Why Russia is gaining ground in Ukraine
Over the past two months, Russian units have been able to step up their attacks on multiple fronts, from Ukraine's Sumy region in the north to the steppes of Zaporizhzhia in the south.
Russia now controls more than two-thirds of Ukraine's Donetsk region -- the main theater of the ground war. Russian forces have carved out a 10-mile-deep pocket around the Ukrainian troops defending the crucial city of Kostiantynivka, partly surrounding them from the east, south and west.
Russia has also entered the Dnipropetrovsk region of eastern Ukraine for the first time in more than three years of war.
Ukrainian soldiers say the Russian army uses two main tactics to advance on the battlefield: pinning down Ukrainian troops with drones, shells and glide bombs before attacking enemy lines with relentless squad assaults.
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Ukraine responds by sending experienced, drone-equipped units to help plug the gaps, a tactic that has been compared to sending firefighters to contain flare-ups.
But Russia's relentless attacks are placing a strain on Ukraine's outmanned army.
Those attacks helped Russia make its largest territorial gains of the year in June. According to Deep State, a Ukrainian group that maps the conflict using drone footage and its links with the Ukrainian military, Russia gained more than 214 square miles of Ukrainian territory in June, up from 173 square miles in May.
Putting those gains in context, Russia is capturing less than 0.1% of Ukraine's vast territory each month. At that pace, it would take Moscow several years to occupy all of the four Ukrainian regions it declared annexed in 2022.
Away from the front lines, Russia has been increasing the toll it inflicts on the Ukrainian population at large by pummeling the country with mass-produced exploding drones. Over the past weeks, Russia has been setting records on the number of drones it sends into Ukraine.
Last week, Russia launched 728 exploding drones and decoys, according to Ukraine's air force. As Russia builds up its drone-making infrastructure, military analysts expect Moscow to routinely launch more than 1,000 drones per volley by autumn.
Kyiv was the main target last week of an intense overnight bombardment, which killed at least two people and wounded 25 others, according to local officials.
The Russian barrages also include cruise missiles and ballistic missiles. Ukraine has a variety of air-defense systems -- including improvised systems like fishing nets to snare drones -- but the ballistic missiles can be shot down by only one air-defense system in Ukraine's arsenal: American Patriot missiles.
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But after a series of reversals by the Trump administration -- which paused military aid and then agreed to sell weapons to European allies, which will then give them to Ukraine -- Ukrainians are hopeful but cautious about whether they can count on U.S. military support.
Officials in NATO countries have proposed a plan where the Trump administration could sell weapons to its allies, which would then give them to Ukraine. That would be a financial windfall for the United States, and could also shield Trump from accusations of direct involvement in the war.
Last week, Trump said he intended to adopt that strategy.
Russia is not only seeking to win new territory in Ukraine.
'Its goal is to destroy Ukraine's military potential, its army,' Valery Shiryaev, an independent Russian military analyst, said in an interview with Redaktsiya, an independent Russian news channel. 'If there is no army -- the state would be defenseless.'
The Kremlin has repeatedly said that it would continue pressing on in Ukraine until it can coerce Kyiv into accepting Moscow's peace terms. Russia has demanded that Ukraine recognize Russian territorial gains, shrink its military, designate Russian as Ukraine's official language and formally commit to Ukrainian neutrality, which would rule out joining NATO.
These demands are considered completely unacceptable by Ukraine's political leadership and its citizens.
Analysts say that Russia may be spending unsustainable sums to fund the war, fueling inflation, even as its oil and gas industry suffers from low energy prices, caused in part by Trump's tariffs. Oil exports finance about a third of Russia's total federal budget.
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At the end of June, President Vladimir Putin said that Russia was spending 6.3% of its gross domestic product, or $172.5 billion, on its military, which was 'a lot' and that the country had 'paid for it with inflation.' The country's central bank set interest rates at 20% to keep prices in check.
'We are planning to cut the defense expenses next year and the year after, as well during the next three years,' Putin said.
If Putin follows this plan and Russia reduces military spending, its ability to wage war will inevitably suffer.
M.M.I., a leading Russian news outlet on Telegram dedicated to the economy, called the situation with the country's budget a 'catastrophe.'
Spurred by record-high military expenditures, Russia's budget deficit has reached $47 billion over the first half of the year. Because of lower prices, oil and gas revenues have dropped by more than 16%, the country's Finance Ministry said.
After releasing a few official death tolls early in the war, Russia stopped publishing any information about its losses. But teams of researchers and experts have sifted through publicly available data, like obituaries and inheritance records, to identify and verify casualties. To date, they have confirmed more than 115,000 deaths in the Russian military.
A study in June found that nearly 1 million Russian troops had been killed or wounded in the war.
According to Dmitri Kuznets, a military analyst with the Russian news outlet Meduza, which was outlawed by the Kremlin and operates from Latvia, both Ukraine and Russia are now losing between 250 and 300 service members each day, based on available data.
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