Castle confirms summer reopening after long delays
Work to refurbish the castle's Norman keep began in 2020 but was held up by the pandemic.
Dr Tim Pestell, senior curator of archaeology, confirmed the finishing touches were being carried out and objects were ready to be installed in the museum for a summer 2025 opening.
"It has been an absolute marathon," he said.
Dr Pestell said the castle was only two months away from reopening.
"We will open this summer. We are on the final stretch," he said.
"The display cases are nearly all in now. We have builders doing their tidying up work, ready to come out, and we have the objects ready to be installed. They are being pinned on their backing boards."
The project has faced many delays, including some caused by the Covid-19 pandemic.
There were problems in obtaining steel, due to the war in Ukraine.
In March 2022, the project's contractor Morgan Sindall told the BBC work would be completed by the end of 2023, but more problems arose.
Hidden Norman and Victorian features were discovered and a leaking roof needed to be replaced, causing it to miss a revised target of reopening last summer.
Named Royal Palace Reborn, the project has included restoring the original floor levels in the keep and recreating the great hall and the apartments of Norman kings.
A new gallery of medieval life was also part of the plans.
The castle has just acquired what is believed to be the largest collection of 7th Century gold coins found in Britain.
The collection includes 129 coins, featuring 118 different designs, that were found by two metal detectorists in a west Norfolk field between 2014 and 2020.
Dr Pestell said: "It will be an incredible relief to see that open. It has been an absolute marathon, as it has been for all of the members of our team, but it's going to be amazing.
"It's going to be well, well worth the wait."
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Hamilton Spectator
6 hours ago
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The Benchmaker of Selkirk: How one man carved out a life and a legacy in wood
It started with an injury. Robert Unik, a steelworker in Selkirk, Manitoba, was badly hurt on the job and found himself in need of a new career — and workers' comp willing to pay for the education. Most would've reached for something predictable and safe. Unik had a different vision shaped not by practicality, but by passion. 'I was already carving,' he told me over the phone, stepping away from his buzzing power tools to talk. 'So I told them, 'I want to be a master carver.' And they said, 'Okay. Go find a school, and we'll pay for it.'' That decision would send Unik on a long and unlikely journey, culminating in thousands of hand-carved benches — each with a story, each a monument, and each unapologetically his. His official carving journey began not in a Canadian college, but in St. Paul, Minneapolis, where he trained essentially through correspondence. Upon returning home, he bounced between cabinet shops, learning from old-school master carvers until the title of 'master carver' was quietly retired in Canada. 'I don't know how to build a cabinet,' Robert chuckled. 'I know how to carve.' He spent decades teaching middle-years woodworking in River East Transcona, becoming a fixture in the school system. Then, amid the COVID chaos, everything shifted. A new principal decided Unik didn't meet the paperwork requirements to stay on, despite having 17 years of independent teaching experience. 'They said, 'You're out of here.' And I told them where to go.' It could have been the end. Instead, it was a new beginning. Laid off, Unik turned back to carving. His workshop filled with sawdust and orders. At first, it was bears, then small signs, then benches. 'Benches became my thing,' he says. 'Now that's all I do.' But these aren't just places to sit. They're narratives in cedar and spruce — adorned with dinosaurs, monarch butterflies, gnomes, poppies, family crests, and Norse mythology. Each one tells a story. Each one takes seven to ten days of intense labour — though he could finish the actual carving in three, if not for the finishing, sanding, and painting. His tools are electric grinders and power carvers, not the old-school chisels. But don't mistake that for shortcuts. 'I'm still holding the tools,' he says. 'Still making every cut myself.' He's carved for schools, libraries, memorials — even celebrities. One of his pieces was nearly commissioned by Billy Gibbons of ZZ Top until Unik discovered the musician wanted it in red cedar, one of two woods he's allergic to. 'I would've ended up in the hospital,' he explains. 'So I passed the job to a buddy in California.' Unik has no storefront, no website, and no formal advertising. But he uses Facebook with surgical precision, posting in dozens of local and regional groups. 'It takes me two hours every time I post,' he said. 'But I've got over 30,000 followers now.' He's even turned down offers from major distributors who wanted to buy his benches at a discount and flip them at triple the price. But that's not why he makes them. Instead, he donates one or two benches a year. One of his proudest? A Ukrainian-themed bench raffled off for refugee aid, raising nearly $10,000. One bench landed in Grand Marais. His dinosaur bench is a permanent fixture in the Selkirk Library. 'They send me pictures of kids climbing on it. That's the best part.' Every bench tells a story. Hand carving is, in his words, a dying trade. 'Chainsaw carving is everywhere now. You can't make money off it anymore,' he says. 'And CNC machines have replaced most carvers in the shops.' But Robert still teaches the old ways. Students come from as far as Lorette to take lessons in his Selkirk garage. 'Last winter I didn't have time,' he said. 'This winter, maybe.' 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The Local Journalism Initiative is funded by the Government of Canada. Have thoughts on what's going on in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, or across the world? Send us a letter to the editor at . Error! Sorry, there was an error processing your request. There was a problem with the recaptcha. Please try again. You may unsubscribe at any time. By signing up, you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google privacy policy and terms of service apply. Want more of the latest from us? Sign up for more at our newsletter page .
