Guardians Of The Sky: How India & The World Are Reinventing Air Defence Systems
Escalating global security concerns, technological advancements, and strategic military developments have put the spotlight on air defence systems
Every day, across the world, air defence systems quietly scan the skies. Whether in conflict zones or peaceful regions, nations are investing heavily in networks of technology designed to detect, track, and destroy incoming aerial threats like drones, missiles, and aircraft.
Escalating global security concerns, technological advancements, and strategic military developments have put the spotlight on air defence systems, with the most recent example being India's deployment of the S-400 system from Russia during the recent skirmishes with Pakistan in the aftermath of Operation Sindoor.
From the Iron Dome in Israel to the Patriot systems in the United States and the S-400s in Russia, these defences have become critical tools in modern warfare and national security. As aerial threats grow more advanced and unpredictable, countries are racing to build multi-layered shields that can respond in seconds — often before anyone on the ground is even aware there's danger overhead.
The best and most advanced air defence systems in the world as of 2025 can be categorised by their capability—such as range, altitude, interceptor speed, and target types—and their global recognition based on deployment, combat performance, and technological sophistication.
WHY ARE AIR DEFENCE SYSTEMS IMPORTANT?
Air defence systems don't just protect cities, military bases, and strategic sites from enemy attacks but also discourage enemy aggression. In conflict zones, mobile air defence shields ground forces and with the rise of drones, cruise missiles, and hypersonic weapons, advanced air defences are vital. Even in offensive operations, protecting your airspace allows your air force to operate freely.
The main components of an air defence system are radars and sensors to detect and track threats; command and control to make decisions based on radar input; and interceptor weapons that are missiles or guns to neutralise the threat.
Among the Long-Range, Multi-Layered air defence systems, Russia's S-400 Triumf leads the pack with a range of up to 400 km and can easily target aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles. It can track up to 80 targets, has multiple missile types, is mobile and highly integrated. Its prowess was on display during the India-Pakistan confrontation after Operation Sindoor when Pakistan resorted to unprovoked attacks on India and fired missiles as well as drones. The attempts, however, were futile as the S-400 system destroyed the ammunition. Among the users of the S-400 are Russia, China, India, and Turkey.
Second on the list is United States' Patriot PAC-3 MSE, which has a range of ~35 km (for ballistic missile) and ~160 km (aircraft). It can target tactical ballistic missiles, drones, and aircraft. Its key features include hit-to-kill technology and it is combat-proven in Gulf Wars and Ukraine. The top users are USA, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia.
US' THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense), with a range of ~200 km, is a short to intermediate-range ballistic missiles (above atmosphere). Its key features include high-altitude intercept, ability to work with Aegis and Patriot for layered defence, and users are USA, UAE, South Korea and Saudi Arabia.
Next on the list is America's Aegis Combat System with SM-3/SM-6 Missiles, with a range of up to 2,500 km. Along with a powerful radar, it is integrated with NATO assets and can intercept ICBMs in mid-course. Its users are USA, Japan, Spain, and South Korea.
The last spot in the Top 5 is occupied by Isarel's Iron Dome, which has a range of 4–70 km and can neutralise rockets, artillery, mortar shells, and drones. It has an extremely high success rate (~90 per cent) and is capable of real-time threat evaluation. Israel, USA, India (tested), and Azerbaijan are among its users.
WHERE DOES INDIA STAND?
India has made rapid progress in air defence over the last two decades, combining indigenous systems, joint collaborations (mostly with Israel and Russia), and foreign acquisitions (like the S-400) to build a multi-layered air defence network.
India is among the top five global air defence powers by volume, diversity, and depth, and its arsenal includes the following:
The S-400 Triumf, imported from Russia, is helping India in strategic deterrence against Pakistan and China. While five regiments have been ordered, three are deployed, and its targets include aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles. Its coverage includes Delhi-NCR, Punjab sector, and the Northeast.
The Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD)—Phase I & II— is developed by DRDO and has a two-layered system: PAD/AAD (Phase I): Exo- and endo-atmospheric interceptors for ballistic missiles, and AD-1 / AD-2 (Phase II): Designed to intercept IRBMs and ICBMs (range 5,000+ km). The test phase of BMD is complete and Delhi is the first city to get the shield.
The MR-SAM/Barak 8, which is jointly developed by India and Israel, has a range of 70–100+ km, active radar homing, 360° launch capability, high maneuverability and is deployed by the Indian Army and Navy.
Akash & Akash-NG (Next Gen) can easily target Aircraft, drones, and cruise missiles.
The Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM), with a range of 30 kilometres, can be mounted on 8×8 trucks and mobile air defence for moving army columns. The final user trials are complete and it will replace older OSA-AK and Strela systems.
The Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORADS) is a man-portable infrared homing missiles (like Stinger). The deployment of the new version developed by DRDO started in 2024-25 and it is the last line of defence for infantry and forward units.
The Israeli system SPYDER has a range of 15–20 km and provides point defence for strategic bases. It is used by IAF around airfields and assets.
The upcoming Indian system XRSAM is being developed with a range of ~250 km to bridge the gap between MR-SAM and S-400 and is expected to be deployed in the late 2020s.
The Iron Dome, trialed by India, is a short-range rocket interceptor. It was evaluated but India opted to focus on Akash & QRSAM for similar roles.
Apart from these, India has IACCS (Integrated Air Command and Control System) which is responsible for real-time tracking and interception across radars and missile units. It is deployed across India and connects civilian and military radars.
The radar systems supporting air defence are swordfish LRTR for BMD tracking; Ashwin Radar, which is a fire-control radar for Phase-II BMD; and Bharani, Rohini, Arudhra, and Atulya—a mix of low- to medium-power 3D radars for different zones.
Since 2019, India has strengthened its forward air defence by deploying S-400 systems in Punjab sector, upgrading its radar networks near LoC, and placed quick-reaction air defence (QRSAM) systems in high-threat areas.
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First Published:
June 03, 2025, 12:40 IST
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From code to combat: AI-driven drones rewrite battle rules from Op Spider Web to Operation Sindoor
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'The evolution of drone tech in terms of deployment that has been witnessed across conflicts globally, from Operation Sindoor to Operation Spider Web and everything in between, has been in these layers,' Pattabiram told Firstpost. 'The technology life cycle of innovation happening in this layer has dropped significantly to 8 – 10 weeks. Thus, indicating an innovation in drone use happening every 2-3 months. Much of this evolution that has been witnessed today has been in these layers,' he said. Pattabiram emphasised that the future of drone technology will be its ability to adapt quickly. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD From delivering groceries to delivering bombs In the span of just a few years, there has been an evolution in how drones are being used. From delivering items one purchased online to dropping bombs and turning into suicide bombers. 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'So this dual-use nature of drones is what is now turning out to be a kind of revolution for most of the people in the security apparatus or the security organisations. And this all started primarily with Ukraine using FPV drones.' STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Zuppa's Kamikaze Micro Drone Ajeet Mini. Image Source: Zuppa 'Now, FPV drones today are known as kamikaze drones. Today we know it as drones which can damage lethally, which can deliver lethal blows, like Operation Spider that happened recently. But FPV drones were never intended to be this,' he explained. 'FPV drones were racing drones. There is an FPV racing league and Ukraine and Russia, both countries, that practically use FPV, flyers, people who do drone racing to fly these drones into war. Drones as Dual-use technology weren't expected and weren't something people thought of,' he added. Ukraine Operation Spider Web: The concerns & opportunities On June 1, 2025, Russia was rocked by a drone attack on its key military infrastructure. Ukraine eventually announced that after over one and a half years of planning, they had conducted what they called 'Operation Spider Web'. In the mission, Ukraine used a whopping 117 drones to strike the Russian airfield. What was shocking was the fact that the strikes were conducted 600 kilometres away from the battleline and 1,000 kilometres away from the Ukrainian border. While speaking to Firstpost, Pattabiram noted that this was the 'first time we saw the use of the remote operational capabilities of the drone.' He also mentioned how Elon Musk's Starlink played a crucial role in the operation. 'While Kamikaze drones themselves haven't changed much since their first use in the Ukraine-Russia war, it's their evolution in terms of deployment that has been changing modern warfare. Like Operation Spider Web was a very innovative use of Kamikaze drones way inside enemy lines,' he said. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Ukraine's Security Chief Briefs President Zelenskyy on Operation Spider's Web. Image: X/@ZelenskyyUa However, he also stated that the 'true impact of Operation Spider Web is not only on Russia, but it is on the entire global security ecosystem, given the scale and asymmetry of damage it has inflicted in terms of cost and operational preparedness'. 'This operation has galvanised the former Indian Army Chief to state that the Entire Country is now a battlefield thanks to the scale of this operation,' he said. Not something new Another point on which Pattabiram emphasised was the fact that 'such a kind of operation has not happened in India. 