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Yahoo
28 minutes ago
- Yahoo
Opinion: Parents Want to Support Their Kids. Behavioral Science Can Help Them Follow Through
For over 10 years, the Behavioral Insights and Parenting Lab at the University of Chicago has been investigating how parents make decisions. A key insight from our research is that what parents do does not always align with what they intend to do. This 'intention-action gap' can reduce parents' engagement with their children, which in turn interferes with children's skill development. This gap is a common characteristic of decision-making. People plan to save for retirement or stick to diets, but often fall short of their goals. In parenting, the stakes are higher: Not reading a bedtime story or skipping a day of preschool may seem momentarily insignificant, but small gaps in learning time accumulate over time, making it increasingly difficult for children's skills to catch up. Why do well-intentioned parents sometimes struggle to follow through with engaging their children, and how can behavioral science help parents close the intention-action gap? Get stories like this delivered straight to your inbox. Sign up for The 74 Newsletter The field of behavioral economics offers insights into what creates intention-action gaps and our research identifies practical ways to bridge the gap. Many of these approaches rely on the concept of 'nudges' — subtle changes in how choices or information are presented that make the desired action easier or more likely to occur. In parenting, nudges often come in the form of reminders, feedback, or other simple tools sent through digital technology. These nudges acknowledge that busy parents aren't failing to engage their children in learning activities that are key to the child's future because they lack love, knowledge, or good intentions; rather, daily life is full of friction and temptations. Our research has shown that 'present bias,' a manifestation of the intention-action gap, is central to parenting choices. Parents, like everyone, often prioritize immediate rewards over future benefits. Raising a child requires long-term effort; while considerable research shows that reading books to a toddler boosts their language skills in the future, the benefits of today's actions can be long delayed. Meanwhile, daily distractions and fatigue demand immediate attention. Related This bias can cause parents to focus on the 'now' rather than the 'later,' even when they value activities like reading. In our Parents and Children Together (PACT) study, we tackled present bias by sending parents text-message prompts and goal-setting reminders to read to their children from a digital library that we provided to parents. These reminders were intended to 'bring the future to the present.' Parents who received these reminders read to their child over twice as much over six weeks compared to parents who received the digital library with no reminders. Notably, the parents who gained the most were those who exhibited present-biased preferences in assessments given before the experiment began. In other words, the parents most prone to procrastinate on reading were the ones who saw the greatest improvements when we helped them overcome present bias. Parents without present bias already read regularly, so the extra reminders had little impact for them. Tools to Help Parents Follow Through Another successful example of narrowing the intention-action gap from our research lab is the 'Show Up to Grow Up' study, a randomized controlled trial we conducted to increase attendance in Chicago's publicly funded preschool programs. Our intervention sent personalized text messages to parents over 18 weeks, indicating the number of days their child had been absent and highlighting the learning opportunities they missed while not in school. The messages reminded parents of their commitment to adopt good attendance habits and their goals to help their child develop kindergarten readiness skills. For children whose parents received these messages, preschool attendance increased by about 2.5 school days, and chronic absenteeism — a measure of missing 10% or more of the school days in a school year — decreased by 20% compared to the children of parents who did not receive the messages. The text nudges and reminders helped align parents' actions with their long-term goals. This type of light-touch program is inexpensive and easy to scale, making it a viable tool for education policymakers aiming to reduce early absenteeism. Technology offers a promising solution to close the intention-action gap. Our recent Children and Parents Engaged in Reading (CAPER) study provided families with a tablet preloaded with a digital library of over 200 high-quality children's books. The tablet had no apps or internet access beyond the library to reduce distractions. The goal was to remove the obstacle of finding new books and to make shared reading as easy and engaging as possible. Related The impact on children's language skills was notable. Over an 11-month trial, low-income children whose families received access to the digital library showed approximately 0.3 standard deviations more progress in language skills (equivalent to three months of language learning on the test we gave to children) than those who did not, moving from roughly the 41st to the 50th percentile nationally. Notably, the treatment impact was significantly larger – 0.50 standard deviation, equivalent to approximately five months of language learning on the test we gave to children – for parents who exhibited present-biased preferences in assessments administered before the experiment began (as in the PACT study). Sometimes the best way to narrow the intention-action gap is to reduce barriers to the intended action. From Research Insights to Early Childhood Policy These research insights go beyond academics: They offer a new toolkit for early childhood policy. Traditional parenting programs often assume that if parents are informed about the benefits of their decisions or provided with free resources, they will naturally act accordingly. However, information and resources alone don't always lead to behavior change, especially