
A Play About a Breakdown Was a 2000 Hit. What Do Audiences Say Today?
When the British playwright Sarah Kane died by suicide in 1999, at age 28, she left behind the manuscript for an unperformed work. 'Just remember, writing it killed me,' Kane wrote in an accompanying note, according to Mel Kenyon, the playwright's long-term agent.
Just over a year later, when the Royal Court Theater in London premiered the piece — a one-act play called '4:48 Psychosis' that puts the audience inside the mind of somebody having a breakdown — it received rave reviews. Writing in The New York Times, the critic Matt Wolf said it was 'arguably Kane's best play' and compared it to the work of Samuel Beckett.
Yet despite the praise, a question hung over the production: Was it possible to honestly critique a play about depression so soon after Kane's tragic death? The headline on an article by the Guardian theater critic Michael Billington suggested a challenge: 'How Do You Judge a 75-Minute Suicide Note?'
Now, 25 years later, theatergoers are getting a chance to look at the original production of '4:48 Psychosis' afresh, and see if passing time brings a change in perspective. The show's cast and creative team is reviving the production at the Royal Court, where it runs through July 5, before transferring to the Royal Shakespeare Company's Other Place Theater in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, where it will run from July 10-27.
This time around, critical reception has been mixed. Dominic Cavendish, writing in The Daily Telegraph, praised the production and said the play 'still feels raw,' but Clive Davis, in The Times of London, argued that ''4:48 Psychosis' isn't a play at all, rather the random agonized reflections of a mind that has passed beyond breaking point.'
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Having one of the most iconic guitar riffs of all time, "Iron Man" certainly helped propel Black Sabbath into becoming the world renown metal band that they are today. Although some may argue the song has lost a bit of its charm due to its over-popularity, many forget the brilliance of 'Iron Man' isn't just from it's main riff – a riff that's been beaten to death by hordes of aspiring guitarists. Rather, the myriad of riffs found throughout Iron Man's six minute runtime are what make it so iconic, not to mention the incredible guitar work found in the song's bridge section. The earth shattering power that comes from 'Snowblind's' opening riff serves as a great unintended metaphor for the unyielding control cocaine puts on one's mind. Black Sabbath were quite open about their drug use in their songwriting, specifically their obsession with cocaine during the production for their fourth studio album Vol. 4, which produced hits such as 'Snowblind' – a song that candidly talks about the band's cocaine use. Lyrically, "Snowblind" paints a rather haunting depiction of drug addiction and the mental anguish it can cause. While it's a grim track lyrically, the song's instrumental presentation and messaging is Black Sabbath at their absolute best. As one of the pioneering doom metal riffs, 'Into the Void' continues to be hailed as one of the greatest metal riffs of all time. Not only did Tony Iommi carve out yet another sub-genre with his virtuosic guitar playing, but with 'Into the Void' and much of Master of Reality, Black Sabbath experimented with lower guitar tunings, specifically C# standard. This is one of the first instances in rock and metal music that showcased a lower tuning and the additional heaviness it can add if paired with the proper riff, and of course, 'Into the Void' is one of those riffs. 'N.I.B. (Nativity In Black),' the track off Black Sabbath's debut self-titled LP, is the defining Geezer Butler track. The bass intro has cemented itself among some of the most iconic bass lines in rock music, and it's a short glimpse of the incredible musicianship that Butler posses and that's so often overlooked when it comes to Black Sabbath's brilliance. In fact, not only was Butler the backbone of the band with his solid bass playing, but he served as one of the main lyricists for many of Black Sabbath's biggest hits. While there are a litany of Dio era Black Sabbath songs that are worth checking out, the one Dio-era track that all Sabbath and metal fans should be required to know is "Heaven and Hell." The title