'In India, if you see, we have had the Jammu air base attack in 2021. Which again was possibly by a locally operated drone. Possibly even locally assembled using locally available material. Means material within India,' he said. 'So the Operation Spider Web has woken up the security apparatus across the world. This Operation is going to change the way people look at drones. The way people operate drones in war as well,' he said. Open source code and the risks of hijacks One of the key aspects of the Operation Spider Web is the fact that Ukraine used open-source codes to develop the drones that ultimately struck the Russian airfield. However, if the easily available codes fall into the wrong hands, the impact would be detrimental. While raising concerns over the matter, Pattabiram recalled the hijacking of an Indian drone back in August 2024. 'The drone was taken over on the 23rd of August 2024 by Pakistan, and it's not like that was the first time it's happened, it's happened before as well. A lot of this can be directly attributed to the use of open source code,' he said. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD SBU chief Lt. Gen. Vasyl Maliuk is standing beside a schematic map of the operation. @SBUkr 'The code layer of a drone is where the vulnerability of hacking or the vulnerability of misuse lies. The code can be downloaded from GitHub, and it can be used, and the commands can be directly given to the drone to hack. So, considering this open-source code is a major risk from a security perspective,' he explained. The need for a regulatory framework When asked how the risk can be tackled, Pattabiram suggested innovative ideas. 'The key is that there is a lot of learning that is possible from the telecom sector. Chinese phones that were sold here without IMEI numbers. Which meant there was no traceability of the phone. So they could be misused for various things, and nobody knows where it is. Now, today the drone is in the same status. Despite the civilian drone regulation having been in place since 1921. For the last 4 years, nobody knows where a drone is operating or who is operating,' he averred. 'So, considering this, DGCA has a digital sky on which you can register a drone. But there is something beyond the online portal on which you register, and you get one thing called a UIN number. So the regulatory framework has a very simple thing to be done, i.e. using the telecom as a learning point.' 'So all they need to do is completely stop the import of autopilots and then introduce SIM cards into every autopilot in India. So that every SIM card has an IMEI number. And it has an IMEI number, which is your subscriber number. This way, you can trace the drone from the telecom network to where it is. Who is operating it, and the moment you have got the IMEI number, and you have done a KYC for it, you know who owns the drone,' he said. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD When it comes to imported autopilots, Pattabiram said that those drones need to be controlled. 'It should not be an open item. A drone autopilot cannot be imported under OGL or a general licence. There should be specific people who are allowed and authorised to import it based on licensing. And the second is that all autopilots need to have a SIM card on them. If this is done, then I think one can get rid of a lot of problems. The first drone war in South Asia: India-Pak conflict While the Indian and Pakistani military clashed with each other on numerous occasions, the conflict that erupted following the devastating Pahalgam attack saw drones taking the centre stage. 'Operation Sindoor was the first time a totally non-contact remote war played out in the subcontinent, with neither side crossing either the IB or the LOC. This was possible primarily on account of the deployment of remote technologies like drones and missiles,' Pattabiram said. 'Having said that, it is important to note the fact that the small drone war has been happening even before Operation Sindoor, with Pakistan violating lower-level Indian airspace over the past couple of years, every day by sending hundreds of drones to deliver drugs, small arms, explosives, etc. This war is interestingly continuing even after May 10th 2025.' A debate will take place in the Upper House of Parliament over India's Operation Sindoor. Representational Image 'The importance of addressing and building capabilities for this particular type of low intensity, dispersed, highly asymmetric war is one of the biggest learning's from Operation Sindoor. This is exactly the kind of warfare that is stretching out the Ukraine-Russia war for over three years now. The Israel-Iran war and the Israel-Houthi wars are other such conflicts that are stretching out. The result of such stretched-out, open-ended conflicts can be both costly and debilitating to the economies of the countries involved,' he said. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Pattabiram emphasised that India needs to build capabilities and abilities to block enemy drones from coming to India. Mentioning how Pakistan often uses drones to send drugs within the Indian borders, he called for finding ways to neutralise these threats. A general view of a damaged portion of a building, after it was hit by an Indian strike, in Muridke near Lahore, Pakistan, May 7. Jain played a big part in Operation Sindoor. Reuters AI & Drones During the conversation with Firstpost, Pattabiram noted that AI automation is going to be the future of drones. 