Hamilton Spectator
8 hours ago
- Hamilton Spectator
Annual pancake breakfast at St. John's United Church during Potato Festival
It is an annual tradition to stop by St. John's United Church in Alliston during the Alliston Potato Festival and enjoy a pancake breakfast. This year's breakfast will take place on Saturday, August 9, in the church parking lot from 7:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. The cost is $8.00 for all you can eat. St John's United Church will be celebrating its 50th anniversary hosting the Potato Pancake breakfast this year – that's quite a milestone. In the early days of hosting the breakfast, it was held it at the corner of Victoria and Church Street. The thinking was, that if they held it where they hold it now, nobody would come. They ran extension cords from the hydro office, which is now Feehley Gastaldy Law office, over to the table to brew the coffee, and ran the pancake batter from the church kitchen up to the grills to cook the pancakes. The church tried to keep the tickets prices affordable so that parents with kids would be able to enjoy the pancakes and have breakfast as a family. To make things fun, if you showed up in your pajamas, you could eat for free. The breakfast was such a success that it was moved to its present location at the east parking lot at the church. Although the Potato Festival was cancelled for two years due to the COVID pandemic, funds raised at the breakfast helped with the cost of installing an elevator in the church and bought pancake grills. Over the years, the breakfast has helped support many worthwhile charities as well as giving back to the church. Before COVID, the breakfast served between 1200 to 1400 people that lined up around the block and down the street. In recent years, over $19,7000 has been donated to local charities as well as some world wide charities. Through donations, the breakfast has supported such organizations as the Loaves and Fishes Growing project, Famine Relief in Horn of Africa, Habitat for Humanity, Stevenson Memorial Hospital Foundation, Matthews House, South Simcoe Learning Disability, Rotary Polio Eradication, S.H.I.F.T., Good Shepherd Food Bank, Canadian Mental Health Association, Krasmen Centre, and Grandmothers Embrace, as well as many other worthy causes. It has also helped support the church with its operating expenses. There is a birthday bonus this year. Free Pancakes available to anyone born between August 8 to 11, 1975. You must show proof of your birth date. The St. John's United Church pancake breakfast provides a sense of community spirit that makes the event a special occasion. Error! Sorry, there was an error processing your request. There was a problem with the recaptcha. Please try again. You may unsubscribe at any time. By signing up, you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google privacy policy and terms of service apply. Want more of the latest from us? Sign up for more at our newsletter page .
National Geographic
11 hours ago
- National Geographic
Just how bad was Bad King John?
