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Express Tribune
6 days ago
- Politics
- Express Tribune
Pakistan — a bit of history to understand the present
Listen to article Around the middle of the eighteenth century, traders from the islands of Britain were attracted to the land they were to call "India", named after the Indus River. The river originated in Tibet and then flowed through Kashmir into Pakistan. In a vast delta south of Karachi, now Pakistan's largest city and once its capital, the river emptied itself into the sea. The British did not come to India to conquer but to trade. They came to India to buy handicrafts from the skilled workers who produced delicate fabrics from the locally grown cotton. As they established their businesses, the areas' weak rulers offered some resistance which the British traders were able to overcome, sometimes with the help of local chiefs. Over time the British merchants were able to establish themselves as the rulers, laying the foundation of the British imperial raj. Their dominion over the vast land lasted for a couple of centuries. It was finally challenged by local politicians who took advantage of the way Britain had been weakened by its participation in the two world wars, the first fought from 1914 to 1919 and the second from 1939 to1945. The Indian independence movement was led by Mohandas Gandhi, a London-trained lawyer who launched a non-violent campaign against British rule after having tried the approach in South Africa. Gandhi's life as an ascetic and his pursuit of nonviolence as a weapon against the British colonisation of the country to which he originally belonged, became the model that other activists like Martin Luther King were to follow. In the early 1940s, the government in London headed by the Labor Pary leader Clement Attlee decided to leave India and transfer power to the leaderships of the Hindu dominated Congress Party and the Muslim dominated All-India Muslim League. This transfer took place after Attlee had agreed to divide the Indian colony into two states, India and Pakistan. India was to be a predominantly Hindu country while Pakistan was to have a Muslim population. The partition of the British colony led to what was to be later called "ethnic cleansing". As I estimated in my first book on Pakistan, fourteen million people moved from one country to the other. Eight million Muslims who were left on the Indian side of the border gave up their homes and headed towards Pakistan, while six million Hindus and Sikhs went in the other direction. They traveled mostly on foot and there were attacks on them by the members of the other communities. About a million people died in this mass transfer, some because of exhaustion and some because of communal killing. Khushwant Singh, a popular writer who wrote in English, published a widely read book on these moves. He called it The Train to Pakistan. More than half of the Muslim migrants headed to Karachi, which was chosen to be the new country's capital. The new arrivals spoke mostly Urdu while those who went to the Pakistani part of the province of Punjab were mostly Punjabi speaking. Punjabi was the language of the area they came from and settled on the lands the Sikh farmers had tilled before they pulled out their roots and headed to India. The majority of British India's Muslim population was concentrated in two areas: one in the northwest and the other in the northeast. The two together had a total of 65 million people, equally divided between the two regions. For a quarter century, these two areas were parts of the new state of Pakistan, mostly called the "wings" of the two countries. The wings were separated by a thousand miles of Indian territory. The remaining 35 million Muslims stayed in India, scattered in several areas in the vast domain. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of the Pakistani state. He belonged to the Khoja community, which was concentrated in the city of Karachi. This was one reason why that city was chosen to be Pakistan's first capital. It became what Stephen Inskeep, an American social scientist, called the Instant City. He called Karachi the instant city since within a matter of a few years, it was turned from a small port to a mega capital of millions of people. It was to remain Pakistan's capital for fourteen years. In 1961, General Ayub Khan threw out the civilian-led government and replaced it with the one dominated by the military. Ayub Khan's military rule was the first of four that were to govern Pakistan until 2008. In a long interview I had with him a few months before he died in Islamabad in 1974 at the age of 66, he asked me about the book I was writing on Pakistan. "Would you deal with the period when I governed Pakistan?" he asked me. I answered by saying no serious work on Pakistan would ignore his period. I said that in my view his eleven years in office, from 1958 to 1969, were the "golden years of Pakistan's nationhood". When I was a graduate student at Harvard University for several years, a number of books appeared on Pakistan written by Harvard economists who had served in the country's Planning Commission. They were of the view that the success achieved by Pakistan in the Ayub period could serve as a model for other developing countries to follow. Visibly pleased with my response, he said, "but Zulfie doesn't think so." This was a reference to the campaign launched by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who had served in his cabinet for several years, first as Commerce Minister and then as Minister in charge of Foreign Affairs. It was in the second position which he had that Pakistan become a close ally of China, accusing Ayub Khan of having become an American slave. Ayub Khan responded to this accusation by titling his memoirs, Friends Not Masters. India's Hindu population were not happy that a large number of Muslims over whom they would have liked to rule managed to get away and create a state of their own. However, there are 200 million Muslims who still live in India, the country the Hindu nationalists now like to call Bharat. To dominate this segment of the Indian population is seen as an unfinished business. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has abandoned its effort to be an inclusive place, tolerant of diversity. Its preference is to identify itself as primarily a Hindu state and changing the country's name from India to Bharat.
