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Shubhanshu Shukla: First Indian astronaut to go to ISS set to return

Shubhanshu Shukla: First Indian astronaut to go to ISS set to return

BBC News8 hours ago
Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla, who created history by becoming the first Indian ever to set foot on the International Space Station (ISS), is on his way back.The Axiom-4 (Ax-4) mission is set to undock from the orbiting laboratory with its four-member crew on Monday and expected to splash down in just under 24 hours. Led by former Nasa veteran Peggy Whitson and piloted by Group Captain Shukla, Ax-4 had arrived at ISS on 26 June. Its crew included Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski from Poland and Tibor Kapu from Hungary.Group Captain Shukla is only the second Indian to have gone to space. His trip came 41 years after cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma flew aboard a Russian Soyuz in 1984.
Ax-4 - a commercial flight operated by Houston-based private firm Axiom Space - is a collaboration between Nasa, India's space agency Isro, European Space Agency (Esa) and SpaceX. On Monday, ISS posted on X that the Ax-4 crew had taken their places in the spacecraft, its hatches had been closed and it was preparing to undock from the station at 07:05 ET (11:05 GMT; 16:35 India time).Indian Science Minister Jitendra Singh has said the craft's splash down is scheduled for 15 July at approximately 15:00 India time (09:30 GMT).In his farewell address from aboard the ISS on Sunday, the Indian astronaut said India's journey in space exploration may be tough, but it has begun."It has been an incredible journey. Even though now it is coming to an end, for you and me there is a long way to go. The journey of our human space mission is very long and difficult. But if we are determined, even the stars are attainable."He referred to India's first man in space cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma famously quoting from a 1924 Urdu song "Sare jahan se achcha" to say "India looked better than the rest of the world"."Even today we want to know how it looks from space. I'll tell you. From space, today's India looks ambitious. It looks fearless. It looks confident. It looks proud. And so, I can once again say that today's India still looks better than the rest of the world," Group Captain Shukla said.
Ax-4, which was originally expected to spend two weeks on the ISS, ended up staying a few days longer. During their stay, Axiom Space said the crew conducted 60 scientific experiments, including seven designed by Indian Space Research Organisation (Isro).Isro, which had paid 5bn rupees ($59m; £43m) to secure a seat for Group Captain Shukla on Ax-4 and his training, has said the hands-on experience he gains during his trip to the ISS will help India in its human space flights.Isro has announced plans to launch Gaganyaan - the country's first-ever human space flight in 2027 - and has ambitious plans to set up a space station by 2035 and send an astronaut to the Moon by 2040.Group Captain Shukla is among four Indian air force officers shortlisted last year to travel on Gaganyaan.Born on 10 October 1985 in the northern city of Lucknow, Group Captain Shukla joined the air force as a fighter pilot in 2006.He has flown MiGs, Sukhois, Dorniers, Jaguars and Hawks and has more than 2,000 hours of flying experience.Before flying into space, Group Captain Shukla described the past year as "nothing short of transformative"."It has been an amazing journey so far, but the best is yet to come," he said. "As I go into space, I carry not just instruments and equipment, I carry hopes and dreams of a billion hearts. I request all Indians to pray for the success of our mission," he had said.
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2 low-calorie days a week could aid weight loss, blood sugar control in diabetes
2 low-calorie days a week could aid weight loss, blood sugar control in diabetes