THE PLANTAGENETS King Henry II (at right) is followed by his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine (also crowned), and some of their children, perhaps including the future King John, in a fresco from Sainte-Radegonde Chapel in Chinon, France. By Julio Rubén Valdés Miyares John I, known as John Lackland, has been depicted as the most villainous king in the history of England. In accounts of his reign, the monastic chroniclers emphasize John's score-settling, even sadistic, temper and his blatant contempt for the church. Any positive qualities he may have had as a king have been obscured. The figure of King John also contrasts sharply with that of his brother Richard the Lionheart, the quintessential English hero. Richard has gone down in history as one of the most glorious kings of England, even though he spent only six months of his reign in the country. John, on the other hand, is often labeled as Bad King John, and no subsequent English king would bear his name. John's reputation for cruelty was cemented by Sir Walter Scott's historical novel Ivanhoe, which recounts how John takes advantage of Richard's imprisonment in Germany to usurp power. The negative image of John is closely related to the dynasty he belonged to: the Plantagenets. This was a lineage of the French feudal aristocracy that dominated the county of Anjou. Their moniker was derived from the sprigs of yellow broom (planta genista in Latin) that their knights wore when going into battle. John's grandfather—Geoffrey, count of Anjou—married Matilda, heir of Henry I of England and granddaughter of William I, the Norman knight who'd conquered England in 1066. In 1154, after a long succession conflict, the son of Geoffrey and Matilda, also called Henry, was crowned Henry II of England. PILLAR OF STRENGTH The White Tower of the Tower of London was built roughly a century before John's birth. It was a potent symbol of royal power following the Norman invasion of England in 1066. As well as being king of England, Henry II also received the dominion of Normandy through his mother. From his father, he inherited the region of Anjou. This inheritance gave Henry II control of northwestern France, and these vast estates were increased further when Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine, heir to an extensive domain in central and southern France. This collection of territories,which included much of Wales, Ireland, and later Scotland, constituted the so-called Plantagenet Empire. A century before John's birth, William the Conqueror's invasion of England in 1066 bound English politics and culture to France. For John, like his brother Richard I and his father Henry II, the dominions they held in France were more significant than those in the British Isles. As Plantagenets, their dynasty was rooted both in the Norman heartland of their ancestors and the county of Anjou just to the south. The term that historians later used to describe this composite state, the Angevin Empire, is taken from the name of the capital of Anjou, the city of Angers. The empire, however, was built on shaky foundations. The Angevin territories were vulnerable to rivals to the east, specifically Philip II, the self-styled king of France and the feudal ruler to whom the Plantagenets were officially subordinate. In 1202 Philip II exercised his power to remove the lands of Brittany, Anjou, Touraine, and Poitou from John as punishment for not responding to a summons to appear before the French court in a land dispute. John's vain attempts to avenge this humiliation led to costly, futile wars, fueling his unpopularity at home. The fact that Henry and Eleanor controlled such extensive dominions stirred the greed of many, not least their own children. When John, the youngest son, was born, his father had already distributed the titles among his three surviving older sons: Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey. For this reason, the king gave John the title Jean Sans Terre. The Norman French was translated into English as John Lackland. The mocking nickname and rivalry with his siblings might seem a plausible reason for John to want to claw back some territory and compensate for this unequal treatment from his father. But the truth is that Henry II had no intention of marginalizing his youngest son. In fact, John soon became the king's favorite, and Henry II spent a lot of time with John in his infancy. After trying in vain to educate John for an ecclesiastical career at Westminster Abbey, Henry planned to secure extensive lands for him by negotiating a future marriage to the daughter of the powerful Count of Maurienne, who ruled a swath of what is today eastern France around the city of Grenoble. But this prompted dissent from John's older brothers. A DYNASTY BLOSSOMS The seal of John's father, Henry II, the first of the Plantagenet dynasty. Plantagenet means 'blossom of the broom plant' (genet in French), a symbol associated with Henry's father, Geoffrey of Anjou. Later Henry II made the Anglo-Norman-Welsh barons who held his dominions in Ireland pay tribute to John for their fiefs, or feudal land. However, John had to return to England after only six months in Ireland, having sparked multiple conflicts with leaders there. He was already getting a reputation for being an irresponsible and capricious politician. A contemporary chronicler, the monk Gerald of Wales, portrayed Prince John at the age of 19: "Caught in the toils and snared by the temptations of unstable and dissolute youth, he was as wax to receive impressions of evil, but hardened against those who would have warned him of its danger; compliant to the fancy of the moment; more given to luxurious ease than to warlike exercises, to enjoyment than to endurance, to