Sinar Daily
12-07-2025
- Sinar Daily
Bangladesh may not have a mega monument but what it has is captivating
DHAKA - Bangladesh may lack a spectacular tourist magnet like the Pyramids, but what it has is captivating. The megacity of Dhaka has iconic buildings, museums, cultural attractions and scenic parks. A general view of the bustling New Market area, one of the popular shopping hubs in Dhaka. The city's upscale Gulshan neighbourhood, known for its modern hotels, corporate towers and shopping centres, continues to attract both locals and visitors. - Bernama photo The magnificent Ahsan Manzil, the seat of Dhaka's erstwhile nawabs overlooking the Buriganga River, is a must-see place for a glimpse into Bangladesh's centuries-old past. Nawab Abdul Ghani (1813-1896) named this palace after his son Khawaja Ahsanullah (1846-1901). The building was completed in 1872 after 13 years of construction. The Ahsan Manzil, also known as the Pink Palace due to its distinctive hue, did not always exist in its current form. Its origin lies in a residence built in the 18th century by Sheikh Inayatullah, a zamindar (estate holder). The property was sold by Inayatullah's son, Sheikh Matiullah, to the French traders, from whom it was acquired by Nawab Khwaja Alimullah, Abdul Ghani's father, in 1830. The palace built by Abdul Ghani was reconstructed on a grander scale after it suffered massive damage in a tornado in 1888. Mindful of its historical significance, the Bangladesh government turned the stately building into a museum in 1992. Its impressive collection is certain to pique your interest in South Asian and Bengali history. The thousands of items displayed here reveal how the Nawabs of Bengal lived, governed, and interacted with their people and the wider region. This building was a witness to great historical events and hosted many meetings that have left their indelible mark on South Asia. Ahsanullah's son, Khwaja Salimullah, Bengal's foremost Muslim leader during the British period, founded the All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906. The collection of pictures and portraits, including those of the leading figures in the anti-colonial struggle, is fascinating. One elephant skull is sure to catch your attention. This belongs to the tusker named "Feroz Jung," a favourite of Nawab Abdul Ghani. Lalbagh Fort There is more history at the 17th-century Lalbagh Fort, a Mughal palace. One of the must-visit heritage sites, its construction was initiated by Prince Azam, the third son of Emperor Aurangzeb, in 1678. However, work was abandoned by Mughal subedar (provincial governor) Nawab Shaista Khan in 1684, following the death of his daughter, Pari Bibi. What was accomplished and what remains today is charming despite the visible incompleteness of a grand project. Pari Bibi's mausoleum is in the middle of the complex, a two-storey audience hall (Diwan) and hammam (bathhouse) are on the left side as you enter, and on the right stands a three-domed mosque. This fort may not rank high on the scale of grandeur associated with the hulking Mughal monuments elsewhere in South Asia. Still, it presents a lovely sight, representing the architectural elegance and engineering of that era. It is made more pleasant by Bangladesh's horticulture expertise in maintaining the complex. You may continue to explore Bengal's history at Dhaka University, where one of the buildings is named after Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India between 1899 and 1905, who inaugurated the Curzon Hall in 1904. Curzon is known for Bengal's 1905 partition, a controversial move that was reversed years later in the face of Indian nationalistic furore. The Mausoleum of the Three Leaders is nearby. It houses the graves of three significant figures in South Asian history: A.K. Fazlul Huq (1873-1962), Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (1892-1963), and Khwaja Nazimuddin (1894-1964). Modern parliament building The national Parliament building is another site worth visiting. Designed by architect Louis Kahn, its construction began in 1961, when Bangladesh was still East Pakistan, and was completed in 1982. The parliament house has a truly iconic presence in the capital city. Dhaka today is a vast, bustling metropolis, preserving its heritage and building a future driven by global commerce and geopolitical currents. Bangladesh's physical proximity to Southeast Asia creates a natural desire to develop greater trade, travel, culture and business linkages with ASEAN. Bangladesh has a robust food sector, with its cuisine influenced by its cultural heritage and regional agricultural richness. Rice, beef, seafood, vegetables and dairy products are widely used. Sadarghat river terminal You can watch the launches, boats, and barges