Medical News Today

timean hour ago

  • Medical News Today

2 low-calorie days a week could aid weight loss, blood sugar control in diabetes

Weight loss can be effective in managing type 2 diabetes, a condition where a person cannot control their blood glucose losing weight can be challenging, so finding a method of weight control that fits with a person's lifestyle is important.A new study has shown that several forms of energy restriction can help people with obesity and type 2 diabetes to lose weight and manage their blood the 5:2 diet, time-restricted eating, and continuous energy restriction were all beneficial, experts suggest that people opt for the form of energy restriction they find easiest to 2 diabetes is an increasingly common condition, and a serious public health concern. Forecasts predict that it will affect close to 10% of the world's population by condition, in which a person's cells stop responding to insulin, resulting in uncontrolled blood glucose (sugar) levels, is strongly linked to overweight and obesity. Losing weight can help to manage the symptoms, and significant weight loss may even reverse type 2 diabetes in some people.A new study from The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China, tested three methods of energy restriction for weight loss and blood glucose control in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. The study, which was presented at ENDO 2025, the Endocrine Society's annual meeting in San Francisco, CA, suggests that while all three methods showed benefits, intermittent energy restriction (IER) — characterized by 5 days normal eating and 2 days of very low energy intake each week — was slightly more effective in reducing fasting blood glucose, improving insulin sensitivity, and lowering findings are yet to appear in a peer-reviewed researcher Haohao Zhang, PhD, chief physician at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in Zhengzhou, China, told Medical News Today:'All three dietary approaches — IER, TRE [time-restricted eating], and CER [continuous energy restriction] — were beneficial because they reduced total calorie intake, a key factor in improving glycemic control (HbA1c) and promoting weight loss in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Regardless of the method, calorie restriction facilitated weight loss, reducing insulin resistance and improving glycemic control.'3 ways to reduce energy intake in diabetesThe researchers recruited 90 people with type 2 diabetes and obesity into their study. They then randomly assigned them to three groups, each of which followed a different diet program. At the start, participants had a mean age of 36.8 years, and a mean duration of type 2 diabetes of 1.5 total, 63 people (18 women and 45 men) completed the 16-week, nutritionist-supervised researchers measured glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) — a standard test for type 2 diabetes that measures blood glucose over the previous 90 days — at the start and end of the trial. Optimal HbA1c is less than 5.7%, with 6.5% or over indicating type 2 the start of the study participants had a mean HbA1c, of 7.42%, and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 31.7 kilograms per square meter (kg/m²).Each group followed one of three low-calorie diet programs, with the same overall energy intake each week, as Zhang explained to MNT:intermittent energy restriction (IER) — This group consumed very low calories (500–600 kilocalories [kcal]) on two nonconsecutive days per week, with normal eating on the remaining 5 days, adhering to a weekly total calorie goal. Eating times were not restricted, but calorie intake was limited on fasting eating (TRE) — Participants ate within a 10-hour window (6–8 am to 4–6 pm) each day, fasting for the remaining 14 hours. Within the eating window, food intake was controlled to match the weekly calorie goal consistent across all energy restriction (CER) — These people followed a low-calorie diet without specific time restrictions, maintaining a consistent weekly calorie deficit to match the other groups' weekly calorie intake. Which diet leads to weight loss and better blood glucose control?Participants in all three groups lost weight and showed better blood glucose control by the end of the 16-week study. Mean weight loss for the 3 groups was 7.5 kilograms (kg), with those in the IER group losing the most, and participants in all three groups reduced their HbA1c by more than 1%.David M. Cutler, MD, a board-certified family medicine physician at Providence Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, not involved in the study, told MNT that:'Data from the study showed statistically significant benefit in weight loss and reduction in hemoglobin A1c, which indicates better control of diabetes. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups for these measures.'Further research needed in diverse populationsCutler pointed out that: 'This study was conducted at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. So, it remains to be seen if such dietary restrictions would yield similar results in an American population. Further research would need to be done in a larger, more diverse population to see which form of dietary restriction is most likely to be beneficial.'Zhang agreed, saying that future studies should 'include broader populations — e.g. [of] varying ages, ethnicities, or diabetes durations — to assess the generalizability of these dietary approaches, and explore psychological and behavioral factors affecting adherence to IER, TRE, and CER to optimize patient support and intervention design.'What is the best way to lose weight and manage type 2 diabetes?'The fact that only 63 of the 90 patients actually completed the study speaks to the fact that adhering to dietary restrictions is difficult,' Cutler told recommended the 5:2 diet 'due to its greater benefits in reducing fasting blood glucose, improving insulin sensitivity, lowering triglycerides, and achieving higher compliance (85%).'He added that it 'offers flexibility, allowing normal eating for five days and calorie restriction on two non-consecutive days, which may be easier to sustain than daily restrictions (CER) or strict eating windows (TRE).''However,' he told MNT that people should consult a dietitian and that, 'the choice should be individualized, considering patient preferences, lifestyle, and adherence capacity.'Both he and Cutler emphasized that any weight-loss regime will benefit people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, with Cutler concluding that:'The major take home message seems to be that any dietary restriction can be helpful for weight loss and managing type 2 diabetes if [the] patient will stick to it. My personal recommendation is to eat less, and mostly vegetables. And for people who want more structure than that, they should try any form of intermittent fasting or specific calorie restriction which is most appealing to them.'