track off the 1980 album marked singer Ronnie James Dio's debut with the heavy metal pioneers, and to date it's still regarded as the best non-Ozzy Black Sabbath album. In a twisted way, the song almost feels like the metal genre's 'Stairway to Heaven,' sharing an epic song structure and similar themes to the rock opus. The poignant lyrics combined with Dio's vocal delivery, not to mention Tony Iommi's tasteful lead playing, makeup up for one of the most emotively powerful song's in Black Sabbath's entire catalogue. Unquestionably, "Paranoid" is Black Sabbath's most popular song. Despite the track only having a single chorus and being one the shortest songs in the band's catalogue, 'Paranoid's' sensational riffs and melodic hooks have resonated with millions of listeners for over 50 years. The title track off the band's sophomore LP significantly helped Black Sabbath in their claim to worldwide fame, and ultimately it propelled them into becoming the metal icons they are today. It might not be Black Sabbath's greatest opus, but it's often the gateway drug into the metal genre and Black Sabbath's timeless discography. Sabotage, Black Sabbath's sixth LP, is often cited as the last masterful studio album the band released during the original lineup-era. To get a sense of how peak the band's songwriting was during this album, one needs to look no further than 'Symptom of the Universe.' The journey this song goes through from it's foreboding main riff, which many sight as a pre-cursor to thrash metal, to its groovy acoustic bridge section that oozes with euphoria from its themes of love and a sense of wonder for the universe — 'Symptom of the Universe" is simply a masterclass in metal songwriting. If there's a song that Black Sabbath fans consider to be the band's quintessential anthem, and a track that's not one their commercial smash hits, it's "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath." The title track off the band's fifth studio album showcases all the key ingredients that make Black Sabbath's metal songwriting timeless and influential. From the song's fist-pumping main riff to the heavy breakdown-like bridge, 'Sabbath Bloody Sabbath' will forever be an essential Black Sabbath song, moreover a top-tier metal track. 'Black Sabbath," the title track off Black Sabbath's self-titled debut, still wields one of heaviest and darkest riffs ever recorded. For this reason, the song not only helped kickstart Black Sabbath's career at the time, but it single handedly started the heavy metal genre. Apart from its historical significance to both the metal genre and Black Sabbath's legacy, the song still stands out as one of the heaviest songs in the band's catalogue, and the performances throughout this track are as haunting as they are enthralling. Epic in its presentation and timeless in its lyrical themes, 'War Pigs' is not only one of the greatest metal songs ever written but it's unfortunately still one of the most relevant metal anthems today. From its call and response verses to its impassioned choruses, Black Sabbath invigorate the poignant themes in 'War Pigs' while also keeping the song structure epic and digestible as a rock anthem. There are a variety of unique sonic planes this song ventures to throughout its nearly eight minute run time, and that's a large part of what makes 'War Pigs' the definitive Black Sabbath song – the track showcases all the best elements of Black Sabbath from both a songwriting and musicianship standpoint. Bottom Line Black Sabbath's legacy is without question one of the most revered and influential in the entire metal genre. Although the band saw many different lineups and versions of itself, the founding members paved the sonic roadmap for Black Sabbath's global success and the entire metal genre. There are several eras of Black Sabbath worth checking out, but there's only one era that's required listening for all metal and rock fans, and that is of course, Black Sabbath with Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward and Ozzy Osbourne. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) How Many Albums Has Black Sabbath Released? Since 1970, Black Sabbath has released music in every decade bar the 2020s. With the exception of live albums, the band has over 19 albums, nine of which feature Ozzy Osbourne on vocals whereas the other 10 LPs feature a variety of vocalists and different band members. These are all of Black Sabbath's 19 studio albums ordered from oldest to most recent: Black Sabbath (1970) Paranoid (1970) Master of Reality (1971) Vol. 4 (1972) Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973) Sabotage (1975) Technical Ecstasy (1976) Never Say Die! (1978) Heaven and Hell (1980) Mob Rules (1981) Born Again (1983) Seventh Star (1986) The Eternal Idol (1987) Headless Cross (1989) Tyr (1990) Dehumanizer (1992) Cross Purposes (1994) Forbidden (1995) 13 (2013) What Are Black Sabbath's Best Albums? The general consensus regarding Black Sabbath's best studio albums is that their work between 1970 to 1975 is their most beloved material. This period featured the band's original and most consistent lineup with Ozzy Osbourne, Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi and Bill Ward. However, there are albums beyond this period, particularly the records with Ronnie James Dio, that are also favored amongst the fanbase as well. Below are the band's best albums ranked: 10. Born Again (1983) 9. Dehumanizer (1992) 8. Mob Rules (1981) 7. Heaven and Hell (1980) 6. Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973) 5. Black Sabbath (1970) 4. Sabotage (1975) 3. Master of Reality (1971) 2. Vol. 4 (1972) 1. Paranoid (1970) Every Black Sabbath Band Member The founding members of Black Sabbath who were also the most consistent lineup throughout the band's career were guitarist Tony Iommi, bassist Geezer Butler, drummer Bill Ward and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. Following Ozzy Osbourne's departure in 1979, Black Sabbath's lineup would never have the same consistency it once had for the better part of 20 years. Between vocalists and instrumentalists, the band went through a revolving door of musicians during the early '80s and up until the late '90s when the founding members eventually reunited. However, throughout the band's existence, guitarist and primary songwriter Tony Iommi has been the only founding member to stick with the band since 1968. Listed below are all former and founding members of Black Sabbath that've contributed to at least one or more of the band's studio albums (not including demos or unreleased material): Black Sabbath's Original Lineup Tony Iommi (guitar) 1968-2025 Geezer Butler (bass) 1968-1984, 1987, 1990-1994, 1997-2025 Bill Ward (drums) 1968-1980, 1982-1983, 1984, 1994, 1997-1998, 2004-2006, 2025 Ozzy Osbourne (vocals) 1968-1977, 1978-1979, 1997-2006, 2011-2025 Black Sabbath Vocalists Ronnie James Dio 1979-1982, 1991-1992 Ian Gillian 1982-1984 Glenn Hughes 1985-1986 Tony Martin 1987-1991, 1992-1997 Black Sabbath Drummers Vinny Appice 1980-1982, 1991-1992, 1998 Eric Singer 1985-1987 Cozy Powell 1988-1991, 1994-1995 Bobby Rondinelli 1993-1994, 1995-1997 Black Sabbath Bassists Dave Spitz 1985-1986, 1987 Neil Murray 1988-1990, 1994-1997 Black Sabbath Keyboardists Geoff Nicholls 1979-1997, 1998-2004 Best Black Sabbath Lead Singers, Ranked The number of lead vocalists Black Sabbath has had throughout the last 50-plus years is staggering. Ozzy Osbourne has fronted the band for the longest duration and he's contributed to the most studio albums in their discography, so he's easily the most recognized Black Sabbath vocalist. However, despite Ronnie James Dio's tenure with the band being rather short, it's not uncommon for fans to argue that the Dio-era albums were just as good, if not better, than some of the Ozzy Osbourne Black Sabbath records. At the same time many don't even consider the Dio-era of Sabbath to be Black Sabbath. The band saw a notably different sonic change with Dio, and later in the early 2000s the Dio-era lineup would go on to reunite as an entirely different band called Heaven and Hell. Provided this, many fans don't even recognize the Dio fronted Black Sabbath albums as Black Sabbath, and instead refer to them as unofficial Heaven and Hell records. Similarly, the Black Sabbath records with Tony Martin on vocals don't sound anything like the Osbourne or Dio eras either, and the same can be said for the Glenn Hughes and Ian Gillian LPs. Below is the ranking of all the Black Sabbath vocalists from least to most favored: 5. Tony Martin (1987-1991, 1992-1997) 4. Glenn Hughes (1985-1986) 3. Ian Gillan (1982-1984) 2. Ronnie James Dio (1979-82, 1991-92) 1. Ozzy Osbourne (1968-1977, 1978-79, 1985, 1997-2006, 2011-present)