Tshwane welcomes court ruling setting aside 2019 Rooiwal waste water treatment plant tender
Edwin Sodi's Blackhead was part of the joint venture tasked with the first phase of an ambitious project to upgrade the dysfunctional Rooiwal Waste Water Treatment Works north of Pretoria in 2019.
Graphic by Sharlene Rood/News24; Images by Lubabalo Lesolle/Gallo Images and the City of Tshwane.
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Citi Expresses Optimism for Eli Lilly and Company (LLY)
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Health Line
a day ago
- Health Line
Symptoms of Dying from Anemia
Key takeaways Anemia is a condition where you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body. It can be temporary or chronic, and while often mild, it can become serious and life threatening. Symptoms of life threatening anemia may include: loss of consciousness, stroke, heart failure, respiratory failure, and kidney failure. Mild anemia may show no symptoms, but severe cases can manifest gradually or suddenly. Treating severe anemia takes more than just diet and lifestyle changes, although eating lots of iron-rich foods can help your body make more red blood cells. Treatment often involves addressing the underlying cause, with options like blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, and medications. Anemia is a condition where you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body. Anemia can be temporary or long term (chronic). In many cases it's mild, but anemia can also be serious and life threatening. Doctors can help treat many types of anemia, though some chronic types may require continual monitoring and management. Untreated anemia can cause severe complications. Keep reading to learn about the types of anemia that can become life threatening and what the symptoms are. What are the symptoms of anemia? Symptoms of life threatening anemia may include: loss of consciousness stroke heart failure respiratory failure kidney failure Mild anemia may not cause any symptoms. But if your anemia is severe or life threatening, you may develop symptoms gradually or suddenly. Symptoms of anemia can include: fatigue cold hands and feet dizziness headache lightheadedness irregular heartbeat chest pain pale or yellowish skin shortness of breath weakness whooshing sound or pounding in your ears If you have severe anemia, these symptoms may be more pronounced. You may also have symptoms specific to the condition underlying anemia. These might include: dark urine unintentional weight loss numbness or tingling How does anemia become life threatening? Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. When you don't have enough red blood cells, your organs don't get enough oxygen and can't work properly. This can have severe consequences. Types of anemia that can potentially be life threatening include: Aplastic anemia Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow becomes damaged and the body stops producing new blood cells. It can be sudden or worsen over time. Common causes include: cancer treatment exposure to toxic chemicals pregnancy autoimmune disease viral infections It can also have no known cause, which is referred to as idiopathic aplastic anemia. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a rare, life threatening disease. It causes blood clots, destroys blood cells, and impairs bone marrow function. It's a genetic condition, with the median age of diagnosis in the 30s. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is related to aplastic anemia. It often starts as aplastic anemia or arises after treatment for the condition. Myelodysplastic syndromes Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of conditions that cause the blood-making cells in your bone marrow to become abnormal. Your bone marrow then doesn't make enough cells, and the cells it does make are generally defective. These cells die earlier and are more likely to be destroyed by your immune system. Myelodysplastic syndromes are considered a type of cancer. They may turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of blood cancer. Hemolytic anemia Hemolytic anemia is when your red blood cells are destroyed faster than your body can make them. It can be temporary or chronic. Hemolytic anemia can also be inherited, which means it's passed down through your genes. It can also be acquired. Potential causes of acquired hemolytic anemia include: infection certain medications, such as penicillin blood cancers autoimmune disorders an overactive spleen some tumors severe reaction to a blood transfusion Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease is an inherited type of anemia. It causes your red blood cells to change shape. They become sickle-shaped, rigid, and sticky. This causes them to get stuck in small blood vessels, which blocks blood flow throughout your body, depriving tissue of oxygen. Sickle cell disease is more common in people with descent or origin from: Africa the Middle East the Mediterranean Central and South America South Asia Sickle cell disease causes very painful episodes, swelling, and frequent infections. Severe thalassemia Thalassemia is an inherited condition in which your body doesn't make enough hemoglobin. This is a protein that's a crucial part of red blood cells. Without enough hemoglobin, your red blood cells don't work properly and die more quickly than healthy cells. Thalassemia can be mild or severe. It becomes severe if you inherit two copies of the gene that causes it. Malarial anemia Malarial anemia is a main symptom of severe malaria. Many factors can contribute to its development, including: nutritional deficiencies bone marrow problems the malaria parasite entering red blood cells Fanconi anemia Fanconi anemia is a genetic condition that impairs bone marrow and causes you to have a lower-than-normal