vanity than to virtue." (Who was the first king of England?) Another trait that characterized John from a young age was his lack of loyalty. Henry II experienced this in a bitter episode at the end of his life in 1189. Bedbound after a serious jousting accident, King Henry had ordered his faithful adviser William Marshal to prepare a list of traitors who were plotting against him. But when William began to read the list, Henry saw that the first name was that of his own son, John. The king told him,'You have said enough,' and died three days later. Richard ascended to the throne and John, despite the bitter disputes he'd had with his brother in the past, went immediately to see him to confirm his inheritance. Richard the Lionheart, now King Richard I, received John cordially in Normandy and showed his characteristic generosity. Far from leaving his brother lacking land, Richard immediately granted John all the territories their father had wished him to receive, including the earldom of Nottingham and incomes raised on Sherwood Forest, home of legendary Robin Hood. Richard also conferred on him the important title of count of Mortain. When John married his cousin, Isabella of Gloucester, later that year, he gained the title of marcher lord, and with it control over land on the Welsh border (Marches). To this was added the lordship of Ireland, inherited from his father. PLANTAGENET ROYAL PANTHEON The tombs of Henry II and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, lie in front of those of their son Richard I and John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, in the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud, Chinon, central France. Less than a year after acceding to the throne, King Richard was among the leaders of the Third Crusade who marched to the Holy Land with the aim of liberating Jerusalem from the control of Saladin, the Muslim sultan of Egypt, Syria, and much of the Near East. Aware of his younger brother John's ambition and lack of scruples, Richard left the government of England in the hands of Chancellor William Longchamp. But John immediately began to plot against Longchamp and succeeded in getting him removed. Meanwhile, John was also traveling the country making his presence felt and implying that Richard would never return. It is also said that John made a deal with the king of France, Philip II, upon the king's return from the Crusade he'd fought with Richard the Lionheart. Eleanor, in France at this point, tried to rein in her son John, fearing that, with his malleable character, the young man might listen to the advice of the French and plot the ruin of his brother. Richard left the Holy Land after negotiating a treaty that recognized Muslim control over Jerusalem yet allowed Christian pilgrimage. Later, while passing through Vienna, he was captured by the Austrian duke Leopold V, whom Richard had offended during the Crusades. Leopold handed Richard over to the Holy Roman Emperor. A huge ransom was demanded for Richard's release. John took advantage of his brother's captivity to try to take full control of England, but his efforts failed; the Lionheart inspired loyalty even in his absence. Fourteenth-century miniature of King John. Hunting had long been the sport of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England. The Norman Conquest in 1066, however, brought important changes to the way land was used for hunting. Prior to 1066, English kings hunted in open countryside, but the Normans brought with them a new idea: the forest. Although in modern English forest means an extensive woodland, the Latin roots of the word are related to legal ideas of land set aside for royal use. Royal forests were subject to strict rules about who could and could not use their resources, leading to discontentment among both nobles and common people. King John certainly made use of the royal forests established by his predecessors, as depicted in this 14th-century miniature held in the British Library. It shows the crowned king on horseback with hounds in pursuit. An official in the court of King Henry II described the importance of the forest to the monarch: 'Setting aside the turmoil of serious matters intrinsic to the court, they breathe fresh air freely for a little while; and that is why people who violate the forest are punished solely at the king's will.' After the ransom was paid, Richard was finally released and back in England. Initially, Richard stripped his brother of his lands, but a year later they were reconciled. Just a few years after that, in 1199, Richard died unexpectedly from gangrene in a wound suffered during the siege of a French castle. On his deathbed, at the urging of his mother, Eleanor, Richard forgave John's treacheries and named him his successor. Many people, however, believed that Arthur of Brittany, son of John's older, deceased brother Geoffrey, had a more legitimate claim to the throne, although he was only 12 years old. (How a teenage girl became queen of England for nine days) The supposedly impulsive and vindictive character of King John contrasted with the cordial generosity of his brother and predecessor the Lionheart. Being seen as bad was a fatal trait in a world where monarchs needed to forge alliances and maintain loyalties. As soon as John acceded to the throne, he annulled his marriage to Isabella of Gloucester, with whom he had no children, in order to marry Isabella of Angoulême. It was a sudden decision that has sometimes been presented as the result of an infatuation for a 12-year-old girl. In reality, the match was a political calculation. Isabella brought with her rights and allies in the territories of Angoulême. Above all, by marrying Isabella, John prevented her marriage to Hugh IX de