry of External Affairs. • On Saturday, Modi will participate in the 60th Independence Day celebrations of the Maldives, as the Guest of Honour. On Friday, the two leaders also released a commemorative stamp to mark the 60th anniversary of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations. Do You Know: • Maldives' proximity to the west coast of India (barely 70 nautical miles from Minicoy and 300 nautical miles from India's West coast), and its location at the hub of commercial sea-lanes running through the Indian Ocean (particularly the 8° N and 1 ½° N channels) imbues it with significant strategic importance to India. • Maldives is one of the key elements in India's maritime security calculus. The security scenario in India's periphery in the Indian Ocean is very much linked to the maritime strength of Maldives. This is the reason why India invests on Maldives' security by training its defence forces. • India's Neighbourhood First Policy: According to Ministry of External Affairs, India's 'Neighbourhood First policy' guides its approach towards the management of relations with countries in its immediate neighbourhood. the concept of the Neighbourhood First Policy came into being in 2008. It was conceived to bolster relations with certain priority countries such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. • SAGAR: The 'Security and Growth for All in the Region' (SAGAR) concept was first articulated by the Prime Minister in Mauritius in 2015. Under this concept, India envisages a free, open, inclusive, 4 peaceful, and prosperous Indo-Pacific region, one which is built on a rules-based international order, sustainable and transparent infrastructure investment, freedom of navigation and overflight, unimpeded lawful commerce, mutual respect for sovereignty, peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as equality of all nations. • MAHASAGAR: This year, during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to Mauritius announced the upgradation of the comprehensive strategic partnership and enhanced SAGAR to MAHASAGAR, i.e. Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Maldives, India, China: history shapes the present 📍Key takeaways from the India-Maldives vision document: health, education, start-ups, political exchanges Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India's maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? (UPSC CSE 2024) Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Economic and Social Development – Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc. Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation, of resources, growth, development and employment What's the ongoing story: India's share in US smartphone imports surged to nearly 36 per cent in the first five months of 2025, from about 11 per cent in 2024. China, which continues to dominate the product category, saw its share drop from 82 per cent to 49 per cent over the same period. Key Points to Ponder: • What is the Production Linked Incentive (PLI)? • How are PLIs transforming India's manufacturing sector? • What are the challenges of PLI? • What are the other government initiatives to promote Make in India? • How has it led to the increase in smartphone production in India? • Why is India focused on an increase in India-manufactured goods in the electronics supply chain? Key Takeaways: • India's growing share — now 1 in 3, driven largely by Apple iPhones — comes amid ongoing trade talks with the US. While smartphones are India's top export to the US by value, President Donald Trump has threatened a 25 per cent tariff on Indian-made iPhones. • Apple doubled down on production in India in 2020, after the government announced its flagship Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to support smartphone manufacturing in the country. Through its contract manufacturers, the company has been the biggest beneficiary of the scheme, which has helped it move some production away from China. • Apple's pivot to India from China for US-bound exports has drawn criticism from Trump, who, in May, said he's told Apple's chief executive that he does not want the company to expand its manufacturing operations in India. • However, Apple is unlikely to overhaul its India expansion plans in the near-term. In May, its contract manufacturer Foxconn informed the London Stock Exchange of a $1.49 billion investment in one of its India units, Yuzhan Technologies (India) Pvt Ltd. The new plant is expected to come up in Tamil Nadu, where Foxconn already has a major iPhone production base. Do You Know: • Since its launch in April 2020, the PLI scheme covers 14 sectors as of now. It has helped India achieve scale in manufacturing by attracting OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) as well as contract manufacturers in designated sectors. It has also contributed to limited value addition is segments such as surface mounting and PCB (printed circuit board) assembly, product testing, and packaging. • Under its flagship production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for smartphone manufacturing, the government has disbursed close to $1 billion in the three years from 2022-23 to 2024-25, with Foxconn, Tata Electronics and Pegatron, the three contract manufacturers of Apple receiving cumulatively over 75 per cent of the amount. • The PLI for large scale electronics manufacturing, which was first announced in 2020 with an outlay of Rs 38,601 crore, offers incentives ranging from 4 to 6 per cent on net incremental sales of eligible products over the sales in the base year to the selected applicants. • Make in India: Launched in 2014, the 'Make in India' initiative aims to facilitate investment, foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property & build best in class manufacturing infrastructure. