Rare Gemstone Uncovers Trade Route Between Medieval Europe And Sri Lanka
A medieval ring holding a rare sapphire points to a long-distance gemstone trade between Europe and Sri Lanka over 700 years ago.
The ring was found at today's Pustý hrad (meaning "deserted castle") above the city of Zvolen in Slovakia in 2001, during an illegal treasure hunt. Only 22 years later the ring was handed over to the authorities.
The 18-karat golden ring, dating from circa 1300, holds a reddish-purple sapphire gemstone with an estimated weight of about 2.00 carats. The ring is of high quality and sapphire was a rare gemstone at the time, as there are no significant deposits to be found in Europe. Wearing such a piece of jewelry must have symbolized great wealth and a high societal status.
Noémi Beljak Pažinová, researcher at the Department of Archaeology of the University of Nitra, Slovakia, and a team of archeologists and mineralogists analyzed the chemical composition and crystal properties to determine the gemstone's possible origin.
Sapphire is a variety of the mineral corundum, which is composed almost entirely of aluminum oxide. Pure corundum is colorless, but trace elements like iron, titanium, chromium, gallium and vanadium give it colors like blue, yellow, red, green, pink, or purple.
By analyzing the trace elements in the ring's sapphire and comparing the results with sapphires mined worldwide, the team concludes that Sri Lanka is the most likely place of origin. The gemstone must have traveled by sea and land, shipped from Sri Lanka to India, traveling the Middle East and handed over to European merchants in Aleppo, modern northern Syria, or Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, Turkey. This long voyage, together with the rarity and beauty of sapphires, must have contributed to its high value.
FEATURED | Frase ByForbes™
Unscramble The Anagram To Reveal The Phrase
Pinpoint By Linkedin
Guess The Category
Queens By Linkedin
Crown Each Region
Crossclimb By Linkedin
Unlock A Trivia Ladder
Pustý hrad Castle was built in the late 12th century and served as the administrative center of the Zvolen County before becoming a significant Hungarian royal fortress. It is plausible that the ring was worn by a royal member or another high-ranking person, maybe even serving as a Bishops' rings of office. An engraving on the sapphire shows a stylized lion, symbolizing strength, courage and royalty, but also an animal associated with Mark the Evangelist.
The study,"Archaeometric study of a unique medieval golden ring with a reddish-purple sapphire (corundum) gemstone from the Zvolen Castle, Slovakia," was published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
Hashtags
Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles
Yahoo
15-07-2025
- Yahoo
Ancient Christian town discovered in Jordan
Faith is an integral part of millions of Americans' daily lives. 'One Nation Under God' is committed to reflecting America's voices, values and communities covering stories of faith and religion, from the latest headlines to stories of hope. Subscribe here. (NewsNation) — Archaeologists have discovered an ancient Christian settlement in Jordan that dates back to the mid-sixth century. A professor and his team from Mutah University unearthed the archaeological site of Tharais in southern Jordan. Their findings were recently published in Gephyra, an academic journal that covers the ancient history and cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean. The archaeological remains show evidence of human settlement during the Roman, Byzantine and Islamic periods from the first century B.C. through the 13th century A.D., according to the scholars. Illinois town buys Pope Leo XIV's childhood home Among the findings were the remains of a Byzantine church built in the basilica style. They also found an olive oil press, pottery shards, stone tools and glass remnants as well as fragments of mosaic art. The archaeologists say that Tharais could have been a Byzantine site for Christian pilgrimage, given its location overlooking the Dead Sea and the Holy Land, as well as an agricultural hub. The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, lasted for 1100 years from 330 to 1453 A.D. Its capital was Constantinople, modern-day Istanbul. It fell when the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453. Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