of various shapes and sizes arrive at and depart from the busy port of Sadarghat on the Buriganga River. These vessels serve countless locations in Bangladesh and make you wonder how vital water transport is in the "Land of Rivers". The Buriganga is in a state of decay today, but Dhaka cannot be imagined without this vital waterway. The river was believed to be among the reasons why the Mughals made Dhaka their regional capital. Wander the docks for an up-close view of the vessels. For exhilarating panoramic views of the river, have a meal in Buriganga Riverview Restaurant. This rooftop restaurant has the ambience of a boat sailing on water, with the front dining area making you float with the river scenery. A 'city in ruins' at Sonargaon About 35 kilometres from Dhaka, visiting Sonargaon is worth the effort. Here lies Panam Nagar, "a city in ruins" preserved in pastoral settings. The settlement of Panam Nagar features the remains of 52 beautifully built houses, blending European and Mughal architectural styles, on both sides of a 600-metre-long street. The foundation of this settlement was laid by moneyed Hindu merchants 130 years ago. Its residents migrated to India following the political upheavals of the 20th century. Sonargaon itself is rich in history. A plaque at Panam Nagar informs that the Hindu king named Danujmadhob established his capital in the area in the 13th century and that it was one of the administrative hubs of the Bengal Sultanate. After 1610, it came under Mughal control. Inspired by the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal in Agra, built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, is renowned the world over as the monument of love. Its scaled-down replicas have been built in some places. In Bangladesh, filmmaker and businessman Ahsanullah Moni is such an admirer of the Mughal emperor that 17 years ago, he built a replica of the Taj, known as "Banglar Taj Mahal", near Sonargaon. The village is located approximately 30 kilometres northeast of Dhaka. The imitation stands in a lovely landscaped site. A short walk from the faux Taj is the "Rajmoni Pyramid", inspired by Egypt's pyramids. Some may get upset at the imitations because these do not reflect the magnificence of the wonders of the world. These attractions have been created in a theme park style within bucolic surroundings, with tropical flowers and fruit-bearing trees providing a real treat for the eyes. - BERNAMA
Barnama
07-07-2025
- Barnama
Bangladesh May Not Have A Mega Monument But What It Has Is Captivating
The megacity of Dhaka has iconic buildings, museums, cultural attractions and scenic parks. DHAKA, July 7 (Bernama) -- Bangladesh may lack a spectacular tourist magnet like the Pyramids, but what it has is captivating. The building was completed in 1872 after 13 years of construction. The magnificent Ahsan Manzil, the seat of Dhaka's erstwhile nawabs overlooking the Buriganga River, is a must-see place for a glimpse into Bangladesh's centuries-old past. The palace built by Abdul Ghani was reconstructed on a grander scale after it suffered massive damage in a tornado in 1888. The property was sold by Inayatullah's son, Sheikh Matiullah, to the French traders, from whom it was acquired by Nawab Khwaja Alimullah, Abdul Ghani's father, in 1830. The Ahsan Manzil, also known as the Pink Palace due to its distinctive hue, did not always exist in its current form. Its origin lies in a residence built in the 18th century by Sheikh Inayatullah, a zamindar (estate holder). Mindful of its historical significance, the Bangladesh government turned the stately building into a museum in 1992. Its impressive collection is certain to pique your interest in South Asian and Bengali history. The thousands of items displayed here reveal how the Nawabs of Bengal lived, governed, and interacted with their people and the wider region. This building was a witness to great historical events and hosted many meetings that have left their indelible mark on South Asia. Ahsanullah's son, Khwaja Salimullah, Bengal's foremost Muslim leader during the British period, founded the All-India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906. The collection of pictures and portraits, including those of the leading figures in the anti-colonial struggle, is fascinating. One elephant skull is sure to catch your attention. This belongs to the tusker named "Feroz Jung," a favourite of Nawab Abdul Ghani. Lalbagh Fort There is more history at the 17th-century Lalbagh Fort, a Mughal palace. One of the must-visit heritage sites, its construction was initiated by Prince Azam, the third son of Emperor Aurangzeb, in 1678. However, work was abandoned by Mughal subedar (provincial governor) Nawab Shaista Khan in 1684, following the death