amount of all types of blood cells. It often causes physical differences, such as: malformed thumbs or forearms problems with bone structure changes in kidney shape or missing kidney gastrointestinal changes fertility issues vision and hearing problems Fanconi anemia can also cause an increased risk of leukemia as well as head, neck, skin, reproductive, and gastrointestinal cancers. What causes life threatening anemia? Anemia happens when your body doesn't make enough blood cells, your body destroys your red blood cells, or the red blood cells it does make are a different shape. For anemia to be life threatening, you typically have a low number of red blood cells. This can affect the ability to deliver oxygen to the different parts of your body. Functioning red blood cells may decrease over time until their low number becomes serious. But sometimes, you can lose red blood cells quickly. Some types of anemia can also cause severe complications that can be life threatening. Different causes of anemia include: Genetics Some conditions that cause anemia are inherited, which means they are passed down through one or both parents through your genes. These conditions include: sickle cell disease thalassemia some hemolytic anemias Fanconi anemia paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Bleeding Severe bleeding can cause sudden anemia. For example, this might happen after a traumatic injury where you lose a lot of blood. Cancer Cancers of the blood, lymphatic system, and bone marrow can cause anemia. Examples include: aplastic anemia some hemolytic anemias myelodysplastic syndromes Diseases Acquired diseases, including malaria, can cause anemia. Other infections can cause aplastic anemia or hemolytic anemia. Autoimmune diseases are also a potential cause of anemia, as they may cause your body to attack red blood cells. How is anemia diagnosed? To diagnose anemia, a doctor will typically ask for your family and medical history. Then they may do a physical exam. After that, a healthcare professional typically draws blood for several tests. The most common include: complete blood count (CBC) to count the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in your blood tests to look at the size and shape of your red blood cells Once a doctor diagnoses anemia, they may do more testing to see whether they can find the underlying cause of anemia. This may include: blood tests for iron and vitamin B deficiencies bone marrow test to see how well your body makes red blood cells check for internal bleeding scans to check for tumors What is the treatment for serious anemia? Treating severe anemia takes more than just diet and lifestyle changes, although eating lots of iron-rich foods can help your body make more red blood cells. Sometimes, treating anemia requires treating the underlying cause. Examples include: chemotherapy for myelodysplastic syndrome eculizumab (Soliris) for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, which keeps your body from destroying red blood cells immunosuppressants for some types of aplastic anemia and hemolytic anemias In all types of anemia, blood transfusions can help replace lost or defective red blood cells and reduce symptoms. However, it usually does not address the underlying cause. Some people may need multiple transfusions over time. A bone marrow transplant or a stem cell transplant may be an option if you can't make healthy red blood cells. In this procedure, cells from a donor's bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood are given through a vein, similar to a blood transfusion. This is the only cure for some types of anemia, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. What is the outlook for people with serious anemia? Anemia, in general, causes 1.6 deaths per 100,000 people in the United States annually. It's usually treatable if caught quickly, although some types are chronic, which means they need continual treatment. The outlook for people with serious anemia can depend on the cause: Aplastic anemia In some cases, a bone marrow transplant can cure aplastic anemia. In others, medications can reduce symptoms but aren't a cure. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Current treatments have increased the survival time for most people with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria to over 10 years from diagnosis. Factors such as age and other health conditions can affect a person's outlook. Myelodysplastic syndromes With treatment, people with low risk myelodysplastic syndromes typically live as long as people without them. You can talk with a doctor to learn about your specific prognostic score. Hemolytic anemias The outlook for people with hemolytic anemias depends on the underlying cause. Hemolytic anemia itself is rarely fatal, especially if treated early and properly, but the underlying conditions can be. Sickle cell disease Sickle cell disease decreases life expectancy. People with this condition typically live to 54 years old on average. However, newer treatments, including newer drugs, gene therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplants, may improve the outlook of people with sickle cell disease. Severe thalassemia Severe thalassemia can cause death due to heart complications, but better treatments have improved the outlook for people who have it. Treatment involves regular blood transfusions and therapy to remove excess iron from your blood. Malarial anemia If diagnosed and treated quickly, malaria is usually curable. However, severe malaria, which is what causes anemia, is a medical emergency. The mortality rate for severe malaria varies widely, from 9.7% to 50%, depending on factors such as age, location, other presenting conditions, and overall health. Fanconi anemia
Health Line
a day ago
- Health Line
Are Epidural Injections Covered by Medicare?