Suffer from headaches? Neanderthal DNA could be to blame, study suggests
Suffer from headaches? Neanderthal DNA could be to blame, study suggests

Daily Mail​

time7 hours ago

  • Daily Mail​

Suffer from headaches? Neanderthal DNA could be to blame, study suggests

From the sound of traffic to spending too much time on your smartphone, there are plenty of things in the modern world that can give you a headache. But scientists now say that some people's pounding heads could have a far more ancient origin. According to new research, Neanderthal genes could be the reason that some people are more prone to a type of headache-causing brain defect. These defects, known as Chiari malformations, occur when the lower part of the brain extends too far into the spinal cord and affect about one in 100 people. In the mildest cases, these can cause headaches and neck pain, but larger malformations can lead to more serious conditions. Scientists previously suggested that these defects might have arisen when Homo sapiens interbred with other human species in the distant past. Since these ancient hominins had differently shaped skulls, genes that would lead to healthy development in their species could cause malformations in modern humans. In their paper, published in the journal Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, the researchers have now specifically identified Neanderthal genes as the origin of this condition. The researchers suggested that the mildest form of Chiari malformation, known as CM-I, could have its roots in interbreeding between Homo sapiens and other hominins. To understand how these might have been transferred from our ancestors' relatives, the researchers examined the skulls of various human species. In the paper, published in Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, compared 3D models of 103 modern people with and without Chiari malformations with eight fossils from ancient hominins. These included the skulls of Homo erectus, Homo Heidelbergensis, and Homo neanderthalensis - known as Neanderthals. Modern humans with the CM-I malformation had a number of differences in brain shape, mainly in the regions where the brain connects to the spine. However, when the researchers examined the skulls of ancient hominins, the only species with a similar skull shape was the Neanderthals. In fact, the skulls of Homo erectus and Homo Heidelbergensis were actually closer to humans without the malformation. Lead researcher Dr Kimberly Plomp says: 'Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis are both hypothesised to be ancestors of humans and Neanderthals, so to find that they were closer in shape to healthy human crania makes the similarities identified between Neanderthals and humans with Chairi even more persuasive. 'It means that the shape traits really seem to be unique to Neanderthals and humans with Chiari, and are not just part of our shared lineage. Since the researchers didn't do a genetic analysis, it is hard to say that Chiari-associated headaches are 'caused' by Neanderthal genes. However, Dr Plomp says it shows that some human skulls have shapes likely caused by Neanderthal genes, and those shapes can lead to Chiari malformations. That doesn't mean that every Neanderthal would have been walking around with constant headaches. However, although their large brains might have mitigated the issue, interbreeding with Homo sapiens might have given some Neanderthals a similar problem. Dr Plomp says: 'So our study suggests that the malformation can happen because the shape of our brain doesn't fit properly when our skull has some Neanderthal shape to it. 'Potentially, if there was a Neanderthal with some modern human cranial shape traits, their brain would not fit properly either.' Scientists believe that Homo sapiens and Neanderthals had two major periods of overlap and interbreeding. The first occurred around 250,000 years ago in what is now the modern-day Levant and lasted nearly 200,000 years. Previously, scientists had thought that these moments of interbreeding were fleeting one-off events. But new evidence is beginning to show that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens interbred much more frequently than scientists had previously considered. Today, up to 45 per cent of the complete Neanderthal genome survives across the modern human population, but the distribution of Neanderthal genes is highly dependent on Geography. This should allow the researchers to test their theory, since rates of Chiari malformations should be lower in areas with less Neanderthal DNA. Some people in East Asia get up to four per cent of their genes from Neanderthals, while in Africa, where Neanderthals never became established, many people have no Neanderthal genes whatsoever. If the theory is correct, rates of Chiari malformations should be significantly higher in East Asia than they are in Africa. Ultimately, the researchers hope these findings could inform methods for treating Chiari malformations or even stop them from happening in the first place. The paper concludes: 'The methods would seem to have the potential to help us develop a deeper understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of Chiari malformations, which could in turn strengthen diagnosis and treatment of the condition.' WHAT IS CHIARI MALFORMATION? Chiari malformation occurs when the brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. This can happen if the skull is abnormally small or misshapen, which presses the brain downwards. The Brain & Spine Foundation in the UK and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in the US both estimate one in every 1,000 people are born with the condition. It may actually be more common due to not all sufferers developing symptoms. There are three types of chiari malformation: Type I - occurs as the skull and brain are growing. Symptoms usually appear in late childhood or early adulthood and include neck pain, poor balance, co-ordination difficulties, numbness, dizziness and impaired vision Type II - is present at birth and related to spina bifida. Occurs when more of the brain tissue extends into the spinal cord than in Type I. Symptoms may include changes in breathing patterns, swallowing problems, arm weakness and quick downward eye movements Type III - is present at birth and the rarest form of chiari malformation. Occurs when a portion of the lower part of the brain extends through an abnormal opening in the back of the skull. Has a high mortality rate and can cause brain damage Although not usually considered life-threatening, chiari malformation may be fatal if a patient's breathing or swallowing is affected. It can also lead to hydrocephalus - the build-up of cerebral spinal fluid in the brain - which can be deadly if untreated. Treatment may not be necessary if symptoms are mild with just regular check-ups and MRI scans being required. However, surgery can be carried out to remove a small section of bone at the back of the skull. This relieves pressure by giving the brain more room. The procedure runs the risk of infections, fluid in the brain and spinal cord leaking. Although the operation helps to relieve symptoms it cannot cure nerve damage that has already occurred.

