Latest news with #Baulieu
The Guardian
5 days ago
- Health
- The Guardian
Étienne-Émile Baulieu obituary
The French doctor and biochemist, Étienne-Émile Baulieu, who has died aged 98, was known as the 'father of the abortion pill' for the development of RU486 (mifepristone) in 1980. It blocks the uptake of progesterone, which is essential for a successful pregnancy and, taken with a second drug (misoprostol), triggers a miscarriage. 'Medical abortion', as taking the two pills is known, is faster and more convenient than surgical procedures, and in 2022 accounted for 86% of terminations in the UK. Baulieu told the German newspaper Die Zeit that when he was in Calcutta in the early 1970s, he was approached by a young woman begging. She had two very young children in tow and cradled a baby in her arms. He could see the baby had died. He told Die Zeit that the moment was pivotal: 'The fatalism of extreme poverty and pregnancies! At that moment, I decided to stand up for women to make sure they could make their own decisions about their bodies. It gave meaning to my life as a doctor and researcher.' At this time, Baulieu, who had made key discoveries about the hormone DHEA, was director of a research unit at Inserm (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research) and professor of biochemistry at the Bicêtre faculty of medicine at the University of Paris-Sud. Creating a pill to stop pregnancy had been on his mind for a long time. In 1961 he had discussed with Gregory Pincus, the US inventor of the contraceptive pill, that if a chemical could be found to block the uptake of progesterone in the uterus, it would be impossible for a fertilised egg to embed. Baulieu was able to research a suitable drug at Roussel Uclaf, a French pharmaceutical company that specialised in steroid hormones, where he was a consultant. It was a long road, but in 1980 he identified his antiprogesterone chemical, which the company called RU486 (RU from their initials and 486 because it was the 38,486th substance they had synthesised). A tortuous path followed to bring the drug to market. Roussel Uclaf underwent a lot of changes in the 70s and the German pharmaceutical giant Hoechst AG became its majority shareholder. Baulieu lobbied the Hoechst management hard to bring RU486 to market, but the chief executive, Wolfgang Hilger, was a devout Catholic and shrank from the adverse publicity it was attracting. As news of RU486 circulated, hostile articles in the press appeared and letters poured in to Roussel Uclaf. Some called it 'a chemical coathanger' and Pope Jean-Paul II denounced it as 'the pill of Cain' (referring to the Bible story in which Cain kills his brother Abel). There were demonstrations, and anti-abortionists bought shares in Roussel Uclaf, so that they could attend and disrupt shareholder meetings. Baulieu was likened to Josef Mengele, the Nazi doctor who had conducted hideous experiments in concentration camps. He had to have a bodyguard at public meetings, and at a New Orleans conference he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt, when his talk was rescheduled at the last minute. The bomb intended for him injured another hapless speaker. Roussel Uclaf dithered during the 80s, submitting but then retracting its application to the French ethics committee to have RU486 licensed for use. In September 1988 the drug was finally approved by the French authorities, but under pressure from anti-abortionists a month later Roussel Uclaf said that it would stop marketing it. At the time, Baulieu was at the World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Incensed, he organised a petition that thousands of doctors at the conference signed, insisting it should be made available to women. The row made newspaper headlines all over the world, and the French health minister Claude Évin intervened, saying in a TV interview that sales of RU486 must resume as the government had approved the drug and it was the 'moral property of all women'. Roussel Uclaf complied and slowly RU486 was licensed in other countries, for example the UK (1991) and Sweden (1992). Baulieu soldiered on, lobbying for it to be licensed elsewhere, including in the US. He stressed it was safer than anything else, telling the New York Times in 1989, 'Almost 50 million women have abortions each year, and some 150,000 women die annually from botched abortions. RU486 could save the lives of thousands of women.' Baulieu was born Étienne Blum in Strasbourg to Léon Blum, a nephrologist, and Thérèse (nee Lion), a lawyer. His father died when he was three and his mother took him and his two sisters, Simone and Françoise, to live first in Paris and then in Grenoble, where he attended the lycée Champollion. The second world war was well under way and France was occupied by the Nazis. Aged 15, Baulieu and his classmates were committing acts of defiance such as throwing stones at people who worked for the Germans and distributing anti-Nazi leaflets. One day he spied a couple of men outside a cafe where he was sitting whom he reckoned might be Germans tailing him. Slipping out through a window at the back, he left Grenoble without a word to his family, and met up with undercover French Resistance members in Chambéry in south-east France. False papers were a must, and he changed his name from Étienne Blum to Émile Baulieu (making himself a year older at the same time, so that he could buy cigarettes). His group mostly ferried weapons, but in 1944 they kidnapped Charles Marion, a prominent officer in the Vichy regime, and executed him. As the youngest, Baulieu was excused from shooting the prisoner, but he was tasked instead with taking photographs of the event. At the end of the war, Baulieu was reunited with his family and studied medicine and biochemistry at the Université Paris Cité, qualifying in 1955. He had wanted to enrol at medical school under his true name but, as his ID card had 'Émile Baulieu', he had to be enrolled as such, and the name stuck. He preferred to be called Étienne-Émile Baulieu. Aged 20 in 1947, Baulieu married Yolande Compagnon and had three children: Catherine, Laurent and Frédérique. They remained married until Yolande died in 2015, but for decades lived separate lives. In the 60s Baulieu socialised with artists such as Andy Warhol and Frank Stella, and had affairs with the film star Sophia Loren and the artist Niki de Saint Phalle. In the 90s he met his long-term partner, Simone Harari, a TV executive, and they married in 2016. In the late 90s Baulieu retired from Inserm and his university posts, but continued to teach and conduct research for the rest of his life. He was a professor emeritus at the Collège de France and he set up the Institut Baulieu in 2008 as a vehicle for his new research interest: to understand neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Tau proteins are thought to interfere with brain cell communication; into his 90s Baulieu was working on a way to target them with another naturally occurring protein that he had identified. In 2003-04 he chaired the French Academy of Sciences and in 1989 won the prestigious Albert Lasker prize. In 2023 President Macron awarded him France's highest honour: the grand cross of the Légion d'Honneur. Baulieu is survived by his wife, his three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. Étienne-Émile Baulieu (Étienne Blum), doctor and biochemist, born 12 December 1926; died 30 May 2025
