The unanswered questions about Air India crash after preliminary report published
The preliminary report from India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau was published on Friday, raising further questions about what happened before the crash.
The London-bound Boeing 787 Dreamliner crashed into a medical college shortly after taking off from Ahmedabad Airport on 12 June, killing 241 people on board. Another 19 people on the ground died and 67 were seriously injured.
As the probe continues, here are some of the unanswered questions about the crash.
The preliminary report said both of the plane's fuel switches moved to the "cut-off" position "immediately" after take-off, stopping fuel supply to the engine.
The report reads: "In the cockpit voice recording, one of the pilots is heard asking the other why did he cut-off. The other pilot responded that he did not do so."
The pilots were Captain Sumeet Sabharwal, who had 15,000 hours of flying experience, and Clive Kunder, who had 3,000. The report did not specify who said what in this exchange. Kunder was flying the plane, and Sabharwal was monitoring.
The switches were then returned to their normal in-flight position, which triggered an automatic engine relight and a thrust recovery procedure. While the engines started to recover, it was too late, and the plane crashed.
It has raised questions about what happened with the switches. Prof Graham Braithwaite, director of aerospace and aviation at Cranfield University, said these are used at the end of every flight and in emergency scenarios such as a fire.
They are designed so they cannot easily be "accidentally" turned off and pilots would generally run through a checklist before doing so, he told the Press Association.
Prof Braithwaite said that if the switch had been moved by a person, that would have been a "very unusual thing to do" at below 1,000 feet.
"It's not the point of flight where you try and call for your coffee, it's a period of flight where your focus is very, very clear, and that first 1,000 feet, it's about keeping the airplane climbing and that's not about clicking switches."
The switches flipped a second apart, the report said, roughly the time it would take to shift one and then the other, US aviation expert John Nance told the Reuters news agency. Like Prof Braithwaite, he said a pilot would never normally turn the switches off in flight, especially as the plane is starting to climb.
The fuel switch information has raised questions over the role of the pilots.
Bhaval Shah, a family friend of Kinal Mistry, 24, who died in the crash, told The Times: "If these switches can't be turned off easily and if no software glitch could have been responsible, then it is deliberate, isn't it? Then it's sabotage or suicide."
Watch: Fuel cut-off on 787 "can't happen by accident"
But there has been pushback against this narrative given it was only a preliminary report.
India's civil aviation minister Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu told local news channels: "We care for the welfare and the wellbeing of pilots so let's not jump to any conclusions at this stage, let us wait for the final report."
The Indian Commercial Pilots' Association, quoted in the Hindustan Times, also said on Sunday it is "deeply disturbed by speculative narratives emerging in sections of the media and public discourse - particularly the reckless and unfounded insinuation of pilot suicide. Let us be unequivocally clear: there is absolutely no basis for such a claim at this stage."
As mentioned above, information about the pilots' exchange about the fuel switch being moved to the "cut-off" position is obscure: it is not known who said what.
Furthermore, the preliminary report did not contain a transcript of the pilots' communications in the cockpit. This would have been captured by the cockpit voice recorder, which was recovered from the wreckage.
Peter Goelz, a former managing director of the US National Transportation Safety Board, said "there's likely much more on the cockpit voice recorder than what's been shared".
It comes as families of the victims have demanded transparency.
Relatives of Akeel Nanabawa, his wife Hannaa Vorajee and their four-year-old daughter Sara Nanabawa, who died in the crash, said: "Moving forwards, we require honesty, transparency, and an unwavering commitment to uncovering the full truth."
Ishan Baxi, cousin of sisters Dhir and Heer Baxi, who were meant to be flying home after surprising their grandmother for her birthday, said he was "not satisfied" by the initial report. He told PA: "I just hope the final report brings full clarity on what exactly failed and who's accountable. It shouldn't hide behind vague terms."
If the final investigation takes more than a year to complete, an interim report will be issued on the anniversary of the crash, Prof Braithwaite said, adding that interim recommendations could be made at any time.
Meanwhile, the preliminary report said investigators have identified 'components of interest for further examinations".
'Why did he cut off?': what the report on the Air India Flight 171 crash found (The Guardian)
Backlash as Air India crash report points to possible human error - here's what experts think (Sky News)
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