of his daughter, Pari Bibi. What was accomplished and what remains today is charming despite the visible incompleteness of a grand project. Pari Bibi's mausoleum is in the middle of the complex, a two-storey audience hall (Diwan) and hammam (bathhouse) are on the left side as you enter, and on the right stands a three-domed mosque. This fort may not rank high on the scale of grandeur associated with the hulking Mughal monuments elsewhere in South Asia. Still, it presents a lovely sight, representing the architectural elegance and engineering of that era. It is made more pleasant by Bangladesh's horticulture expertise in maintaining the complex. You may continue to explore Bengal's history at Dhaka University, where one of the buildings is named after Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India between 1899 and 1905, who inaugurated the Curzon Hall in 1904. Curzon is known for Bengal's 1905 partition, a controversial move that was reversed years later in the face of Indian nationalistic furore. The Mausoleum of the Three Leaders is nearby. It houses the graves of three significant figures in South Asian history: A.K. Fazlul Huq (1873-1962), Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (1892-1963), and Khwaja Nazimuddin (1894-1964). Modern parliament building The national Parliament building is another site worth visiting. Designed by architect Louis Kahn, its construction began in 1961, when Bangladesh was still East Pakistan, and was completed in 1982. The parliament house has a truly iconic presence in the capital city. Dhaka today is a vast, bustling metropolis, preserving its heritage and building a future driven by global commerce and geopolitical currents. Bangladesh's physical proximity to Southeast Asia creates a natural desire to develop greater trade, travel, culture and business linkages with ASEAN. Bangladesh has a robust food sector, with its cuisine influenced by its cultural heritage and regional agricultural richness. Rice, beef, seafood, vegetables and dairy products are widely used. Sadarghat river terminal You can watch the launches, boats, and barges of various shapes and sizes arrive at and depart from the busy port of Sadarghat on the Buriganga River. These vessels serve countless locations in Bangladesh and make you wonder how vital water transport is in the "Land of Rivers". The Buriganga is in a state of decay today, but Dhaka cannot be imagined without this vital waterway. The river was believed to be among the reasons why the Mughals made Dhaka their regional capital. Wander the docks for an up-close view of the vessels. For exhilarating panoramic views of the river, have a meal in Buriganga Riverview Restaurant. This rooftop restaurant has the ambience of a boat sailing on water, with the front dining area making you float with the river scenery. A 'city in ruins' at Sonargaon About 35 kilometres from Dhaka, visiting Sonargaon is worth the effort. Here lies Panam Nagar, "a city in ruins" preserved in pastoral settings. The settlement of Panam Nagar features the remains of 52 beautifully built houses, blending European and Mughal architectural styles, on both sides of a 600-metre-long street. The foundation of this settlement was laid by moneyed Hindu merchants 130 years ago. Its residents migrated to India following the political upheavals of the 20th century. Sonargaon itself is rich in history. A plaque at Panam Nagar informs that the Hindu king named Danujmadhob established his capital in the area in the 13th century and that it was one of the administrative hubs of the Bengal Sultanate. After 1610, it came under Mughal control. Inspired by the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal in Agra, built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, is renowned the world over as the monument of love. Its scaled-down replicas have been built in some places. In Bangladesh, filmmaker and businessman Ahsanullah Moni is such an admirer of the Mughal emperor that 17 years ago, he built a replica of the Taj, known as "Banglar Taj Mahal", near Sonargaon. The village is located approximately 30 kilometres northeast of Dhaka. The imitation stands in a lovely landscaped site. A short walk from the faux Taj is the "Rajmoni Pyramid", inspired by Egypt's pyramids. Some may get upset at the imitations because these do not reflect the magnificence of the wonders of the world. These attractions have been created in a theme park style within bucolic surroundings, with tropical flowers and fruit-bearing trees providing a real treat for the eyes. -- BERNAMA BERNAMA provides up-to-date authentic and comprehensive news and information which are disseminated via BERNAMA Wires; BERNAMA TV on Astro 502, unifi TV 631 and MYTV 121 channels and BERNAMA Radio on FM93.9 (Klang Valley), FM107.5 (Johor Bahru), FM107.9 (Kota Kinabalu) and FM100.9 (Kuching) frequencies. Follow us on social media : Facebook : @bernamaofficial, @bernamatv, @bernamaradio Twitter : @ @BernamaTV, @bernamaradio Instagram : @bernamaofficial, @bernamatvofficial, @bernamaradioofficial TikTok : @bernamaofficial
