Latest news with #2025EconomicSurvey
&w=3840&q=100)
Business Standard
24-06-2025
- Business
- Business Standard
Without structural changes to economy, India risks its demographic dividend
Can a country get rich before it gets old? That is one of the fundamental questions in the studies of development. Each country goes through a demographic transition, in which a certain level of per capita income — associated with better natal care and more accessible health services — increases the birth rate and stimulates population growth, both of which come down after a few decades as behavioural patterns change and fertility declines. This interim period of fast population growth is one in which countries have a favourable dependency ratio; the working-age population is large, when compared to those who must be supported. A surplus can be built, and, if invested properly at macro level, it increases overall wealth and brings the country close to upper-income status. This has been the development process followed by countries around the world in the past century, especially in East Asia. India entered this phase in 2019, when the population between 15 and 64 began to dominate the number of children and the elderly. As this newspaper has shown, the country will retain this profile for another 30 years, at which point the ongoing decline in fertility rates catches up with the existing age distribution. This means that the current working-age population bears the responsibility of transitioning India to developed status, or 'Viksit Bharat'. This requires high and sustained growth in gross domestic product (GDP). During the equivalent period for China, GDP growth was, on average, 9.3 per cent. For India, growth since 2019 has been modest. This period was of course scarred by the pandemic. Nevertheless, the figures suggest that India's growth is about 3 percentage points or so slower than China's in the equivalent period. There was once a time when Indian policymakers aspired to double-digit growth; but now a certain complacency, or even pessimism, seems to have set in. The 2025 Economic Survey said that 8 per cent growth was needed for the achievement of Viksit Bharat. India seems a long way from achieving that growth rate on a replicable, steady basis. The most crucial difference between India and the other nations that might have achieved higher growth during their demographic transitions is the quality of human capital available. Fast growth puts enormous demands upon a workforce: They need life-long reskilling, as the economy moves through various frontier sectors and up the value chain. People who begin in agriculture move to low-end manufacturing, then higher-margin production, and might conclude their work life supporting the high-value services sector. This represents increasing productivity, increasing per capita income, and high GDP growth. But in India, the latest data suggests that this process of structural transformation might actually have reversed — agriculture has increased its share of relevant employment. The government must address this problem, given that the demographic transition is already here. It must support the working-age population in increasing their human capital, and promote the structural transformation of the economy. Primary education has seen under-investment and poor regulation, and consequently learning outcomes have been poor; this needs to be addressed. Migration from low- to high-productivity geographical regions and industrial sectors must also be promoted and supported. The skills mission has been complex and detached from industrial reality, and needs wholesale reform. And finally, more women must be encouraged and enabled to work outside the home.
Business Recorder
11-06-2025
- Business
- Business Recorder
Agri resources: PKRC urges govt to abandon corporate farming
LAHORE: The Pakistan Kissan Rabita Committee (PKRC) termed the '2025 Economic Survey' a wake-up call and called upon the government to abandon corporate farming and military control over agricultural resources and redistribute public agricultural lands among landless farmers, especially women and youth in plots of up to 12.5 acres. PKRC General Secretary Farooq Tariq, while commenting on Economic Survey of Pakistan 2024-25, said according to the survey, the agriculture sector recorded a meagre growth rate of just 0.56–0.6 percent in the past year - the lowest in the last nine years. Without the moderate growth in livestock (4.72%), fisheries (1.42%), and forestry (3.3%), the dismal performance of major crops would have dragged the overall sector into even deeper decline. The most staggering drop occurred in major crops, whose collective production fell by 13.49 percent. Cotton suffered a massive 30.7 percent decline with its cultivated area shrinking by 15.7 percent. Cotton ginning was also declined by 19 percent, compounding the crisis. Wheat production declined by 8.9 percent, primarily because the government, despite earlier promises, refused to purchase wheat from farmers at PKR 3,900 per 40 kg, leaving growers in despair. Other critical crops like sugarcane, rice, and maize also registered declines ranging from one percent to 15 percent. In December 2024, Punjab Chief Minister Maryam Nawaz claimed that wheat had been cultivated on 16.5 million acres—achieving 82 percent of the province's target. However, ground realities have proven otherwise. All major farmer organizations had already criticized the government's failure to procure wheat at the promised support price and warned that growers were abandoning wheat cultivation. Instead of acknowledging its policy failures, the government blames climate change: erratic monsoons, delayed sowing, and extreme heat. But the reality is that the government's neoliberal agricultural policies have failed miserably. By exposing farmers to the whims of the free market and refusing to implement meaningful protections, these policies have caused a steep drop in production, Farooq Tariq added. He said for the first time, the survey admits that cultivated area has decreased - especially for cotton and wheat. This has had a direct impact on national food security. Agriculture contributes 23–24% to Pakistan's GDP and provides employment to 37 percent of the workforce. A crisis in this sector affects the entire economy. Suggesting ways to strengthen the agricultural sector, PKRC General Secretary also proposed a ban on new canals, particularly those impacting the Indus River system, legal implementation of Minimum Support Prices (MSP), starting with wheat at PKR 4,000 per 40kg and a ban on private wheat imports and strengthening PASSCO for public procurement. He also called for accountability for the wheat crisis, including arrest and investigation of hoarders and speculators, regulation of agricultural markets to prevent price volatility, rejecting IMF and WTO policies that undermine farmers; rebuilding public procurement systems and ensuring real access to interest-free loans for small farmers, while excluding agri-businesses and banks from subsidies. Copyright Business Recorder, 2025