%3Amax_bytes(150000)%3Astrip_icc()%2FTAL-seret-family-fajada-butte-NEWMEXICOSTARS0825-4de1e9045ec442e3bb335b5cf82f277a.jpg&w=3840&q=100)
Travel + Leisure
14-07-2025
- Travel + Leisure
How a Glamping Adventure Revealed the Secrets of New Mexico's Chaco Canyon
It was a trip ordained by the heavens. I arrived in Santa Fe—for the umpteenth time since I first saw the Land of Enchantment as a teenager—on the eve of the new moon, one of the darkest nights in the lunar calendar, to join a spring stargazing adventure. Destination: Chaco Culture National Historical Park, a vast Ancestral Puebloan complex located in the state's northwestern quadrant, a region noted for its dark skies. Taos-based tour company Heritage Inspirations organized the trip in collaboration with Santa Fe's storied Inn of the Five Graces. It promised archaeology by day and deluxe tented accommodations and astronomy by night—plus three nights in town to explore what's new in the country's oldest capital. Heritage Inspirations glamping tents in Chaco Culture National Historical Park. Chaco is mysterious. Chaco is magical. Chaco is a pain to get to. I'd been wanting to see it for years, but the UNESCO World Heritage site is about a three-hour drive from Santa Fe, the last stretch on unpaved roads, and the campsites are DIY. Plus, I never could have arranged the speakers and guides brought in by Heritage Inspirations to instruct—or perhaps I should say enlighten—me and my fellow stargazers on the secrets of Chaco Canyon. Our group of 13 spent the first night at the Inn of the Five Graces, across the street from the iconic San Miguel Chapel in Barrio de Analco, a neighborhood where the oldest house dates back to 1646. I checked in to my ornately decorated suite and joined other early birds for drinks on a sun-dappled patio. None of us had been to Chaco before, but we all felt its pull. A trio of silver-haired sisters had convened from around the country in remembrance of their late father, while a couple from Massachusetts were well versed in alternative theories about ancient aliens and lost civilizations. From left: Night skies over Fajada Butte, in New Mexico's Chaco Canyon; a Heritage Inspirations guest at the telescope. The remaining trip participants—two sons, one daughter-in-law, and four grandchildren of the hotel's founders—joined us for dinner in the Pink Adobe , the classic New Mexican restaurant opened in 1944 and now owned by the Inn of the Five Graces. Our Chaco education began with lectures by G. B. Cornucopia, a retired Chaco park ranger, and Isabel Hawkins, a research astronomer and former NASA advisor. Steeped in a lifetime of scholarship and on-site study, the pair summarized what's currently known about Chacoan culture. The society inhabited this place from about 850 to 1250 A.D. and left behind structures that are immense, built on the scale of ancient Aztec cities. And yet some things have never added up. Why has Chaco yielded so few cooking hearths, trash heaps, and burial sites—the typical signs of life left by a busy settlement? Pueblo Bonito, one of Chaco Canyon's 'great houses.'. The 'sun dagger' theory offers one explanation. In 1977, a young American artist named Anna Sofaer found a spiral petroglyph near the top of Fajada Butte, one of the highest points in the park. At high noon during the summer solstice—the middle of the day in the middle of the year, or 'the center of time,' as Cornucopia said—a dagger-shaped ray of sunlight crossed the spiral. Further study proved the petroglyph to be an accurate solar calendar, and it unlocked for Sofaer an entirely new way to understand Chaco. Perhaps it was not a city of residents but rather a ceremonial site built to align with both solar and lunar pathways. Seen this way, Chaco is a bit like the remains of a carefully calibrated celestial timepiece. As Cornucopia put it, 'The perfect order of the heavens recreated on the imperfect earth.' The next day, a bluebird sky promised ideal stargazing weather. As we rattled across washboard roads toward Fajada Butte, guide Lewis Bailey offered some advice. 