NDTV
01-06-2025
- Health
- NDTV
Abortion Pill Inventor Etienne-Emile Baulieu Dies At 98
Rome: French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill, died on Friday aged 98 at his home in Paris, his institute said in a statement. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," the Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on Dec. 12, 1926, he took the name "Emile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute added. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honored with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honor) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom." "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he added. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren, his institute said.
The Advertiser
31-05-2025
- Health
- The Advertiser
French inventor of the abortion pill dies at 98
French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill RU 486, has died aged 98 at his home in Paris. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on December 12, 1926, he took the name "Émile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery, the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute said. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honoured with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honour) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom". "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he said. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill RU 486, has died aged 98 at his home in Paris. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on December 12, 1926, he took the name "Émile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery, the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute said. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honoured with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honour) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom". "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he said. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill RU 486, has died aged 98 at his home in Paris. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on December 12, 1926, he took the name "Émile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery, the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute said. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honoured with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honour) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom". "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he said. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren. French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill RU 486, has died aged 98 at his home in Paris. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on December 12, 1926, he took the name "Émile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery, the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute said. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honoured with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honour) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom". "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he said. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.
Boston Globe
31-05-2025
- Health
- Boston Globe
Étienne-Émile Baulieu, ‘father of the abortion pill,' dies at 98
'I do not like abortion,' Dr. Baulieu wrote in his 1991 book, 'The Abortion Pill,' written with journalist Mort Rosenblum. 'But neither do I believe that women should be deprived of their most fundamental rights.' Dr. Baulieu, who specialized in hormone research at a French government lab, had already by the 1970s made one breakthrough discovery relating to a hormone and certain health risks. He next sought to explore new birth control methods, nearly two decades after the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved for use in the United States in 1960. Get Starting Point A guide through the most important stories of the morning, delivered Monday through Friday. Enter Email Sign Up Dr. Baulieu narrowed his research to sex hormones, particularly progesterone, which is essential to pregnancy because it prepares the uterus for a newly fertilized egg. Advertisement He knew that the French drug company Roussel-Uclaf — where he was a consultant on drug development — would not invest in a sex-hormone drug linked to birth control. Instead, he nudged the company to support work on a molecular compound to block cortisone, a hormone involved in blood sugar regulation, metabolism, and suppressing inflammation. Advertisement The key for Dr. Baulieu was that cortisone had a chemical structure similar to that of progesterone. Dr. Baulieu suggested that a cortisone-blocking agent, called an anti-glucocorticoid, could be useful for the treatment of burns, wounds, and glaucoma. Privately, he also hoped it would act as an anti-progesterone and prove effective in terminating early pregnancies without the need for surgery. In 1980, Roussel-Uclaf chemist Georges Teutsch synthesized RU-38486, or the 38,486th compound created at the company's labs. The compound — its molecular name shortened to RU-486 — was found to block the function of progesterone and cortisone, as Dr. Baulieu anticipated. He ultimately persuaded the company to pursue human abortion trials. He first, however, had to make the case that RU-486 was safe. Toxicity tests had caused three monkeys to become so ill that they had to be euthanized. Dr. Baulieu argued that the drug was working as it should, but that the monkeys were given doses that were too high. He told the Observer, a British newspaper, that he had 'rescued RU-486 from oblivion.' After clinical trials — first in Switzerland, then in Hungary and Sweden — Roussel-Uclaf received French approval in 1988 to market the drug to end pregnancies up to 10 weeks after a missed menstrual period. RU-486 (whose generic name is