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍PLI review 5 years on | On Govt table: PLI 2.0, what next to push manufacturing 📍The PLI push: $1 billion over 3 years to 19 firms, fuels record surge in handset exports UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: (1) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023) Statement-I: India accounts for 3.2% of global export of goods. Statement-II: Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India's 'Production-linked Incentive' scheme. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: 'Success of 'Make in India' program depends on the success of the 'Skill India' programme and radical labour reforms.' Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC CSE 2015) Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance Mains Examination: General Studies-I: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India. What's the ongoing story: Outlining the rise in suicides and mental health issues among students in educational institutions, the Supreme Court on Friday issued pan-India guidelines to combat the problem. Key Points to Ponder: • What is the Manodarpan initiative? • What are the Ummeed draft guidelines? • What are the initiatives taken by the government for the mental well-being of students? • What is the significance of these guidelines issued by the SC? • How is addiction emerging as a challenging issue among youth? • There remained a 'legislative and regulatory vacuum' in the country for suicide prevention of students in educational institutions and coaching centres. Substantiate. Key Takeaways: • A bench of Justices Vikram Nath and Sandeep Mehta said there remained a 'legislative and regulatory vacuum' in the country with respect to a unified, enforceable framework for suicide prevention of students in educational institutions, coaching centres, and student-centric environments. • While issuing 15 guidelines, the bench said the measures should remain in force and binding, until such time as appropriate legislation or regulatory frameworks were enacted by the competent authority. • All educational institutions were directed to adopt and implement a uniform mental health policy, drawing cues from the 'Ummeed' draft guidelines, the 'Manodarpan' initiative, and the National Suicide Prevention Strategy. • The top court highlighted Centre's preventive steps to mitigate the situation, with 'Ummeed' (understand, motivate, manage, empathise, empower, and develop) draft guidelines — meant to prevent school student suicides — released by the Ministry of Education in 2023. • The verdict came on an appeal against an order of the Andhra Pradesh HC, rejecting the plea to transfer the probe over the unnatural death of a 17-year-old National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test aspirant, preparing in Vishakhapatnam, to the CBI. • The bench said all educational institutions with 100 or more enrolled students should either appoint or engage at least one qualified counsellor, psychologist, or social worker with demonstrable training in child and adolescent mental health. • 'Institutions with fewer students shall establish formal referral linkages with external mental health professionals,' the verdict said. • The bench continued, 'All residential-based institutions shall install tamper-proof ceiling fans or equivalent safety devices, and shall restrict access to rooftops, balconies, and other high-risk areas, in order to deter impulsive acts of self-harm.' • All educational institutions, particularly coaching institutes or centres, were asked to refrain from segregating students' batches on the basis of academic performance, public shaming, or assignment of academic targets disproportionate to their capacities. • The bench stressed on the need for zero tolerance when it came to retaliatory actions against complainants or whistle-blowers. In all such cases, immediate referral to trained mental health professionals must be ensured, and the student's safety, physical and psychological, should be prioritised, it said. • 'Failure to take timely or adequate action in such cases… shall be treated as institutional culpability, making the administration liable to regulatory and legal consequences,' the bench added. • The guidelines would apply to all educational institutions, including public and private schools, colleges, universities, training centres, coaching institutes, residential academies and hostels, irrespective of their affiliation. • The top court in a separate case took cognisance of suicides in educational institutions and directed the constitution of a National Task Force on mental health concerns of students and prevention of suicides in higher educational institutions. Do You Know: • Student suicides made up 7.6 per cent of all suicide cases reported across India in 2022, showing a slight dip from 8.0 per cent in 2021 and 8.2 per cent in 2020, according to official data shared in Lok Sabha. • 'The Ministry of Education's flagship programme, Manodarpan, has reached lakhs of students through counselling helplines and live interactive sessions, while the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's district mental health programme (DMHP) covers 767 districts with suicide prevention services and life skills training in schools and colleges,' he said. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Student suicides 7.6% of all suicide cases across India: Minister Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers What's the ongoing story: India's annual retail food inflation rate fell to minus 1.06% in June, the lowest since January 2019. But consumers continue to feel the pinch from high prices on some items. Key Points to Ponder: • What is inflation? • What is food inflation? • What are the factors that led to inflation in the economy? • What are the factors leading to an increase in coconut oil? • What is the status of coconut oil production in India? • What are the initiatives taken by the government to boost oil production in India? • India imports cooking oil from which countries? • Why has PM urged people to cut down on edible oil consumption by 10%? • What is the National Mission on Edible Oils–Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)? • Understand the soil, temperature, and conditions required for coconut cultivation • Is it covered under the Minimum Support Price? Key Takeaways: • Among them is vegetable oils, where the year-on-year price increase reached 17.75% in June, according to the National Statistics Office. • The all-India average modal (most quoted) retail price of palm oil is currently Rs 132 per kg, compared with Rs 95 a year ago, data from the Department of Consumer Affairs show. The prices of soyabean, sunflower, and mustard oils have risen from Rs 120 to Rs 154, Rs 115 to Rs 159, and Rs 150 to Rs 176 respectively over the same period. • Since the beginning of this year, the wholesale price of coconut oil at Kerala's Kochi market has zoomed from Rs 22,500 per quintal to Rs 39,000 per quintal. At the retail level, the oil is selling for around Rs 460 per kg, close to double its early-January price of Rs 240-250. • This makes coconut oil more expensive now than even sesame (or gingelly) oil, a traditionally premium oil that is retailing for about Rs 425 per kg. • 'Not only are coconut oil prices at all-time highs, I haven't in my 50 years of trading seen these go up so much in such a short time,' Thalath Mahmood, president of the Cochin Oil Merchants' Association (COMA), said. • The El Niño event, which lasted from July 2023 to June 2024, affected the growth of coconut flowers and fruit development during the 2024-25 marketing year that began in October. The impact is being felt now, as it takes roughly a year for a single coconut to go from flowering on the tree to a fully mature fruit that is ready for harvesting. • No immediate supply response to high prices is expected because coconut trees – even the improved dwarf and hybrid palm varieties – start bearing fruit only in 3-5 years. • The price sentiment has been further boosted by reports of the Indonesian government planning restrictions on the export of raw whole coconuts, amid concerns over the shortage of the fruit for local processors. • Meanwhile, the government of the Philippines has introduced a 3% mandatory blending of coconut oil-based CME (coco-methyl ester) in diesel sold in the country from October 2024. • Of the 5.7 lakh tonnes (lt) of coconut oil produced in India, only about 3.9 lt is used for food (cooking and frying). The rest goes into the manufacture of hair oil, cosmetics, soaps, and in other industrial applications. • Like other indigenous cooking oils (mustard, sesame, groundnut, cottonseed), coconut oil has lost market share to the predominantly imported oils – palm, soyabean, and sunflower. • Even in Kerala — the state that derives its name from Kera or the coconut tree — the annual consumption of coconut oil is just 2 lt, estimates COMA's Mahmood. That is half the consumption of palm oil (4 lt) and a little more than sunflower oil (1.5 lt). From being the top producer of coconut, Kerala has now slipped to third place, behind Tamil Nadu and the No.1 producer, Karnataka. Do You Know: • Obesity has emerged as a growing health concern, with alarming statistics indicating a sharp rise in cases over the years. Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently brought this issue into focus, urging people to cut down on edible oil consumption by 10% as a simple yet effective step toward better health. • Last year, the government approved the National Mission on Edible Oils–Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds), with a financial outlay of `10,103 crore. India is dependent on imports to meet 58 per cent of its edible oil requirements. • According to the Coconut Development Board, coconut cultivation requires an equatorial climate with high humidity. The ideal mean annual temperature is 27°C with 5-7°C diurnal variation. All well distributed rainfall of 1300-2300 mm per annum is preferred. • Coconut is grown in different soil types such as laterite, coastal sandy, alluvial and also in reclaimed soils of the marshy lowlands. It tolerates salinity and a wide range of pH from 5.0 to 8.0. Proper drainage, good water holding capacity, optimum soil moisture and absence of rock or any hard substratum within 2 m of the surface are ideal for better growth and performance of the palm. • Established in 1981, Coconut Development Board (CDB) is a statutory body established under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India for the integrated development of coconut cultivation and industry in the country with focus on productivity increase and product diversification. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍As edible oil, pulses import duty slashed, farmers say 'we are getting hit' 📍'To become a fit and healthy nation,' PM Modi urges people to reduce edible oil consumption by 10%; appoints ten icons Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: (2) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2020) 1. In the case of all cereals, pulses and oil-seeds, the procurement at Minimum Support Price (MSP) is unlimited in any State/UT of India. 2. In the case of cereals and pulses, the MSP is fixed in any State/UT at a level to which the market price will never rise. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance Mains Examination: General Studies-III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc; Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment What's the ongoing story: THE WORLD added about 582 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity in 2024, representing an increase of 15% over the previous year, according to a new report by the International Renewable Energy Association (IRENA). This was the largest annual increase in renewable energy capacity in any single year. Key Points to Ponder: • What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy? • What are the major highlights of the report by IRENA? • How is the monopoly of China in renewable energy production a concern for other countries? • What were the major agreements signed at the COP28? • What is the performance of India in the production of renewable energy? • What is the performance of India in the Energy Transition Index (ETI) 2024? • What are the initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote renewable energy at the domestic and global level? • Know about the International Solar Alliance • Renewable energy has not even begun to replace fossil fuels at the global level. As of now, it is catering mainly to the rising electricity demand. Analyse. Key Takeaways: • Currently, the installed capacity of renewable energy across the globe stands at more than 4,442 GW, and around 30% of the world's electricity is produced from renewable sources. • The new report by IRENA, which was released on July 10, also said that at the current rate of growth, the world would come close to achieving its target of tripling renewable energy installed capacity by 2030. This target is considered crucial for limiting global warming and was part of the agreement made at the COP28 meeting in Dubai in 2023. • The rapid growth of renewable energy might give the impression that the world has made good progress on meeting its climate objectives. However, renewable energy has not even begun to replace fossil fuels at the global level. As of now, it is catering mainly to the rising electricity demand, which has increased three times since 1990 and is projected to grow even higher. • While only around 10% of new electricity installed capacity in 2024 was fossil fuel-based, the use of fossil fuels, in absolute terms, is still growing, according to the IRENA report. • Between 2012 and 2023, global electricity generation grew by 2.5% every year on average, and renewable energy expanded at a rate of about 6% during the same time. This has led to a steady rise in the share of renewables in the electricity generation mix. However, fossil fuels currently account for more than 70% of global electricity production. • In absolute terms, more fossil fuels are being burned today than 10 years ago to produce electricity. To make matters worse, the increase in use of fossil fuels is expected to continue for at least a few more years. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions have reached record highs in recent years. • Moreover, electricity is still only a small slice of total energy use. Just 20% to 22% of the total energy consumed in the world every year is in the form of electricity. Only 30% of electricity generation comes from renewable sources. • This means that about 6% of the world's energy consumption comes from clean sources. More than 90% still comes from fossil sources. Note that there are some countries, mainly in the Nordic region, where renewables account for a significantly higher share of total energy consumption. However, the special conditions existing in these countries are difficult to replicate elsewhere. • The IRENA report said 71% of the renewable capacity addition last year took place in Asia. This is slightly misleading as China alone accounted for more than 62% of global additions that is, 364 GW of the 582 GW installed globally. The whole of Africa together got less than 1%. Do You Know: • According to projections, by 2050, even in the case scenarios, not more than 40% to 45% of the world's total energy consumption would come from clean sources. This means that energy transition, which involves moving away from fossil fuels towards renewable energy, on its own, is unlikely to help tackle the climate crisis. That is why carbon removal interventions, which are yet to become viable, assume great importance in the fight against global warming. • For the last few years, China has been consistently installing more renewable energy than the rest of the world combined. Apart from developed countries, China, and some large players such as India, the renewable energy footprint has not grown at a fast pace. • However, this kind of lopsided deployment of renewable energy, coupled with the fact that China has a near monopoly on the production and supply chains of most renewable systems, could leave many countries and regions behind once again. • Renewable energy, such as solar and wind, might be available universally — unlike, say, petrol that is found in only limited geographies — but the technologies needed to harness this energy are getting increasingly inaccessible. • China dominates the production and manufacturing of solar PV systems, for example, but also consumes more than half of it. Large buyers such as the United States and India corner most of what is exported. There is little supply for others. • The transition to clean and renewable energy systems is not as simple as it is sometimes made out to be. There are several layers of complexity which make the goal of curbing global temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius look increasingly unrealistic to achieve. • At the 2015 climate conference in Paris, India in collaboration with a few other countries including conference host France, set up the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to accelerate the deployment and absorption of solar energy across the world, and mainly in the developing countries. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍India's 'green' power capacity overtakes thermal — What you must know for UPSC Exam 📍India reaches key climate goal 5 years ahead of target: The full picture, explained Previous year UPSC Prelims Question Covering similar theme: (3) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016) 1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015. 2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Syllabus: Preliminary Examination: General issues on Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialisation Mains Examination: General Studies-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India's interests. General Studies-III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment What's the ongoing story: India's efforts to secure a concession for its small and medium enterprises under the UK's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) did not materialise, as the text of the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) released on Thursday made no mention of a resolution on the contentious issue. Key Points to Ponder: • What is the significance of the India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA)? • Know the key details of the India-UK FTA • What is CBAM? • What are India's concerns regarding CBAM? • What is the role of the WTO in resolving disputes between nations? • What are the challenges with the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO? • What are the challenges related to the WTO? Key Takeaways: • The UK's CBAM, which is set to come into effect from January 1, 2027, is expected to impact India's exports of steel, aluminium and other carbon-intensive goods. India's steel and aluminium exports are already facing steep tariff restrictions from the US after US President Donald Trump raised the tariffs on the items to 50 per cent. • An absence of a resolution not only weakens India's position—as it missed the opportunity to address the levy within a legal framework—but also casts a shadow over the duty concessions won for 99 per cent of its exports to the UK under the long-negotiated trade deal as UK could raise tariffs on industrial imports once it implements CBAM. • While the Ministry of Commerce and Industry claims that the UK trade deal will allow around 99 per cent of Indian exports to benefit from zero-duty access to the UK market, CBAM significantly could alter that. • The UK government has said that the carbon tax will apply to both 'direct and indirect emissions' embodied in imported CBAM goods, 'including those emissions embodied in relevant precursor goods at a point further up the value chain'. • India's exports to the UK rose by 12.6 per cent to $14.5 billion, while imports grew by 2.3 per cent to $8.6 billion in 2024–25. Bilateral goods trade between India and the UK increased to $21.34 billion in 2023–24 from $20.36 billion in 2022–23. • As no concession was secured under the FTA, India could challenge the regulation at the WTO on the grounds that CBAM violates special and differential treatment (SDT) provisions, which advocate longer implementation periods for developing countries to safeguard their trade interests. • However, trade law experts warn that the CBAM regulations in both the UK and EU may be in effect by the time the WTO rules on the matter, given the dysfunction of the organisation's Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Do You Know: • According to the World Bank, 'a carbon tax directly sets a price on carbon by defining a tax rate on greenhouse gas emissions or – more commonly – on the carbon content of fossil fuels'. It is a type of carbon pricing, and the other type of carbon pricing is the emissions trading systems (ETS). The CBAM is a form of carbon pricing system. • The CBAM or Carbon Tax was first introduced by the European Union in 2021. It taxes certain products coming in from other countries based on their carbon emissions footprint in their production process. For instance, if the imported steel was produced through a process that entailed higher emissions than the emissions standards for that product in Europe, it would be taxed. • CBAM allows industries in Europe to remain competitive while continuing to maintain high environmental standards. It prevents these industries from relocating their production to countries where the production might be cheap owing to less strict emission norms, a situation described as carbon leakage. In the process, it hopes to contribute to reducing global emissions. • However, it hurts the export competitiveness of developing countries such as China and India. The developing countries point out that CBAM overlooks the 'differentiation' embedded in the global climate architecture that allows them to be treated differently from the developed nations. Other Important Articles Covering the same topic: 📍Knowledge Nugget: What is Carbon Tax and why is it important for UPSC exam? 📍Trade deal stalled over UK carbon tax, India proposes plan for 'rebalancing' Prelims Question Covering similar theme: (4) Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023) Statement-I: Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change. Statement-II: Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for July 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Khushboo Kumari is a Deputy Copy Editor with The Indian Express. She has done her graduation and post-graduation in History from the University of Delhi. At The Indian Express, she writes for the UPSC section. She holds experience in UPSC-related content development. You can contact her via email: ... Read More