when cognitive biases interfere. Relatively low-cost, behaviorally informed interventions can directly address the intention-action gap. For example, text-message programs can be scaled through school districts, pediatric clinics, or social service agencies to encourage behaviors like daily reading, conversations, or preschool attendance. Digital tools, such as the library tablet in the CAPER study, could be integrated into public early education programs or library initiatives to ensure families have access to books and find them easy and enjoyable to use. Such approaches can promote equity by focusing on parents who face more cognitive biases or for whom these biases cause the most harm. Behavioral tools can help close early learning gaps before children reach kindergarten, which research shows is the most effective and cost-efficient time to empower parents as active partners in their children's development. Solve the daily Crossword
Fox News
an hour ago
- Fox News
Army ROTC cadet dies during training at Fort Knox
An Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadet died during a summer training camp at Fort Knox, Kentucky, officials announced on Saturday. Cadet Neil Edara, 22, of Ridgewood, New Jersey, passed away during training on the Land Navigation site at Fort Knox on July 24, U.S. Army Cadet Command said in a statement. Edara joined ROTC at Rutgers University in September 2021. He was attending Cadet Summer Training as part of 9th Regiment, Advanced Camp. "Edara became unresponsive while conducting Land Navigation Training. He received immediate medical attention and was medically evacuated by helicopter to the University of Louisville, where he was pronounced deceased by medical professionals," U.S. Army Cadet Command said. "At this time, the cause of death is under investigation." Lt. Col. Timothy Sorensen, professor of military science, Rutgers University, described Edara as "one of the most dedicated and promising young leaders I've had the privilege to know." "His calm collected demeanor and unwavering commitment to excellence left a lasting impact on everyone around him," Sorensen added in a statement. "His loss is deeply felt across the entire ROTC and Rutgers community. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and loved ones during this incredibly difficult time." U.S. Army Cadet Command said the safety of cadets and cadre remains its top priority as training continues and "cadets have access to religious affairs or spiritual counseling and support as required." Fort Knox houses the U.S. Bullion Depository, often simply called the "Gold Vault." Built in 1936, the vault is believed to hold a large portion of U.S. gold reserves. The last audit happened in 1976. President Donald Trump in February said he wanted to visit Fort Knox along with Elon Musk and his so-called Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) at the time to verify the presence of gold. Fort Knox also hosts a wide range of military and training operations primarily focused on leadership and tactical readiness. Its land navigation sites feature varied terrain, including rolling woods, open fields and gravel roads.
Yahoo
2 hours ago
- Yahoo
15 Red Flags You're Being Manipulated By A 'Nice' Friend With A Dark Agenda
Friendships should be a source of joy and support, but sometimes what seems genuine might hide something more sinister. If you've ever had that nagging feeling in your gut that something is off with a friend, you might be dealing with manipulation cloaked in niceness. It's tricky because these friends often appear well-intentioned, but their actions can reveal otherwise. Let's dive into some signs that might indicate your "nice" friend has a darker agenda. 1. They Shower With Over-The-Top Compliments At first, it might feel great to receive an endless stream of praise from your friend, but excessive compliments can be a tool for manipulation. A study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology highlights how flattery can create a sense of indebtedness, making you more likely to comply with the flatterer's requests. When your friend constantly praises you, it might be their way of subtly controlling your actions and ensuring you focus on pleasing them. Consider whether their compliments come with strings attached or if they encourage you to make decisions you wouldn't normally make. Genuine friends uplift you, while manipulators use praise as a currency to get what they want. Over-the-top compliments can also undermine your self-confidence. If you start to rely on their approval to feel good about yourself, it can create an unhealthy dynamic. Instead of feeling empowered, you may become dependent on their validation. This dependency can lead to a cycle where you continually seek their approval, often at the cost of your own self-worth. Be wary if your friend's compliments feel more like a leash than a boost. 2. They Constantly Guilt-Trip Does your friend make you feel bad for not spending enough time with them, even when you have valid reasons? Guilt-tripping is a classic manipulation tactic used to control others. If a friend often makes you feel guilty for living your life, it's a sign they might be prioritizing their needs over yours. They might say things like, "I guess I'll just be alone again," subtly blaming you for their loneliness. This emotional manipulation can make you forgo your own plans and cater to theirs, which isn't healthy or fair. Guilt-tripping erodes your autonomy and can make you question your choices. If you notice you're constantly defending your actions or explaining your needs, it's a sign of imbalance in the friendship. Over time, this can breed resentment, as you may start feeling your friendship revolves solely around their needs. Genuine friends respect your boundaries and understand that your time and energy are valuable. They don't make you feel like you owe them for living your life. 3. They Play The Victim To Gain Sympathy Manipulative friends often portray themselves as victims to gain sympathy and control. According to Dr. George Simon, a psychologist and author of 'In Sheep's Clothing: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People,' manipulators use victimhood to exploit others' good nature. When a friend frequently casts themselves as a victim in every scenario, it can be a red flag. They might exaggerate their struggles to make you feel responsible for their happiness or to justify their behavior. This tactic can trap you into a cycle of caretaking, where you constantly have to rescue them from their self-imposed crises. Playing the victim can also manipulate group dynamics. By continuously presenting themselves as wronged or mistreated, they can sway the group's perception, gaining sympathy and support. This behavior creates an environment where you feel compelled to side with them, even against your better judgment. Over time, this can exhaust your emotional resources and strain your other relationships. True friends face challenges with resilience, not manipulation, and they don't drag others into their drama unnecessarily. 