Lusignan, a match that had already been arranged and would have brought Lusignan enormous power in the west of France. The Lusignans protested to their liege lord, the king of France, who summoned John, his vassal in the French territories, to settle the dispute. But John ignored the summons, refusing to recognize Philip II as his superior. So Philip, exercising his feudal power, condemned John as a traitor, stripped him of his territories in France, and gave them to John's nephew, Arthur of Brittany. Open warfare between Philip and John followed for the lands John held on the continent. State crime Despite the nickname Softsword, John demonstrated real military prowess in this conflict. The troops of the Lusignan dynasty invaded Poitou and laid siege to the castle of Mirebeau, where Eleanor of Aquitaine was staying. Upon learning of this, John ran with his army almost 80 miles in two days, broke the siege, and took more than 200 prisoners. Among them was his nephew Arthur of Brittany. John knew that Arthur was seen by many as the rightful heir not only to the French Plantagenet lands but also to the English crown. Arthur was removed to a prison in Rouen, and the unfortunate 16-year-old prince was never heard from again. Some said that John, drunk in a fit of rage, killed him with his own hands; according to others, John commissioned William de Braose, a nobleman who specialized in shady tasks, to do the deed. Arthur's older sister was imprisoned for life in Bristol Castle. This was not John's only demonstration of his ruthless and cruel character. He also had a score of the prisoners from Mirebeau transported to Corfe Castle in southern England with a letter to the governor there ordering him to starve them to death. The order was followed. This setback did not, however, prevent the French, who had far superior military resources, from conquering Normandy in 1204 and two years later conquering Anjou, Maine, and parts of Poitou. The Plantagenet Empire was breaking up. (This battle lasted just one day—but forever changed England) CORFE CASTLE This fortress was built by William I shortly after his forces arrived from Normandy and conquered England in 1066. John used it as a prison for his political enemies. DAVID NOTON PHOTOGRAPHY/ ALAMY/CORDON PRESS After these territorial losses, John moved his main residence to England, something he probably did willingly; John was the first king since the Norman Conquest to speak English well. Determined to take his revenge on France, John reformed the administration, increased taxes, and launched an inquiry into the feudal titles of knights. This provoked resentment among the nobility, but John paid them no heed. A chilling example of how John treated his barons is shown in what happened to William de Braose, who had been a favorite of John's for years. In 1206 William fell into disgrace, supposedly for not having handed over some money he'd collected from his fiefs to the king. William fled first to Ireland while John confiscated his estates. He then took refuge in Wales, where he helped Prince Llywelyn the Great rise up against John. William eventually escaped to France, but John tracked down his wife and son and locked them in the dungeons of the castles of Windsor and Corfe, where he starved them to death. It was said that William's wife, Maud, devoured the corpse of her son before dying herself. All against John TURBULENT PRIEST Archbishop Stephen Langton holds the Magna Carta in a stained glass window in Canterbury Cathedral. As if this were not enough, John's decision in 1207 to reject the appointment of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury set the king on a collision course with the papacy. For six years England was placed under papal interdict, which meant that no church services could be held in any church in the country. John took advantage of this situation to fill his coffers with the rents from the vacant ecclesiastical offices. But the papacy's excommunication of John in 1209 laid the king open to being deposed by his enemies. In 1211 the leading barons of the country organized a plot to kill John during a campaign against the Welsh attempt failed. John tried to wriggle out of this situation by engineering a reconciliation with the church. He declared the kingdom of England a vassal of the papacy and committed to paying it a large sum of money every year. MONUMENT TO THE CHARTER The American Bar Association's monument to the Magna Carta in Runnymede, England, was inaugurated in 1957 and features a Roman-style, domed roof. British and American lawyers attended the ceremony, reflecting the importance of the 1215 charter in the legal system of both nations. Near where King John reluctantly placed his royal seal on the Magna Carta in 1215, the monument indicates where the event took place: 'in the meadow that is called Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines.' Today, on the outskirts of western London, the spot has acquired enormous significance as the birthplace of modern democracy. Even in 1215, Runnymede was charged with symbolism: Situated near a major crossing of the Thames River, its name is derived from Old English, meaning 'meadow of the meeting.' It was the site of open-air councils held by the Anglo-Saxon kings from the seventh century. The later significance of the Magna Carta to the Constitution and legal system of the United States prompted the American Bar Association to erect a memorial at Runnymede in 1957. North American ties to the site were further strengthened in 1965, when Queen Elizabeth II established a memorial to John F. Kennedy. It stands on an acre of ground formally bequeathed to his nation, making this most English meadow a part of the United States. In return, he hoped the pope