'Rather than trying to figure it out,' he said, 'just be there and embrace the fact that this place has a special energy.' Archaeology can't explain why Chaco was created, Bailey said, and the Ancestral Puebloans left no written records to explain their purpose. We know next to nothing about their emotional, intellectual, and religious life—only that their gods, myths, and heroes were unlike ours. From left: The Dragon Room bar at the Inn of the Five Graces, with its striking light fixture; a crystal at the Inn of the Five Graces' newly renovated spa. First we stopped to visit petroglyphs near the park entrance and have a picnic lunch—lamb-pastrami sandwiches and seared-tuna niçoise salads—with postcard views of Fajada Butte. Then we explored Pueblo Bonito, the four-story stone 'great house' of around 700 rooms at the heart of the Chaco complex. I tried to imagine the social organization and sheer human energy required to build such a structure, but it was impossible to understand—especially given that they had no metal tools, wheeled carts, or beasts of burden to bring thousands of roof timbers from forests 50 miles away. Bailey told us that archaeologists had excavated traces of a walkway that once connected Pueblo Bonito to Chetro Ketl, another great house. The discovery brought the everyday world of the Chacoans vividly back to life for him. Imagine, he said, a group of teenagers loafing in its shade nearly a thousand years ago, hanging out and flirting like undergraduates on a modern college campus. From left: Dinner at the Inn of the Five Graces' Pink Adobe restaurant; Jonathan Boyd, left, and Zak Pelaccio of Leo's, a new restaurant in Santa Fe. The sky had turned overcast by the time we reached camp. Heritage Inspirations founder Angelisa Murray hurried us into a spacious welcome tent for cups of cacao—a nod to one of the products, along with macaw feathers, the ancient Chacoans imported along trade routes from Mesoamerica. I fretted about the clouds, but Heritage Inspiration's master sky watcher, astronomer Danielle Adams, brushed my worries aside. 'It will burn off,' she said. And sure enough, the sky was again clear by dusk, when we lined up at her telescope to view the celestial bodies. Adams also turned our attention to the eastern horizon, where a band of color known as the Belt of Venus glowed in the 'anti-twilight': the stretch of sky opposite the sunset. From left: A guest room at the Inn of the Five Graces; the inn's exterior. We broke for a dinner of cedar-plank salmon and zingy New Mexican white wines served in the lantern-lit dining tent. Over dessert, Adams explained her specialty, cultural astronomy. Every group of humans in the world, she said, has studied the skies and sought to explain the cosmos. Adams, who wrote her doctoral thesis on ancient Arabic astronomy, quoted lines of classical poetry describing phases of the constellation we call the Pleiades. One rhyming couplet instructs a young man to get an adze, or ax, when the Pleiades are overhead. As Adams explained, the Pleiades reach their apex during January's midwinter chill, when it's time to cut firewood. We stepped back out into the windy night. Adams used a laser pointer to draw lions on the sky, tracing the constellation Leo—which, like other signs of the Western zodiac, comes from Greek astronomy—then the Great Arabian Lion, a vast constellation that seemed to cover half the cosmos. Two traditions, two visions of the night. 'In my field we speak of cultural astronomies,' Adams said. 'There's no one astronomy.' I slipped away to my spacious tent and slid into bed, snug beneath handwoven blankets. At 4 a.m., as the Milky Way peaked overhead, my alarm went off: it was time to join Adams outside. For the next 20 minutes, as my eyes adjusted to the moonless dark, astonishing starlight revealed the landscape. I made out not just the profile of Fajada Butte in the distance, but also the shapes of rock formations around the camp. The Milky Way glowed against the deeper black of the cosmos, and I easily picked out man-made satellites moving in straight-line trajectories. Every few minutes a meteor slashed across the firmament—gone in a flash, like celestial lightning. From left: Dried-chili décor outside a suite at the Inn of the Five Graces; an adventurous dog in a sidecar outside the Chaco Canyon visitors' center. By 5 a.m., dawn began to glow in the east and the stars slipped back into obscurity. Less than an hour later, Adams and Bailey were leading us all across a mesa top to witness the moment that sunlight hit Fajada Butte. The rest of the day seemed never-ending. Even after hours outside, a leisurely breakfast, and another robust hike to view Pueblo Bonito from above, it was still only noon when we departed for Santa