4. They're Selectively Generous Generosity is a wonderful trait, but when it's selective, it can be a tool for control. If your friend is only generous when they need something in return, it's a sign of manipulation. They might lavish you with gifts or favors, only to remind you of them later when they want something from you. This behavior creates a transactional relationship, where you start to feel indebted to them. It's important to recognize that true generosity doesn't come with conditions. Selective generosity can distort your perception of friendship. When you're constantly being reminded of what's been done for you, it turns genuine acts of kindness into leverage. You might start feeling anxious every time they offer to help, wondering what they'll expect in return. This can erode the foundation of trust and mutual support in your friendship. Real friends give without expecting anything back and understand that relationships aren't a scorecard. 5. They Test Your Loyalty A friend who frequently questions your loyalty might have ulterior motives. Dr. Carla Marie Manly, a clinical psychologist, mentions that trust-testing is a common tactic among manipulative personalities to keep you on your toes. When your friend sets up scenarios to test your allegiance, it might be their way of maintaining control over your relationship. This can manifest through jealousy or creating scenarios where you have to prove your commitment to them. Such behavior suggests that they are more interested in testing your loyalty than nurturing a healthy friendship. Constant loyalty tests can create unnecessary stress. Always feeling like you have to prove yourself can lead to emotional exhaustion and self-doubt. You might find yourself constantly second-guessing your actions, worrying that you're not doing enough to show your dedication. This dynamic can be both emotionally draining and damaging to your self-esteem. A healthy friendship should be built on trust and mutual respect, not endless tests and suspicion. 6. They Subtly Undermine You A manipulative friend might subtly undermine your confidence by planting seeds of doubt. They may disguise criticism as concern, making snide remarks about your choices or achievements. These comments erode your self-esteem over time, making you more reliant on their guidance and approval. It's important to distinguish between constructive feedback and comments meant to diminish your confidence. Genuine friends support your growth and encourage your autonomy. Subtle undermining can manifest in backhanded compliments or comparisons with others. This tactic is designed to make you question your worth and abilities. Over time, you might internalize their criticism and start doubting your potential. As your confidence wanes, their influence over you grows stronger. Recognizing this behavior is crucial to maintaining your self-worth and independence in the friendship. 7. Their Behavior Is Erratic When your friend's behavior swings from hot to cold, it can be a sign of manipulation. According to Dr. Susan Krauss Whitbourne, a professor of Psychology, inconsistency can keep people in a state of uncertainty and dependency. This unpredictability can make you feel anxious and eager to please, as you never know what version of them you'll encounter. One day they're enthusiastic and supportive; the next, they're distant and critical. This inconsistency can be emotionally exhausting and a tactic to keep you guessing and on edge. Inconsistent behavior can create a sense of instability in the friendship. You might find yourself walking on eggshells, unsure of how they'll react to different situations. This unpredictability can lead you to continuously alter your behavior to maintain their approval. Over time, this dynamic can take a toll on your mental health and self-assurance. True friends are consistent in their actions and emotions, providing a stable and supportive presence. 8. They Control Your Social Circle A manipulative friend might attempt to control who you spend time with, isolating you from others. They may criticize your other friends or make you feel guilty for spending time with anyone else. This behavior is often rooted in jealousy and a desire to monopolize your attention. By limiting your social interactions, they can exert more influence over your thoughts and decisions. Such behavior is unhealthy and a major red flag in any friendship. Controlling your social circle can lead to isolation. As you become more dependent on them for social interaction, you might lose touch with other friends. This isolation can make you more susceptible to their manipulation, as they become your primary source of support. It's crucial to maintain a diverse social network for a balanced perspective and emotional health. A true friend encourages your connections with others and respects your autonomy. 