New airport security upgrade could ease liquid restrictions — but there's a problem

Independent

20-07-2025

Hopes are rising among air travellers that the long-standing restrictions on liquids in carry-on bags at US airports may soon be eased, a move that could alleviate the 'endless hassles' at security checkpoints.
However, this optimism is tempered by a significant security concern: more than a third of all airports across the country have yet to upgrade their screening systems to reliably detect liquid explosives.
While the inconvenience of discarding beverages and toiletries before security is a common frustration, the underlying challenge lies in differentiating innocuous items like hair gel from potentially lethal substances.
This threat nearly materialised in 2006, when British authorities foiled a plot to detonate homemade chemical mixtures, disguised in sports drink bottles, aboard airliners.
Security experts continue to express concern over the vulnerabilities exposed by that foiled attack.
Recent remarks by Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem ignited the prospect for passengers of one day being able to fly with more than 3 ounces of their shampoos and gels, and avoiding the need to dispose of recently purchased drinks.
'The liquids, I'm questioning. So that may be the next big announcement, is what size your liquids need to be,' Noem said. 'We have put in place in TSA a multilayered screening process that allows us to change some of how we do security and screening so it's still as safe.'
A Transportation Security Administration spokesperson said Noem and the agency 'are constantly looking for ways to enhance security, and improve the travel experience for the public.'
New liquids rules aren't ready
Any changes will come through the same official channels that TSA used to announce this month that travelers can keep their shoes on at checkpoints.
That change offers relief from a rule adopted after 'shoe bomber' Richard Reid's failed attempt to take down a flight from Paris to Miami in late 2001 with a small explosive device hidden in his footwear.
The limits on liquids were triggered by the 2006 UK arrests. Three ringleaders were eventually convicted.
A massive surveillance operation
Prosecutors told the jury in that case that authorities uncovered the plot after secretly searching the luggage of a man who was on their radar for security concerns after he returned from Pakistan and found the unusual combination of the Tang powdered soft drink and a large number of batteries, according to the BBC.
That triggered the surveillance operation that eventually grew to include more than 200 officers.
Agents discovered what appeared to be a bomb factory in a London apartment where odd devices were being constructed out of drink bottles. The plot didn't make sense until authorities discovered that the men were researching flight timetables and realised they were only trying to make an explosive big enough to rip a hole in a plane.
The meaning of coded emails to contacts in Pakistan only became clear after the arrests, when authorities realised that the quantities of Calvin Klein aftershave being discussed in messages matched the amount of hydrogen peroxide the conspirators had purchased.
Longstanding liquid restrictions
Ever since then, the TSA and authorities in other countries have limited carry-on liquids and gels to 3.4 ounces (100 milliliters) because officials believe that amount is too small to create an explosion capable of taking down a plane. The restriction covered all types of liquids, because X-ray machines at checkpoints couldn't differentiate between explosive and harmless ones.
The United Kingdom was planning to ease its restrictions last year to allow people to carry up to 2 liters (about half a gallon) of liquid, but that was delayed because several major airports still didn't have the new scanners that use computed tomography, commonly known as a CT scan, to produce clearer images.
Advanced new screening machines
The new machines allow screeners to switch between two-dimensional and three-dimensional images and turn them to see what may be lurking, said Johnny Jones, secretary treasurer of the chapter of the American Federation of Government Employees that represents TSA workers.
'It's just a totally life-changing situation,' said Jones, who has worked as a screener since the agency was created.
'It's a difference of being able to see something that would have been hidden by something that you can now see clear as day with the new technology. It eliminates the guesswork.'
Many airports still use the old tech
The problem is that only 255 of the 432 airports across the United States have new CT scanners installed, the interim head of the TSA told Congress this spring. The biggest airports got them first, but they are not expected to be everywhere until 2043.
It's possible that a change in carry-on liquid policy could be implemented just at the biggest airports, but that could lead to confusion if travelers, are, say, allowed to bring full bottles on departure only to have them confiscated when they return.
The scanners cost more than $2 million apiece, and they are so much bigger than the old X-ray machines that sometimes floors must be reinforced and checkpoints have to be redesigned.
'I think you need to hold off till we get more systems deployed. I think this one's a little too early,' said Jeff Price, who teaches aviation security at Metropolitan State University of Denver and has co-authored books on the subject.
'The keep your shoes on — I can get on board with that provided we continue to do random screenings. But the liquids, I think we're too early on that. There's other layers of security. Yeah, I know that. But not too many of them that prevent this type of attack.'
In the past the inspector general of the Department of Homeland Security has highlighted vulnerabilities in TSA screening that can allow things to slip through undetected.
A 2015 report found that TSA officers failed 95 per cent of the time to detect weapons or explosive material carried by undercover inspectors.
But Jones defended the work of the screeners he represents, noting that since the agency's creation, no plane has failed to reach its destination because of something that was missed.
'Nothing large has been able to make it through our system since we've taken over screening. We've protected the skies for 22 years,' Jones said. 'Even if you have a slight miss, it doesn't necessarily mean anything is going to happen on the plane.'