Daily Maverick
05-06-2025
- Business
- Daily Maverick
Running on empty – OECD, banks and business warn SA of stagnation
The OECD's latest Economic Survey, backed by Treasury, leading economists, the RMB/BER Business Confidence Index and the recently released Kearney Global Economic Outlook, warns that failure to implement urgent structural reforms risks tipping South Africa into an entrenched economic stall. South Africa's economic growth is not just slowing – it's stalling. The OECD's 2025 Economic Survey is a mirror that few policymakers want to face, and reinforces much of the analysis of South Africa's economic trajectory – and the answer is not good. GDP per capita remains lower than it was in 2007. South Africa is the only G20 country whose investment rate has declined over the past decade. That's not just a warning sign – it's an indictment. The RMB/BER Business Confidence Index, compiled by the Bureau for Economic Research, shows confidence remains below the 50-neutral mark across sectors, with manufacturers and retailers especially pessimistic about fixed investment prospects. RMB Macroeconomist Keabetswe Mojapelo told Daily Maverick, 'It's not just interest rates – it's policy unpredictability and grid instability weighing on business decisions'. What's new is the institutional alignment. Treasury, economists consulted by Daily Maverick, and the OECD itself now converge around a single diagnosis. As economist Dawie Roodt put it: 'We know what needs to be done, but the politics always get in the way.' Can we grow below water? The OECD projects just 1.5% GDP growth in 2025 – a figure too weak to reduce unemployment, too shallow to sustain revenue and far below peer economies. India has averaged above 6% for the past decade. South Africa, by contrast, is now 0.7% smaller than it was in 2019 in real per capita terms. The Kearney Global Economic Outlook, published in May 2025, places South Africa in the 'low potential' quadrant, citing sluggish domestic reform momentum, capital flight risk and tepid FDI inflows despite global capital rotation. Public investment has collapsed – down 26% since 2016. 'It's been a lost decade for growth… there's a risk this becomes the new normal,' says Izak Odendaal, chief investment strategist at Old Mutual Wealth. Debt dominates our fiscal table Debt-to-GDP stands at 77.4%. Crucially, interest payments now absorb 5.2% of GDP, outpacing allocations to school infrastructure and police services combined, and noted as 'fiscally unsustainable' in the OECD's report. 'The electricity reform is the clearest example of a reform that is actually working… But now it's time for phase two: fixing the grid, getting the transmission constraints resolved and ensuring that independent power producers can come fully online,' says Odendaal. Treasury acknowledges the bind, but has yet to commit to a fiscal anchor. Options include an expenditure ceiling, a primary surplus path, or a hard cap linked to GDP, but no model has been confirmed, which means no clear roadmap to solving our economic crisis. 'We're waiting for a crisis,' says Roodt. 'Just like with load shedding.' Electricity retrospectively a core constraint Load shedding cut 1.5 percentage points from GDP in 2023. The number of blackout days has dropped – from 289 in 2023 to just 69 so far in 2024 – but fragility remains. Grid access for IPPs is constrained, Eskom's debt is unresolved, and municipal billing failures compound the risk, particularly in metros where Eskom's non-payment battles have delayed revenue and planning cautions that while the load-shedding reprieve has helped sentiment, 'corporate boards remain wary. Private investment in energy hinges on regulatory transparency and a credible path to grid upgrades.''Restoring energy security remains essential to unlocking growth,' Deputy Finance Minister Ashor Sarupen said at the OECD report launch. The OECD highlights overdue steps: transmission unbundling, tariff reform, and substation investment. Sarupen confirmed alignment with the Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP) but warned of slow procurement cycles. Good plans, but slow hands The OECD praises Operation Vulindlela's design: 74% of phase one reforms are complete or on track. But execution lags in core infrastructure – rail, water, ports. Delays in freight rail liberalisation and digital spectrum rollout are holding back productivity. 'We're shifting water and electricity to utility models,' said Sarupen. Yet, as Odendaal notes, 'There's a danger in mistaking plans for outcomes.' The OECD calls for binding timelines, stronger intergovernmental coordination, and clarity on cost-recovery mechanisms for state internal sentiment tracking finds infrastructure policy scepticism remains high among surveyed CFOs and investors, despite recognition of Operation Vulindlela's design integrity. Jobs, grants, fiscal issues Unemployment is 32.6%. Among youth, it's over 60%. Over half of South Africans now rely on social grants. 'It's not just unemployment,' Roodt observes. 