India Gazette
15-05-2025
- Politics
- India Gazette
"I sure as hell helped settle problem between India-Pak last week," claims Trump
Doha [Qatar], May 15 (ANI): US President Donald Trump on Thursday claimed to have played a role in settling the escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. According to Trump, the situation was getting 'more and more hostile' but somehow managed to get it 'settled.' Speaking to American troops at a base in Doha, Qatar, Trump mentioned that both countries were happy with the trade discussion, suggesting that focusing on trade instead of conflict could be a way forward. 'I don't want to say I did, but I sure as hell helped settle the problem between Pakistan and India last week, which was getting more and more hostile, and all of a sudden, you'll start seeing missiles of a different type, and we got it settled,' Trump said. Tensions between India and Pakistan heightened after a deadly attack in Kashmir's Pahalgam, which killed 26 people. India accused Pakistan of supporting the attack, leading to a series of diplomatic and military actions, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and Operation Sindoor. The US President mentioned that the situation was 'escalating out of control' but seemed confident that his efforts had contributed to a resolution. 'I hope I don't walk out of here and two days later find out that it's not settled, but I think it is settled, and we talked to them about trade. Let's do trade instead of, and Pakistan was very happy with that, and India was very happy with that, and I think they're on the way...' He also commented on the historical nature of the dispute. 'They have been fighting for about a 1000 years in all fairness. So I said, you know. I could settle that up. I could settle; let me settle it up, and let's get them all together. How long have you been fighting for about 1000 years? Oh, that's a lot. I'm not sure about that. I'm not sure about settling. That's a tough one. They've been fighting for a long time... It was really going to be escalating out of control.' Notably, Pakistan was created on August 14, 1947, as a result of the Partition of India, which was driven by the demand for a separate Muslim state. The partition was officially sanctioned by the Indian Independence Act of 1947, leading to the formation of both Pakistan and India as independent dominions. The All-India Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, played a key role in advocating for the creation of Pakistan. Earlier today, foreign affairs expert KP Fabian asserted that India's decision to engage with Pakistan was not a result of US mediation post Operation Sindoor. He said that the US played a subtle yet significant role in pushing Pakistan towards the ceasefire talks. Speaking to ANI, Fabian clarified that the US did not facilitate direct mediation between India and Pakistan. Instead, the Americans seem to have nudged Pakistan in the right direction, encouraging them to talk with India directly. 'America did not mediate; they might have pushed Pakistan at some point for the ceasefire. It was not the US telling us, 'You should talk about it, India will do this, Pakistan will do that,' - that would be termed mediation. However, pushing Pakistan towards the ceasefire talks is not mediation but is still good. We are grateful to them for that much. We should thank President Trump for this, but the thanks is in context, not for the mediation; I clarify that there was no mediation. America just pushed Pakistan in the right direction, and we thank them for it,' he said. After the intense cross-border hostilities between India and Pakistan, a ceasefire was brokered on May 10, the US played a subtle yet significant role in pushing Pakistan towards the ceasefire talks. The US administration's behind-the-scenes efforts, particularly those of Vice President JD Vance and Secretary of State Marco Rubio, involved extensive communication with Indian and Pakistani officials. Vance reportedly called Prime Minister Narendra Modi, urging him to consider de-escalation options, while Rubio spoke with India's External Affairs Minister, S Jaishankar, and Pakistan's Army Chief, General Asim Munir. These diplomatic efforts ultimately led to Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations reaching out to India's DGMO to discuss a possible ceasefire. While the US attempted to take credit for the ceasefire, Fabian suggested that their role was more nuanced. According to Fabian, when US President Trump announced that he had spoken to both parties and secured a ceasefire agreement, the Indian government was 'quite upset' with the claim. India took decisive action, leaving Pakistan uncertain about its next steps. Pakistan faced a dilemma: escalate the situation or seek a US stepped in, urging Pakistan to request a ceasefire. The US then informed India of Pakistan's request, but India insisted on direct communication from Pakistan. 