UPDATED: Two dead, at least 300 wounded including 67 critical, as Kenya protests turn violent: Emergency services
At least 60 people were killed last year by security forces in weeks of protests over tax rises and the dire economic situation for young Kenyans, peaking when a huge crowd stormed parliament on June 25.
Thousands gathered in central Nairobi and other towns on Wednesday, including the families of last year's victims, for initially peaceful anniversary marches.
They soon descended into chaos as scattered groups ripped up flagstones to throw projectiles at security forces and chanted for the resignation of President William Ruto.
"We are marching against police brutality, against oppression by the government, against high taxation, everything that is going wrong in this country," said Anthony, 25, who was also selling flags and did not want to give his full name.
Two people were shot and killed in the town of Matuu, around 100 kilometres (65 miles) from the capital, a hospital official said, with local media reporting that police had fired on protesters.
Emergency medics dealt with at least 300 injured people in Nairobi, including 67 in critical condition, an official with a multi-agency response team told AFP.
By late afternoon, local media showed huge crowds trying to reach the business district with police holding them off with roadblocks.
The government ordered TV and radio stations to halt live coverage of the protests, which gained momentum beyond the capital, including in the port city Mombasa.
NetBlocks, a global internet tracker, said social media platform Telegram had been restricted.
"We are here as the young generation. We want a complete overhaul of the system, the system is rotten, the system is rogue," said protester Florence Achala in Nairobi.
'Goons'
Anger has flared over police brutality, particularly after a teacher was killed in custody earlier this month.
A group of peaceful protesters was attacked last week by a gang of motorbike-riding "goons", as they are known in Kenya, armed with whips and clubs and working in tandem with the police.
Western embassies in Kenya, including those of Britain, Germany and the United States, criticised in a joint statement "the use of hired 'goons' to infiltrate or disrupt peaceful gatherings".
The "goons" were not clearly present on Wednesday but police used large amounts of tear gas and water cannons as they attempted to push back groups of protesters.
Analyst and lawyer Javas Bigambo told AFP he was worried political groups would exploit the volatile mood to foster violence.
"There is nothing good to celebrate about the events that happened last year," he said. "If we were serious about commemorating June 25th, it should be in solemnity, prayer and restraint."
Disillusioned
There is deep resentment against Ruto, who came to power in 2022 promising rapid economic progress.
Many are disillusioned by continued stagnation, corruption and high taxes, even after last year's protests forced Ruto to cancel the unpopular finance bill.
His government has been at pains to avoid direct tax rises this year.
But the frequent disappearances of government critics -- rights groups have counted more than 80 since last year's protests, with dozens still missing -- have led many to accuse Ruto of returning Kenya to the dark days of its dictatorship in the 1980s and 1990s.
Ruto has previously promised an end to abductions but was unapologetic in a speech on Tuesday, vowing to "stand by" the police.
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