Medicare should cover epidural steroid injections to relieve spinal pain caused by certain conditions lasting at least 4 weeks despite other treatment. An epidural steroid injection is a noninvasive way that can help ease pain. A doctor injects steroids into the epidural space, which is the space around the spinal cord. These injections help reduce inflammation caused by various spinal problems. Read on about Medicare coverage for epidural steroid injections to relieve pain. When does Medicare cover epidural injections? Original Medicare is comprised of Part A and Part B. Part A may cover epidural steroid injections when you're hospitalized, while Part B may cover these as an outpatient procedure. If you're enrolled in Medicare Advantage (Part C), you should receive the same coverage. You should receive coverage if you're: diagnosed with certain conditions like disc herniation, acute shingles pain, or post-laminectomy syndrome experience pain that significantly affects your daily life are dealing with pain for over 4 weeks despite trying other treatments have had medical imaging, such as CT or ultrasound, showing a qualifying health issue causing the pain Medicare won't approve injections without a clear cause for the pain, or if you also have an infection, spinal compression, are at high risk for cancer, or have a suspected cancer diagnosis. To get coverage, make sure that the healthcare professional administering your injections is qualified to do so, accredited, and accepts Medicare. How do epidural steroid injections work? An epidural steroid injection is a nonsurgical way to relieve pain, especially lower back pain radiating to the lower body or neck pain extending to the arms. A doctor injects a steroid into the epidural space to reduce inflammation and pain. This treatment is useful for conditions like spinal stenosis, radiculitis, sciatica, and herniated discs. These injections may be cervical or lumbar. Cervical injections may be administered in two ways: Interlaminar, injecting between two vertebrae for broader coverage, or transforaminal, targeting a specific nerve root on the spine's side, often called a 'nerve block.' A single-level nerve block targets pain at a specific spinal level, while two-level or multilevel blocks address discomfort at multiple levels. The number of injections Medicare will cover for your treatment depends on the type you get. Some may be approved for up to two levels per region and bilaterally if necessary, while others could be approved for just one level. If the first injections give you at least 50% pain relief for 3 months or more, you might receive approval for more. How much do epidural injections cost through Medicare? The cost of epidural steroid injections can vary depending on whether you have insurance, the type of injection you need, and the number of injections required. For instance, a 2019 study evaluated medical costs for around 14,000 individuals with lumbar spinal fusion who received these injections and found that, on average, people spent about $1,060.67. If you're covered by Part B, you'll need to meet a $257 deductible in 2025 before your coverage kicks in. Afterward, Part B will cover 80% of your costs. There's also a monthly premium, starting at $185, which varies depending on your income. Under Part A, most people don't pay a premium, but you do need to meet a $1,676 deductible. After meeting this amount, Part A will cover all your hospital treatment costs for the first 60 days. Afterward, you'll start to share the daily cost each day until day 101, when you'll be responsible for the entire daily cost. If you're enrolled in a Part C plan, it is managed by a private insurer and comes with its own premium, deductible, and coinsurance. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) reports that the average monthly premium for Part C plans is about $17 in 2025. Keep in mind, you'll still need to pay the Part B premium to stay enrolled in a Part C plan, though some Part C plans might cover this cost for you. Does Medicare cover epidurals during childbirth? Epidural anesthesia, which is often used during childbirth, is different from steroid epidurals for spinal pain. Generally, receiving epidural anesthesia for childbirth while being covered by Medicare is uncommon, as most people become eligible for Medicare at age 65. But you might qualify earlier because of a disability. If you become pregnant, Medicare Part A should generally cover anesthesia that is medically necessary during your hospital stay for delivery. This may include epidural anesthesia. Takeaway An epidural steroid injection can help relieve pain and inflammation from spinal issues. If you're experiencing severe pain that persists for more than 4 weeks and your pain is caused by specific conditions, Medicare may cover this treatment. If you need the procedure in a hospital, Medicare Part A could cover it, while Part B could cover it when done as an outpatient procedure. If you have Medicare Advantage (Part C), you'll get similar coverage. The information on this website may assist you in making personal decisions about insurance, but it is not intended to provide advice regarding the purchase or use of any insurance or insurance products. Healthline Media does not transact the business of insurance in any manner and is not licensed as an insurance company or producer in any U.S. jurisdiction. Healthline Media does not recommend or endorse any third parties that may transact the business of insurance.