Astronauts from India, Poland and Hungary head back to Earth after private space station mission
Astronauts from India, Poland and Hungary head back to Earth after private space station mission

The Independent

time7 hours ago

  • The Independent

Astronauts from India, Poland and Hungary head back to Earth after private space station mission

The International Space Station's first visitors from India, Poland and Hungary headed back to Earth on Monday, wrapping up a private mission and catching a ride home with SpaceX. Their capsule undocked from the orbiting lab and aimed for a splashdown the next morning in the Pacific off the Southern California coast. The short, privately financed mission marked the first time in more than 40 years that India, Poland and Hungary saw one of their own rocket into orbit. The three astronauts were accompanied by America's most experienced space flier, Peggy Whitson, who works for Axiom Space, which chartered the flight. They launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center on June 25. India's Shubhanshu Shukla, Poland's Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski and Hungary's Tibor Kapu conducted dozens of experiments during their stay. They also fielded calls from their countries' prime ministers as well as schoolchildren. "We will spread the word in our countries that these things are within our reach. These things are possible even for smaller countries like ours,' Kapu said during Sunday's farewell ceremony, which ended in an emotional group hug. Shukla noted that 'it's truly a miracle' when humanity comes together for a common goal. 'The sky is no longer the limit. We can explore space,' added Uznanski-Wisniewski. Uznanski-Wisniewski took special pride in the first pierogies in space. He took up the cabbage and mushroom-stuffed dumplings, which were freeze-dried in advance for easy cooking in zero gravity. Their three countries shared the cost of the mission, paying more than $65 million apiece. It was Axiom's fourth station trip since 2022. The Houston company's clientele includes the wealthy as well as countries seeking representation in space. NASA embraces commercial spaceflight, helping to set the stage for private space stations in the works by Axiom and others, as well as lunar landers. The space station's seven full-time residents remain behind in orbit, representing the U.S., Russia and Japan. Four of them will be replaced in a few weeks by a fresh crew launched for NASA by SpaceX. ___ The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.

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