'The question of trying to operate them manually is not going to be feasible. The skill level required to fly this kind of FPV drone takes years for somebody to build into that kind of capability. Due to this, it is not scalable as well,' he said. 'It needs to be AI-based. It needs to have self-autonomous capabilities, which do not exist. But looks like many of the countries and many of the companies, including us, are also working along those lines in terms of autonomous AI and Machine learning is being infused into drones,' he asserted, emphasising that the integration of AI and drones is an 'unavoidable future'. So, the swarm drone concept is another concept that is going to be very, very strong going forward. The only thing that you will see grow going forward is the technology content, and the way the technology is used is going to start scaling very well,' he said. Operation Rising Lion: Are drone bases new sleeper cells? After Israel conducted Operation Rising Lion against Iran's nuclear facilities, it was revealed that Mossad had drone bases within Iranian territory. It was from these bases that they activated the drones and conducted the strikes on military and nuclear facilities in Iran. While talking about the operation, Pattabiram compared setting up drone bases within enemy territory to setting up sleeper cells or deploying terrorists on foreign land. 'It is more on the lines of a terrorist operation. So it is like you are having terrorists within the country, within the enemy country, and you are operating those sleeper cells,' he said. 'In some ways, it is very similar to a sleeper cell concept. And that is exactly what Ukraine and Israel, or Mossad, did. They have activated certain existing assets in terms of people within the other country. This is very, very similar to what has been happening in India. In terms of Pahalgam, or in terms of Patankot or in terms of Bombay, 26-11. Now, in the terrorist case it is human, in this case it is a drone. But the basic concept is the same,' he said. Pattabiram emphasised that the only way to counter these attacks would be the same way one works on counter terrorism measures. 'So it is a counter terrorism and counterinsurgency kind of scenario that has to be used for something like this. Now, one of the ways of figuring it out is controlling the availability of material to be able to activate these things. And the second is legitimacy in terms of seeing who is using this material, who is buying this material,' he explained. Are drones replacing battle tanks? Over the decades, the rules of warfare have evolved significantly. From the use of horses to battle tanks. Then missiles came into play, making countries target each other irrespective of the distance. However, the three operations that rocked the world in the span of a few weeks beg one question: Are drones replacing battle tanks? When Firstpost asked this question, Pattabiram said drones are being used for the first time as a 'de-escalatory asymmetric'. 'When a war moved from a horse to a tank, the tank was far more expensive than a horse. But still, people took it because it offered certain strong advantages over a horse. When it moved from propeller planes to jet planes, jet planes were far ahead of propeller planes in terms of capabilities. So even though it was higher in terms of cost, people adopted it because it delivered asymmetric impact to the forces,' he explained. When bombs evolved into missiles, a similar kind of asymmetry happened where the cost escalated, but the impact also escalated. But drones are the first time in the history of warfare where it has gone the other way around. Where the cost has reduced, but the impact has increased.' 'So, thereby enabling larger deployment of drones, covering larger areas and being cost-effective, they are a de-escalative asymmetry which delivers a higher impact,' he added. To support his assertion, Pattabiram gave an example of how to take down a tank with millions of dollars of Russian bombers, Ukraine just used $2,000 drones. 'So, where this also plays is now if somebody were to use missiles to stop drones, then you are stopping a $2000 drone with a $2 million missile. When it comes to that kind of equation, it can bleed a country,' he said. Can drones be a deterrent in war as nuclear weapons have been? When asked if drones can be given the same stature as nuclear weapons for deterrence in war, Pattabiram emphasised that while drones can be solid levellers, they are not deterrents and the impact is not as significant as a nuclear weapon. 'The drones are turning out to be more of irritants and more of psychological players, rather than being something like an impact player, like nuclear weapons,' Pattabiram said. 'Nuclear weapons have more of an impact as a deterrent. Whereas drones are turning out to be more than something, they start affecting people psychologically as well as people, keep irritating and chipping away.' 'So nuclear is something like, one hard bang. This is something that gives a thousand cuts. So, drones and nuclear weapons can't be compared to that extent; one is kind of destructive in one shot. So there is a difference between the two,' he concluded. While drones might not be as lethal as nuclear weapons, one thing remains clear: they will be at the centre stage of modern warfare.
