India and Pakistan's air battle is over. Their water war has begun.

Boston Globe

31-05-2025

India's targeting of water, however, is not just about combating terrorism, analysts say. The Indian government has been frustrated by the 65-year-old treaty, believing it has favored Pakistan from the start, and analysts say that India is hoping to force Pakistan to renegotiate it. That could allow India to better use its allotted waters to meet the needs of its immense population and adapt to climate change.
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India's decision to put the agreement 'in abeyance' -- and the vague conditions it has imposed on Pakistan to reverse that -- has injected a note of uncertainty into the future of a treaty that has survived multiple wars and conflicts.
A full breakdown would have serious consequences for both countries, especially Pakistan, an arid land with few other sources of water.
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Rising temperatures and increased demand make South Asia's water systems among the world's most stressed. The hostile neighbors also share a need to address dangers like flash floods and glacial lake bursts unleashed by global warming. And if changes in river flows endanger Pakistani lives or employment, India could face international opprobrium.
The treaty specifies how the waters of the Indus River basin -- around which one of the world's oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley civilization, flourished -- will be used by the two countries.
The agreement, which became necessary after India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947, took nine years to negotiate and was signed in 1960 in what its preamble called a 'spirit of goodwill,' and with the World Bank as a mediator.
Pakistan has unrestricted use of three western rivers, and India has the same claim to three eastern rivers. India also has limited rights to the western rivers within its territory, including for irrigation, and the ability to build dams for power generation.
The treaty's allotment of 80 percent of the waters in the Indus system to Pakistan was a 'remarkable act of generosity, driven by the hope of promoting subcontinental peace,' said Brahma Chellaney, a strategic analyst who has written about water and conflict.
Scientists and officials say the treaty has held up because it is a sound legal document that provides for a permanent commission with representatives from each country who are expected to be in regular contact, as well as mechanisms for settling conflicts using neutral experts and arbitration.
But it has been a trying process over the decades between deeply distrustful neighbors.
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In 1992, when five days of heavy monsoon rains caused deadly flooding, Pakistani officials accused India of unannounced dam releases, while India maintained that the actions were necessary owing to the extreme rainfall and were in compliance with protocol.
India currently has six dams on the western rivers, with plans to build more. Pakistan has raised objections to several of the dam designs and plans, including the Kishenganga hydroelectric project.
Over the past decade, the treaty has encountered increasing geopolitical friction. After attacks on Indian troops in 2016 and 2019 in Indian-administered Kashmir, India announced plans to curtail water flows to Pakistan but did not follow through.
The treaty can be altered by mutual consent. As India has formally sought to revise the treaty, Pakistan has rejected these efforts, according to Indian government records and experts.
'The obstructionist approach' continues to prevent the 'utilization of the legitimate rights by India,' Parvathaneni Harish, India's permanent representative to the United Nations, said at a forum last week on water and armed conflict.
At the same meeting, Pakistan's deputy permanent representative, Usman Jadoon, said that India was using river waters as a political weapon, and that Islamabad would not allow New Delhi to turn water into a tool of coercion.
India has little ability to substantially reduce the flow of water into Pakistan, and building the infrastructure to do so would take years, experts say.
But Pakistan is unnerved by India's suspension of its participation in the treaty in part because India has stopped providing hydrological data, according to Indian government officials and experts.
Because it is downstream, Pakistan relies heavily on India to share this data, which is crucial for Pakistani agriculture, a sector that accounts for nearly one-quarter of the country's economy and employs 37 percent of the labor force.
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Information from India about glacier melt, the speed of floodwaters and precipitation levels, as well as timing decisions on opening sluice gates, is vital for Pakistan to determine its irrigation needs and flood management plans.
Fazalullah Qureshi, a former senior Pakistani official, linked this data gap to Pakistan's inability to anticipate devastating floods in 2022, which killed over 1,700 people and affected 33 million of the country's 245 million people.
During the coming monsoon season, Pakistani water managers will need to operate in a more uncertain environment, relying less on formal notifications and more on real-time observations and rapid-response systems, said Hassaan F. Khan, an assistant professor of environmental studies at Tufts University.
Khan said that underscored the 'urgent need for Pakistan to invest in more nimble, adaptive water governance.'
Qureshi said there was no immediate threat to the country's water supply, but a prolonged suspension of treaty mechanisms could severely affect agriculture and the broader economy.
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