Buxa home to over 8.5k hornbills, key species score high in Mahananda belt
Bengal is home to five species of hornbills — great Indian hornbill, rufous-necked hornbill, grey hornbill, oriental pied hornbill and wreathed hornbill.
The study is a Nature Mates-Nature Club and Nature Conservation Foundation collaboration, currently funded by Habitat Trust.
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While Buxa and Mahananda have scored high in terms of density-abundance and encounter rate of oriental pied hornbill — considered to be among the smallest of Asian hornbills — Latpanchar has recorded good density of rufous-necked hornbills — considered 'vulnerable' on IUCN Red list.
"To estimate hornbill density, abundance and distribution in Buxa, an occupancy-based survey was done over Sept-March of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021," said Sitaram Mahato of Nature Mates. "The estimated density of the three large-bodied species was low — less than 1 bird per sqkm — while that of the oriental pied hornbill was around 11 birds per sq km. Abundance estimates — number of individuals in a population — ranged from a mean of 27 birds for rufous-necked hornbill, 161 for great hornbill, 375 for wreathed hornbill and 8,050 for oriental pied hornbill at Buxa," said Shilpita Mandal of Nature Mates.
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Since Dec 2021, transect surveys to estimate hornbill population, abundance in Latpanchar, a fringe village of Mahananda located at an elevation of 1,100 m, was also conducted. From Dec 2021 to Dec 2023, in a total effort of 344.9 km, density estimate for rufous-necked hornbill was 9.6 /sq km. "Average encounter rates for direct sightings of Rufous-necked hornbill was 0.3/km and for the great hornbill was close to 0.1," said Kesang Dukka of Nature Mates.
"We also conducted a park-wide survey in Mahananda between Nov 19 and Dec 12, 2023. In a total effort of 40.5 km, there were 16 detections of oriental pied hornbill. There were 5 detections of great hornbills. But, during the survey, there were no detections of rufous-necked and Indian grey hornbill. Overall encounter rate (detections/km) for oriental pied hornbills was 0.4/km. The same for great hornbills was 0.1/km," NCF's Karishma Pradhan said, adding that in 2018, in a rapid survey at Neora Valley, there were at least 10 detections of rufous-necked in an effort of about 60 km.
It also highlighted breeding biology of hornbills, with nesting success of 81% in Buxa and 88% in Mahananda-Latpanchar. Hornbill conservation action plan was done with funding from Conservation Leadership Programme.
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