Psychiatry's Legacy of Racism and Coercion Highlighted in Restraint Deaths
The mental health watchdog warns that such deaths are rooted in eugenic ideologies that historically promoted coercion under the guise of control. The disproportionate representation of African Americans in restraint-related deaths reflects entrenched psychiatric and psychological racism—pseudoscientific theories that falsely declared Black inferiority and continue to influence profiling today.
This coercive culture is echoed in 'warrior-style' or 'killology' law enforcement training developed by a psychology professor 20 years ago that promotes a 'kill or be killed' mindset. It conditions officers to respond with deadly force. As Mother Jones reported, such training 'often runs the risk of the use of unnecessary, and sometimes, fatal force.'[2]
Such force reflects a broader, systemic pattern: racial profiling and the use of physical and chemical restraints, disproportionately on African Americans. A 2017 New York Law School Journal report confirmed: 'Behavior by African-Americans is more often interpreted as 'dangerous' than identical behavior by whites,' and they are more likely to be labeled with psychiatric conduct disorders.[3]
These injustices trace back to the slave era. Benjamin Rush, dubbed the 'father of American psychiatry,' claimed Blacks suffered from 'Negritude'—a disease curable only by whitening their skin. His protégé, Dr. Samuel Cartwright, fabricated the diagnosis 'Drapetomania' to explain why slaves tried to escape, advocating that 'whipping the devil out of them' was therapeutic.[4] Myths that Blacks were 'more durable to pain' persist today, known as Black hardiness,' stereotypes that influence restraint and drugging.
CCHR highlights the enduring racism embedded in psychiatric practice:
Further compounding harm, psychiatrists prescribe African Americans higher doses of antipsychotics, which can cause tardive dyskinesia (TD), a neurological disorder marked by uncontrollable movements.[9] African Americans are twice as likely to develop TD compared to whites.[10] Antipsychotics may cause suicidality, diabetes, brain shrinkage, compulsive behaviors, and are even linked to breast cancer, according to a recent study.[11]
CCHR points to the tragic deaths of children under psychiatric restraint:
Each case underscores a system not of healing, but of unchecked coercion.
The United Nations and World Health Organization have repeatedly condemned coercive psychiatric practices, equating them with torture.
Despite these clear international mandates, African Americans remain disproportionately subject to such practices in the U.S.
CCHR, established 56 years ago by the Church of Scientology and professor of psychiatry, Thomas Szasz, calls for a permanent end to coercive psychiatric practices: banning forced treatment, physical and chemical restraint, and psychological 'killology' law enforcement training. They also demand accountability for harm and deaths caused by such practices.
To learn more, visit: https://www.cchrint.org/2025/05/02/psychiatrys-legacy-of-racism-and-coercion-highlighted-in-restraint-deaths/
Sources:
[1] Alon Steinberg, et al., 'I can't breathe' – A study of civil litigated cases on prone restraint deaths ,' Journ. of Forensic and Legal Medicine, May 2025, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1752928X25000630?dgcid=rss_sd_all
[2] https://www.cchrint.org/2020/09/15/task-force-wants-psychological-killology-police-training-investigated/; https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2020/05/bob-kroll-minneapolis-warrior-police-training/
[3] https://www.cchrint.org/2020/06/09/naacp-inglewood-south-bay-executive-and-cchr-calls-for-ban-on-restraints-in-psychiatric-hospitals/; Michael L. Perlin, et al., 'Tolling For the Aching Ones Whose Wounds Cannot Be Nursed,' Journal of Gender, Race, and Justice, Vol. 20, Issue 3 (Summer 2017), pp. 431-45, https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1947&context=fac_articles_chapters
[4] https://www.cchrint.org/2020/06/09/naacp-inglewood-south-bay-executive-and-cchr-calls-for-ban-on-restraints-in-psychiatric-hospitals/; Samuel A. Cartwright, M.D., 'Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race,' New Orleans & Surgical Journal, 1851; Thomas Szasz, Insanity, The Idea and Its Consequences, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1990), p. 306, 307; https://www.cchrint.org/2019/07/17/minority -mental-health-month-may-spell-mental-health-slavery/
[5] https://www.wcia.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/601728936/new-government-report-provides-evidence-racism-is-still-entrenched-in-states-mental-health-services/; https://www.samhsa.gov/data/report/2020-mental-health-client-level-data-annual-report
[6] 'Racial disparities in the management of emergency department patients presenting with psychiatric disorders ,' Ann Epidemiology, May 2022
[7] https://cchrnational.org/2023/11/07/cchr-warns-new-study-indicates-black-patients-in-psychiatric-facilities-more-likely-to-be-restrained-and-for-longer/
[8] 'National Review of Restraint Related Deaths of Children and Adults with Disabilities: The Lethal Consequences of Restraint,' Equip for Equality, 2011, https://www.equipforequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/National-Review-of-Restraint-Related-Deaths-of-Adults-and-Children-with-Disabilities-The-Lethal-Consequences-of-Restraint.pdf, p. 30
[9] 'Best Practices: Racial and Ethnic Effects on Antipsychotic Prescribing Practices in a Community Mental Health Center,' Psychiatric Services, 1 Feb. 2003, https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.177
[10] https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/examining-factors-influence-antipsychotic-prescribing-decisions; https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-behavior/what-black-americans-should-know-about-taking-antipsychotic-medications
[11] 'J&J and Eli Lilly Concealed Breast Cancer Risks in Blockbuster Antipsychotics for Decades, Wisner Baum Lawsuit Alleges,' PR Newswire, 23 Apr. 2023
[12] 'Mental health and human rights,' Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 28 September 2018
[13] World Health Organization, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 'Guidance on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation,' 9 Oct. 2023
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Image caption: CCHR calls for a permanent end to coercive psychiatric practices: banning forced treatment, physical and chemical restraint, and psychological 'killology' law enforcement training. They also demand accountability for harm and deaths caused by such practices.
NEWS SOURCE: Citizens Commission on Human Rights
Keywords: Religion and Churches, Citizens Commission on Human Rights, Mental Health Month, CCHR International, Study of Civil Litigated Cases on Prone Restraint Deaths, LOS ANGELES, Calif.
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