'When President Trump said before the announcement that he had spoken to both parties throughout the night and that we had agreed to the ceasefire, our people were quite upset with that. America did not mediate. We were stern with our actions, and Pakistan did not know what to do next. Should they escalate, or do they ask India to discuss a ceasefire? They were in a dilemma,' Fabian said, reflecting on the tense period of engagement. Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) eventually contacted their Indian counterpart, and the two DGMOs agreed to talks, paving the way for a ceasefire. Fabian highlighted India's firm stance, ultimately leading to Pakistan seeking a ceasefire. The diplomatic efforts culminated in a fragile peace between the two nations. He detailed how the situation unfolded diplomatically. 'During that time, America asked Pakistan to ask for a ceasefire. The US then told us that Pakistan is asking for a ceasefire, and we said fine, good enough, but we would want to hear that straight from Pakistan. Pakistan should tell us directly that they want a ceasefire. The Pakistani DGMO called after that, and after a while, our respective DGMOs agreed on the talk.' Operation Sindoor was launched by the Indian Armed Forces in the early hours of May 7, targeting nine terror sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir (PoJK). The operation was a retaliatory response to the May 5 terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir's Pahalgam, which killed 26 civilians, including one Nepali national, and injured several others. In response, Pakistan carried out cross-border shelling across the Line of Control and attempted drone attacks along the border regions. India retaliated with a coordinated strike, damaging radar infrastructure, communication centres, and airfields across Pakistani airbases. (ANI)
India.com
24-04-2025
- Politics
- India.com
How many Muslim soldiers remained in the Indian Army after 1947 partition? The answer is...
The partition of India in 1947 is one of the most significant events in Indian history. It led to the creation of two independent nations: India and Pakistan. It is to be noted that the partition was the result of political and religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims, fueled by decades of British colonial rule and the demand for a separate Muslim state by the All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. But have you wondered how many soldiers crossed over into Pakistan? When India and Pakistan were divided, not just land and people, but entire cities, towns, streets, and neighborhoods that once belonged to undivided India were split between the two newly formed nations. To ensure the security of both India and Pakistan, the military also had to be divided. According to the ABP News report, at the time of partition, around 260,000 Hindu and Sikh soldiers chose to stay in India, while approximately 140,000 Muslim soldiers moved to Pakistan and became part of its armed forces. As a result, about two-thirds of the Indian Army remained with India, while one-third joined the military ranks of Pakistan. The division of the country was done primarily on the basis of religion — Pakistan was created for Muslims, while India remained home to Hindus and Sikhs. However, people were given the freedom to choose which country they wanted to live in. The same principle applied to the division of the Indian Army. The partition of soldiers was based on two factors. The first was religion — soldiers were divided between India and Pakistan based on their faith. The second was personal choice — soldiers were given the freedom to decide whether they wanted to serve in the Indian or Pakistani army. It is believed that before partition, Muslims made up around 30 to 36 percent of the Indian Army. However, after the division, the percentage of Muslim soldiers in the Indian Army dropped significantly, with only about 2 percent remaining. You may have heard many stories of bravery from the Rajputana Rifles in the Indian Army. This regiment also had a unit of Muslim soldiers. When the country was partitioned, this group of Muslim soldiers moved to Pakistan and joined its army. They were later merged into the Baloch Regiment of the Pakistan Army.