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First Post
3 hours ago
- First Post
Op Sindoor impact: Indian Army to equip battalions with drones, anti-drone systems, says report
The Indian Army is set for a major transformation to modernise its combat capabilities, with plans to make drones and anti-drone systems standard equipment at the battalion level, says report. The revamp also includes raising new commando units, forming integrated brigades, and upgrading artillery systems. read more Indian Army soldiers participate in a mock drill exercise during the Army Day parade in New Delhi, India, January 15, 2016. File Image/Reuters The Indian Army is preparing for a sweeping transformation aimed at modernising its combat structure, with plans to integrate drones and anti-drone systems as standard equipment across most battalion-level units, The Indian Express reported. According to the report, the overhaul will also include the creation of light commando battalions, integrated 'Rudra' brigades, and specialised artillery units, all designed to meet the demands of future warfare, according to sources. Discussions around the reforms have been ongoing for months but gained momentum after Operation Sindoor, launched in May in response to the Pahalgam terror attack. Some changes are based on lessons drawn from that operation, says report. STORY CONTINUES BELOW THIS AD Drones to be standard in frontline units Currently, drones are used in Army battalions but only as supplementary systems, often requiring personnel to be pulled away from their primary duties. The new plan is to form dedicated drone teams within each unit, including infantry, artillery, and armoured regiments, so that a trained group is solely responsible for operating UAVs and counter-UAV equipment. In infantry battalions, for example, surveillance drones will now be deployed even at platoon and company levels. This will require reorganising about 70 personnel per unit and reshuffling duties across fighting sections and support platoons. 30 Bhairav commando units to be raised The Army is also raising 30 light commando battalions, named Bhairav, each with around 250 soldiers. These specialised units will be trained for precision strikes and specific missions in assigned areas. Initial units are expected to be operational within a month, with infantry regimental centres already directed to begin recruitment and training. Formation of all-arms 'Rudra' brigades A key element of the restructuring is the formation of integrated Rudra brigades, independent combat groups that combine infantry, armour, artillery, UAVs, and logistics. These units will be capable of operating autonomously across various theatres and will be tailored for both conventional and hybrid warfare. Artillery gets next-gen boost In the artillery wing, the Army is considering adding two larger gun batteries and a third drone battery for surveillance and combat operations. Each artillery regiment currently has three batteries of six guns each. In addition, new Divyastra artillery batteries are being developed. These will feature long-range guns, loitering munitions, and anti-drone systems for both offensive and defensive operations. Mechanised forces also being reorganised The restructuring effort also includes the armoured and mechanised infantry arms, which are being redesigned to align with the Army's future warfighting doctrine. Some of these steps were publicly outlined by Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi during the Kargil Vijay Diwas celebrations on July 26.
News18
4 hours ago
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UAVs, Counter-Drones At All Battalions As Army Plans Major Overhaul After Op Sindoor: Report
Last Updated: The revamp, which has been in discussion for several months, accelerated following Operation Sindoor in May—a military response to the terror attack in Pahalgam. The Indian Army is preparing for a wide-ranging organisational overhaul aimed at enhancing combat readiness, with a key focus on integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and counter-drone systems at the battalion level, according to reports. The revamp, which has been in discussion for several months, accelerated following Operation Sindoor in May—a military response to the terror attack in Pahalgam. Lessons from that operation are shaping some of the proposed changes, officials familiar with the matter said, as reported by The Indian Express. A major element of the transformation involves embedding UAV and counter-UAV capabilities into infantry, artillery, and armoured units. Although drones are already in use, they are often treated as secondary tools, requiring personnel to juggle duties. Under the new structure, dedicated drone units within each battalion will be created to operate these systems full-time. 'Each arm has been directed to draw up a structure that allows a select number of personnel to focus and train on this front," sources said. In the infantry, surveillance drones are expected to be deployed at both the platoon and company levels. Bhairav Unit The Army is also planning to raise 30 new light commando battalions named 'Bhairav', each consisting of roughly 250 personnel. These units will be specially trained for precision missions in defined operational zones. They will operate under various commands and will be trained and equipped based on specific mission profiles. Sources said that infantry regimental centres have already been directed to begin forming these units, with the first battalions expected to be operational within a month. Another component of the overhaul is the formation of 'Rudra' brigades—integrated combat formations that bring together infantry, armoured, artillery units, UAV assets, and logistics into a single autonomous fighting force. These brigades will be capable of operating independently in both conventional and hybrid warfare scenarios, with support systems and networks customised to specific operational needs. Each existing artillery regiment typically has three batteries of six guns each. Under the new plan, two of these will be reinforced with additional guns, while the third will consist of drone systems to support both observation and combat roles. Some of these structural initiatives were outlined by Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi during his address on Kargil Vijay Diwas, July 26. view comments Disclaimer: Comments reflect users' views, not News18's. Please keep discussions respectful and constructive. Abusive, defamatory, or illegal comments will be removed. News18 may disable any comment at its discretion. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