'Absolute poverty is rising too.' The OECD warns that job creation 'remains insufficient to absorb new entrants,' and that the labour market is structurally exclusionary. South Africa's employment-to-population ratio is far below its emerging market peers – not a temporary downturn, but a reflection of deep systemic failure. Informal work remains the fallback for millions, yet remains under-supported and outside the tax, training, and credit warns that 'continued joblessness and poor training-to-work transitions are not just economic drags, they risk becoming political liabilities.' Odendaal highlights the risk to institutional stability: 'The legitimacy of the entire system is increasingly under pressure. If a third of your population can't find a job and more than half are on grants, what kind of social contract is that?' He adds: 'We risk ending up with a situation where unemployment isn't just a growth or budget issue anymore – it starts undermining trust in public institutions.' Treasury points to youth employment schemes, such as the Presidential Employment Stimulus and SETA-linked training. But uptake is low, and outcomes are poorly tracked, with the subsequent risk being these programmes becoming little more than a political goodwill gesture. Education and the fragile foundation The OECD report dedicates an entire chapter to education. South Africa performs below comparable middle-income countries in foundational literacy and numeracy. Grade 4 reading levels are among the lowest globally, as shown in the PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study). Without basic education reform, the OECD warns, 'skills shortages will persist, and inequality will deepen.' Fixing the early learning pipeline is no longer optional. What climate transition? The carbon tax rate is R236 per tonne, but exemptions currently shield around 95% of emissions, including Eskom, which remains exempt until 2026. The OECD argues this undermines pricing signals and fiscal potential. Sarupen says allowances will be phased down: 'From 2026, exemptions will narrow. We're preparing the industry for a just transition.' Odendaal is less sanguine: 'The real political heat comes when those exemptions fall away.' The OECD warns that without enforcement, the carbon tax becomes symbolic. With enforcement, it becomes politically explosive. Monetary policy highlighting credibility The OECD recommends tightening the SARB's inflation band from 3-6% to 3-5%, and eventually to 2-4%. Roodt supports the move: 'The Reserve Bank already sees 3% as the midpoint. It's the right signal.' The global trend is toward narrower bands: Brazil and India target 4%; the US Fed anchors at 2%. South Africa's wide range weakens predictability. Disinflation and declining oil prices have opened a window, but anchoring expectations requires follow-through and communication. Broken municipalities Only 15% of municipalities received clean audits, according to the 2023/24 Auditor-General report. Treasury's municipal formula is under review, and Section 139 interventions have risen, but with limited impact. Odendaal is blunt: 'Local government isn't just failing – it's actively deterring investment.' The OECD agrees: municipal dysfunction is a top-tier risk to housing, infrastructure and basic services. SOEs face parallel crises. Eskom and Transnet's bailouts continue, but performance lags. The OECD calls for hard budget constraints, better board vetting and enforced turnaround all datasets – from the OECD survey to bank confidence trackers and global macro outlooks – the signals are converging. South Africa's structural constraints are no longer abstract policy concerns. They are now active barriers to private investment, job creation and political in the private sector, hope is cautious. Mojapelo notes that while sentiment indicators remain weak, 'credible movement on energy, logistics and fiscal clarity could shift the dial – but the window is narrowing.' It's reform or relapse This is not a technical debate, but an economically existential one. The OECD warns that without implementation credibility, South Africa risks falling into a low-growth trap that becomes ever more permanent.'Growth must be inclusive, climate-aligned and reform-led,' Sarupen said.
Fibre2Fashion
14-05-2025
- Business
- Fibre2Fashion
Kenya's garment-textile export sector anxious as AGOA expires in Sept
As the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is scheduled to expire in September this year, uncertainty looms over 66,000 jobs in Kenya's garment and textile export sector. The AGOA agreement, introduced in 2000 by the United States, was aimed at helping sub-Saharan African countries become part of the global market system. It was initially set for 15 years, but was extended in 2015 for another decade. President Donald Trump administration's push for reciprocal trade deals has created anxiety among countries that benefit from AGOA. As the US African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) is scheduled to expire in September, uncertainty looms over 66,000 jobs in Kenya's garment and textile export sector. Despite President William Ruto reassuring businesses in December 2024 that the pact will be renewed, the US administration's push for reciprocal trade deals has created anxiety among countries that benefit from AGOA. Despite Kenyan President William Ruto reassuring businesses during a speech in December last year that the agreement will be renewed, the country, a key beneficiary of the trade deal, now faces a tense wait to see if its biggest trade opportunity will survive beyond September, according to domestic media outlets. According to the 2025 Economic Survey released by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the number of workers in companies accredited to export under the AGOA pact rose to 66,804 in 2024, a year-on-year (YoY) rise of 15.18 per cent compared to 58,002 in 2023. The sharp rise in employment followed growing demand for Kenyan apparel ahead of the anticipated end of the duty- and quota-free trade arrangement. This job growth marked a strong recovery after the sector lost over 8,200 jobs in 2023. Employment had dropped by 12.46 per cent from 66,260 in 2022 due to declining global textile sales triggered by high inflation that reduced household spending. The 40 firms operating within export processing zones under AGOA also scaled up their capital investments by 21.1 per cent to Sh38.27 billion in 2024. As a result, earnings from exports jumped by 19.20 per cent to reach Sh60.57 billion in 2024. This was the highest export growth since 2018, when export earnings rose by 25.80 per cent to nearly Sh41.58 billion. Fibre2Fashion News Desk (DS)