Fe. Unloading the SUVs three hours later, someone joked that we'd been on a 24-hour, 10-day trip. After glimpses into the ancient world and the eternal cosmos, I woke up the next morning ready to see what was timely and new in New Mexico's beloved cultural capital. I started right outside my hotel room, because the Inn of the Five Graces is currently in the midst of a generational renewal. The Relais & Châteaux property was opened in 1996 by Ira and Sylvia Seret, former New Yorkers who moved to Afghanistan in the groovy 1960s, then relocated to Santa Fe in 1978 to open a shop, Seret & Sons, where they still sell antique textiles and décor from around the world. As they step back from day-to-day operations of the hotel, their sons, Ajna, Isaiah, and Sharif, have brought in new managing director Kevin Geanides, formerly of Little Palm Island, in the Florida Keys, to steward the family's crown jewel through a careful handover. Ajna Seret led me on an end-to-end property tour and explained the brothers' focus on continuity. His parents' distinctive design DNA still shows in the new spa and suites—with their intricate mosaic bathrooms, layered antique textiles, and hand-carved wooden screens—but the vibe is lighter, airier, and more modern. That afternoon, I peeled away from downtown's tourist zone. Santa Fe skeptics may dismiss the city as a backdrop for turquoise-bedecked weekenders, but La Mama , an all-day café and natural wine bar on Marcy Street, was started by and for residents who crave big leafy salads and skin-contact wines. In Midtown Santa Fe, the creative conclave along Lena Street is anchored by the Bread Shop, which offers spectacular sourdough loaves and pastries. But the handsomest new restaurant in the land of green and red chiles comes from chefs and co-owners Jonathan Boyd and Zak Pelaccio (of Corner Office, in Taos, formerly of Fish & Game, in upstate New York). It is set to open this summer in a renovated service station and will serve knockout Thai food, of all things. And after my night among the leonine constellations, its name—Leo's—was hard to forget. A version of this story first appeared in the August 2025 issue of Travel + Leisure under the headline 'Secrets in the Stars.'
CNN
08-07-2025
- CNN
Ancient Peruvian city more than 3,000 years old unveiled
An ancient Peruvian city that was a thriving hub of trade more than 3,000 years ago has been unveiled by archaeologists. Peñico is located in the Huaura province, north of the capital Lima, according to the Ministry of Culture in a press release sent to CNN. In what was the official opening to the public, details of the site were unveiled last week following eight years of excavation and conservation. Experts believe Peñico, founded around 1800 BC, served as a strategic urban center, linking the coastal communities of the Supe Valley with settlements in the high Andes and Amazon. It was built 600 meters above sea level, the ministry said in the release. 'This urban center developed following the cultural tradition of the Caral,' said Ruth Shady, lead researcher and director of the Caral Archaeological Zone (ZAC), which is attached to Peru's Ministry of Culture, in the release. 'Due to its strategic location, it connected coastal and mountain towns of Supe and Huaura, as well as those living in the Andean-Amazonian and the high Andean region,' Shady added. Some 18 structures have been identified in Peñico, the release says, including public buildings and residential units. One significant structure is a monumental public building known as B1-B3, where archaeologists uncovered clay sculptures, ceremonial tools, and conch-shell trumpets called 'pututus' – instruments that once echoed across ancient Andean landscapes to summon gatherings and invoke the gods. Researchers believe Peñico gained influence following the decline of Caral, one of the oldest civilizations in the Americas. Its prestige may have been tied to its role in the trade of hematite, a red pigment with symbolic meaning in Andean cosmology, according to the release. The site, now open for tourism, includes a modern interpretation center, reception areas and walking routes through the preserved ruins. The opening comes ahead of the first ever Peñico Raymi, a public festival set to be held on Saturday. The event will celebrate the site's cultural legacy with traditional rituals, art and a ceremony to honor the goddess Pachamama.