mifepristone and which was marketed as mifeprex in the United States) is followed within 48 hours by a drug known as misoprostol to induce uterine contractions. The two drugs are supposed to be prescribed by a physician and can be taken at home without medical supervision. RU-486 was the product of a team effort, but Dr. Baulieu was seen as the drug's key architect and advocate. He became known as 'the father of the abortion pill' and was a reviled target of antiabortion activists and others. Advertisement The Vatican in 1997 denounced RU-486 as 'the pill of Cain: the monster that cynically kills its brothers.' In Canada, a billboard once displayed Dr. Baulieu's picture and the words, 'Wanted for genocide.' In 1988, he was protected by bodyguards during a trip to the United States. But he also said he received messages of thanks from women who were able to end their pregnancies without a surgical procedure. In France, the antiabortion sentiment was so strong that Roussel-Uclaf halted production of the drug soon after it was approved for distribution. Protests raged outside Roussel-Uclaf headquarters in Paris. 'You are turning the uterus into a crematory oven,' demonstrators yelled, alluding to the production of poison gas for Nazi Germany by a predecessor of Hoechst, the holding company that owned Roussel-Uclaf. With drug production on hold, Dr. Baulieu traveled to Brazil for a medical conference that turned into a 'pep rally' for RU-486, the New York Times reported. By the end of the conference, the drug was reinstated by Roussel-Uclaf. Claude Évin, then health minister of France, had declared that RU-486 was 'the moral property of women.' 'Before we left Rio,' Dr. Baulieu wrote in his book, 'we opened the champagne.' The FDA approved mifepristone (pronounced mi-fuh-PRI-stone) in 2000, more than a decade after it became available in China and in Russia and other parts of Europe. (U.S. research into the drug as an abortion medication had been banned, but it was studied as a treatment for hormonal disorders including Cushing's syndrome.) The drug's delay in the United States came from fear of boycotts against Hoechst and a heavily politicized climate around the approval process. Advertisement Since Roe v. Wade and its protection of U.S. abortion rights were overturned in 2022, mifepristone has been at the center of legal questions over whether antiabortion states can block the Postal Service from delivering the drug. Mifepristone is used in more than 60 percent of abortions in the United States, according to the Guttmacher Institute, a research and policy group focusing on reproductive health. 'Ideology and machismo, alas, weigh more heavily than rationality and scientific proof,' Dr. Baulieu told the New Yorker in 2022. 'A method that makes the termination of pregnancy less physically traumatic for women and less risky to their health has always been rejected by pro-lifers: What they really seek is to harm and punish women.' He often recounted an incident from his medical residency in Paris in the 1950s. A surgeon, scraping the uterus of a woman who had self-administered an abortion, refused to render her unconscious with general anesthesia, remarking that it would 'teach her a lesson she will remember,' he said. As an authority on reproduction, Dr. Baulieu became part of a government committee that helped change French law in 1967 to allow the birth control pill. Later, during a visit to India in 1970, Dr. Baulieu was shaken when a woman begging for money shoved the body of her dead child at him. 'During that trip,' Dr. Baulieu recalled, 'I decided to aim my life's work toward finding some way to ease this sort of suffering.'
West Australian
31-05-2025
- Health
- West Australian
French inventor of the abortion pill dies at 98
French scientist Etienne-Emile Baulieu, best known as the inventor of the abortion pill RU 486, has died aged 98 at his home in Paris. Both a doctor and a researcher, Baulieu was known around the world for the scientific, medical and social significance of his work on steroid hormones. "His research was guided by his attachment to the progress made possible by science, his commitment to women's freedom, and his desire to enable everyone to live better, longer lives," Institut Baulieu said in the statement posted on its website. Born Etienne Blum in Strasbourg on December 12, 1926, he took the name "Émile Baulieu" when he joined the French Resistance against the Nazi occupation at the age of 15. An endocrinologist with a doctorate in medicine completed in 1955 and one in science eight years later, in 1963 Baulieu founded a pioneering research unit working on hormones at INSERM, the French institute for health and medical research. He remained as head of the unit until 1997. He is best known for his development, in 1982, of RU 486, the so-called "abortion pill" that changed the lives of millions of women throughout the world, offering them the possibility of voluntary medical termination of pregnancy, in physical and psychological safety. The Institut Baulieu said it was "a non-invasive method, less aggressive and less delayed than surgery," noting that following his discovery, the researcher faced fierce criticism and even threats from opponents of women's abortion rights. "Even today, access to this method is opposed, banned in some countries, and is currently being challenged in the United States, where it is the most widely used abortion method," the institute said. Baulieu's research into DHEA, a hormone whose secretion and anti-aging activity he had discovered, led him to work on neurosteroids -- or steroids of the nervous system. He also developed an original treatment to combat depression, for which a clinical trial is currently underway in several university hospitals. In 2008, he founded the Institut Baulieu to understand, prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. Honoured with the grand crosses of the Légion d'honneur (legion of honour) and the Ordre national du Mérite (national order of merit), he was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1982, which he chaired in 2003 and 2004. He was a member of the national advisory committee on life sciences and health (1996-2002) and received numerous awards, both in France and abroad. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to Baulieu in a post on X, calling him "a beacon of courage" and "a progressive mind who enabled women to win their freedom". "Few French people have changed the world to such an extent," he said. After the death of his first wife, Yolande Compagnon, he remarried, to Simone Harari Baulieu. He is survived by three children, eight grandchildren and nine great-grandchildren.