9. They Gaslight Your Feelings And Experiences Gaslighting is a manipulative tactic where someone makes you doubt your perceptions and experiences. If your friend frequently downplays your feelings or insists that your recollections are wrong, they might be gaslighting you. This behavior is designed to make you question your sanity and become more reliant on their version of reality. Over time, you might start doubting your instincts and judgment, which can erode your self-trust. A supportive friend validates your feelings and experiences instead of dismissing them. Gaslighting can have serious emotional consequences. When you're constantly told that your reality is wrong, it can lead to confusion and self-doubt. You might start relying on the manipulator to interpret situations for you, giving them more control over your thoughts and actions. Recognizing gaslighting is the first step in breaking free from its damaging effects. True friends respect your perspective and encourage you to trust yourself. 10. They Push Your Buttons And Your Boundaries Manipulative friends often push your boundaries to see how far they can go. They might pressure you to do things you're uncomfortable with or dismiss your attempts to establish limits. This behavior can make you feel guilty for asserting your needs and force you into situations you'd rather avoid. Over time, this erodes your ability to set healthy boundaries and assert your autonomy. Recognizing when your boundaries are being pushed is crucial for maintaining your self-respect and well-being. Boundary pushing can make you feel disempowered in the friendship. When your limits are constantly ignored, it sends a message that your needs are unimportant. This dynamic can lead to resentment and a feeling of being trapped in the friendship. It's essential to stand firm in your boundaries and communicate them clearly. A true friend respects your limits and values your comfort and well-being. 11. They Create Drama For No Reason Does your friend seem to thrive on chaos, constantly creating drama in their life and involving you in it? This behavior is often a manipulation tactic to keep you engaged and invested in their issues. They might exaggerate conflicts or create new ones to capture your attention and sympathy. This constant drama can be emotionally draining and distract you from your own life. A healthy friendship should provide balance and support, not constant turmoil. Creating drama can also foster dependency. As you get drawn into their chaos, you might feel responsible for helping them resolve their issues. This dynamic can consume your emotional resources and make you more focused on their problems than your own. Over time, you might find yourself trapped in a cycle of drama that's hard to break. Recognizing this pattern is key to protecting your emotional health and maintaining perspective. 12. They Withhold Their Attention And Affection Some manipulative friends use affection as a tool for control, giving or withholding it based on your actions. This tactic can create a cycle of reward and punishment, where you feel compelled to earn their approval through specific behaviors. Withholding affection can make you feel insecure and anxious, as you constantly seek their validation. This dynamic can erode your self-esteem and make you more dependent on their approval. A true friend gives affection freely, without conditions. Withholding affection can also create a power imbalance in the friendship. When one person controls the emotional climate, it puts them in a position of authority. This imbalance can make you feel powerless and desperate for their approval. Over time, the need for their affection can overshadow your own needs and desires. Recognizing this manipulation tactic is crucial for reclaiming your sense of self-worth and independence. 13. They Engage In Passive-Aggressive Behavior Passive-aggressive behavior is a subtle yet common manipulation tactic. A friend who uses sarcasm, backhanded compliments, or silent treatment might be expressing their dissatisfaction indirectly. This behavior can leave you feeling confused and unsure about their emotions, as they never communicate openly. Over time, this indirect hostility can create tension and insecurity in the friendship. A healthy friendship should be based on open communication, not hidden resentment. Passive-aggressive behavior can also undermine your confidence. When criticisms are masked as jokes or offhand comments, it can be difficult to address them directly. This ambiguity creates an environment where you're constantly second-guessing your actions and responses. It's important to recognize passive-aggressive behavior and address it openly. True friends communicate their feelings honestly and work toward resolving conflicts constructively. 14. They Monitor Your Every Move A friend who constantly checks up on you might be crossing a line. Excessive monitoring, whether through frequent calls, texts, or social media stalking, can be a form of control. They might justify this behavior as concern, but it often stems from a desire to manipulate your actions. This constant surveillance can make you feel trapped and erode your sense of privacy. A true friend respects your independence and doesn't feel the need to monitor your every move. Excessive monitoring can lead to a lack of trust in the friendship. When someone constantly checks on you, it can signal insecurity and a lack of faith in your choices. This behavior can create a sense of suffocation, where you feel like your life is under a microscope. It's essential to establish clear boundaries and communicate your need for privacy. Genuine friendship is built on mutual trust and respect, not surveillance. 15. They Play Favorites To Make You Feel Bad Does your friend have a habit of playing favorites, showing preferential treatment to others in your group? This behavior can be a manipulation tactic to incite jealousy and competition. By elevating one person over others, they can shift dynamics and create tension within the group. This favoritism can make you feel undervalued and uncertain about your standing in the friendship. A healthy relationship should be inclusive and supportive, not divisive. Playing favorites can also create unnecessary rivalry. When someone is constantly praised or favored, it can create a competitive environment that strains friendships. You might find yourself going out of your way to seek approval or trying to outshine others to maintain your position. This dynamic can be exhausting and detrimental to group cohesion. A true friend treats everyone with equal respect and appreciation, fostering harmony and unity. Solve the daily Crossword