would become an ally in his struggle against the barons and against the king of France. But events did not play out as he had hoped. In France, John suffered a definitive defeat against Philip II at the Battle of Bouvines. On his return to England, many nobles rallied against him, marched on London, and finally forced him to sign the landmark charter known as the Magna Carta. Through this document King John put to rest various grievances that the nobility, the church, and other sections of the population had against him. One key demand of the Magna Carta was that his subjects would be judged by courts and not by the arbitrary will of the monarch. Should a monarch violate the terms of the charter, there was provision for a committee of barons to condemn them as a tyrant and depose them. Magna Carta, 1215 version, British Library, London. The Magna Carta is a mixture of a peace treaty between the king and his barons and a charter of rights. Its clauses reflect the role of the clergy in its drafting: The first clause, for example, guarantees freedom to the church. Other clauses respond to the concerns of the barons, such as clause 39, which establishes the obligation for every free man to be judged 'by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land' and not by the sole will of the king. The most radical was clause 61, in which the king agreed to accept a committee of 25 barons dedicated to guaranteeing 'the peace and liberties granted and confirmed to them by this charter.' If the king or his officers 'offend in any respect against any man, or transgress any of the articles of the peace or of this security,' those 25 barons have permission to 'distrain upon and assail us [the king]...by seizing our castles, lands, possessions.' Soon after its signing, the Magna Carta was annulled by Pope Innocent III. But its ideas were returned to again and again, and they became gradually enshrined in English law. John repudiated the charter as soon as he'd managed to regain the support of the pope. He died of dysentery soon after, in the middle of a war against his barons, who were trying to impose a French prince as the new king. John was succeeded by his son Henry III, age nine. The unwavering loyalty of a few barons, in particular royal adviser William Marshal, saved the throne of Henry III and the legacy of the Magna Carta. The former king, on the other hand, remained fixed in English collective memory as Bad King John, the odious tyrant immortalized by Sir Walter Scott. The extremely negative depiction of John was propelled by the chroniclers who wrote about his reign a few years after his death. Most of them were monks, and their works reflected the resentment the church felt for the abuses committed by the king against the clergy. Possible portrait of William Shakespeare circa 1600, National Portrait Gallery, London. The first chroniclers to write about the reign of John did not suggest his misdeeds were especially unusual. The Barnwell Chronicle, written anonymously in the 1220s, portrays John as an unlucky prince who had lost many territories, although it does censure the late king for 'stealing' from the English at the expense of his foreign allies. Among the first depictions of John as a notably malign ruler appear in the chronicle of the Benedictine monk Roger of Wendover, written around 1230, which recounts John sleeping with the wives of his barons, taking the Lord's name in vain (swearing 'By God's teeth' and 'By God's feet'), and forcing an archdeacon to wear a robe of lead until he died. This final accusation is known to be false since the archdeacon in question, Geoffrey of Norwich, was still alive in 1225. Two decades later, a younger colleague of Wendover added more lurid claims about John's reign: Matthew Paris, a Benedictine monk and chronicler from St. Albans, suggested that John sent a delegation to the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nāsir in North Africa offering to convert to Islam and turn England into a tributary of the caliph. The most serious accusation against John was that of having killed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany. Many historians believe the king did indeed have Arthur killed; the boy had a strong claim to the throne and could have been the focus of a revolt by the barons. Kings purging their dynastic rivals was not exceptional at the time. The mystery around the prince's disappearance, however, gave rise to gruesome stories. One suggests that John ordered a servant to blind and castrate the prince, another that John himself murdered the prince in his cell while seized by alcohol and a fit of rage. Neither story has any historical foundation, but both have contributed to the malicious reputation of the monarch, amplified by Shakespeare's play, King John. The bard and the life of John In the play King John, composed around 1595, William Shakespeare takes up the rumor of the murder of Prince Arthur, modifying it to change John's role. In the play, John entrusts Hubert, a citizen of Angers (today in France), with the secret mission of killing Arthur by gouging out his eyes. But moved by the boy's innocence, Hubert spares Arthur's life while lying to the king that he has carried out the order. The news of Arthur's death provokes general indignation, and John decides to accuse Hubert of the murder. Hubert then reveals that he did not kill Arthur, but in the meantime the boy dies while trying to escape by jumping over the castle wall. Upon seeing the corpse, many believe the king is guilty. 'Prince Arthur and Hubert,' oil painting by William Frederick Yeames, Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester, England. This story appeared in the July/August 2025 issue of National Geographic History magazine.
