Latest news with #EastWestStreet
Irish Examiner
18-07-2025
- Entertainment
- Irish Examiner
A good read guaranteed with our top picks for summer
For the middle-aged holidaymaker who isn't averse to nostalgia Geoff Dyer is one of the most idiosyncratic writers around, but his latest book keeps it simple. Homework is a memoir of Dyer's youth in England in the 1970s, which means it will resemble computer code for younger readers but will be welcome nostalgia for the older cohort. For the history-loving centrist No shortage of options here — traditionally a crowded field and this year's no different. We recently reviewed Philippe Sands latest book, 38 Londres Street, a fitting companion to the gripping East West Street and The Ratline. It's a slight diversion from Sands' usual stomping ground, the Second World War, but no less entertaining for all that. For the person who really loved Timothée Chalamet as Bob Dylan in that movie Certain periods of history acquire legendary status, and that's certainly true of the 60s in a certain part of New York City. Earlier this year, we had a look at Talkin' Greenwich Village: The Heady Rise and Slow Fall of America's Bohemian Music Capital by David Browne, and its account of the tumultuous period which led to a creative explosion across a variety of musical genres. It will surely become the definitive account of that era. The answer may not just be blowin' in the wind, but written in this book. John Boyne's 'Air' at under 200 pages, makes for a short and satisfying beach read. For the completist who's nearly there with one writer's work John Boyne recently brought his ambitious Elements series to an end with Air. While the subject matter may seem on the serious side, he brings his customary flair to this book which, at under 200 pages, makes for a short and satisfying beach read. For the person keen to know what journalism was like in the great old days The name may not ring many bells now, but there was a time when Irish journalist EJ Dillon was known all over the world, and no wonder. He was present for the assassination of a Russian tsar, the Dreyfus trial, the Spanish-American war, and the Paris Peace Conference. He counted Tolstoy and Dostoevsky as acquaintances and his personal life was equally eventful. Kevin Rafter's Dillon Rediscovered: The Newspaperman Who Befriended Kings, Presidents, and Oil Tycoons is a meticulously researched account of Dillon's life made even more extraordinary given his humble origins in the slums of Dublin. For someone who wants a thriller for a hot day at the beach Jane Casey's track record is practically a guarantee of quality, and so it proves with her latest book, The Secret Room. Fans will rejoice as favourites DS Maeve Kerrigan and DI Josh Derwent return to try to solve the murder of a wealthy woman in a London hotel room where she was due to meet her secret lover. A locked-room mystery executed with Casey's usual aplomb, it will have you gripped from beginning to end. Erling Kagge details the expeditions which tried — not always successfully — to make it to the top of the world. Picture: Simon Skreddernes For the person who wants to enjoy the heat by reading about the cold Nobody wants to jinx the weather, but if you want to remember what it's like to freeze, try The North Pole: The History Of An Obsession by Erling Kagge, which details the expeditions which tried — not always successfully — to make it to the top of the world. It's easier, however, than getting to the South Pole, according to Kagge. For the music fan who likes to read about someone overcoming obstacles aplenty Keith Donald is a familiar figure on the Irish music scene, but his memoir, Music and Mayhem, takes us on a journey that goes far beyond the stage and recording studio. Donald did his tours of duty on Ireland's showband circuit, as a theatre musician, session player, full-time social worker, and arts administrator, but this book also reveals his battles with addiction. An entertaining and engrossing read. For the sports fan who's also interested in 1970s Ireland There was a time when the most famous man in the world was running up and down the Dublin Mountains to get ready for a boxing match in Croke Park. This reissue of The Big Fight: When Ali Conquered Ireland by Cork author Dave Hannigan reaches beyond the square ring and into the nooks and crannies of the Ireland of 50-plus years ago to brilliant effect. For the politics addict who doesn't really want to be a fortnight without their fix The recent travails of Keir Starmer's Labour government may obscure the fact that he swept to power in a landslide, but the British prime minister is still a somewhat mysterious figure. Get In: The Inside story of Labour under Starmer by Patrick Maguire and Gabriel Pogrund is a fascinating look at the people now in charge next door. And the Corkman behind it all — the Morgan McSweeney from Macroom who masterminded Starmer's ascent to power. Our reviewer correctly questioned the depiction in this book of a young McSweeney belting a sliotar against a wall with his 'hurl'. In Cork? Surely not. Still, a good read. Catherine Kirwan on Barrack Street, Cork City, where her latest mystery novel is based. Picture: Chani Anderson For someone looking for a more accurate depiction of Cork Catherine Kirwan has been bringing her background as a solicitor to bear in chronicling the seamier side of Cork life for some time now, and her newest book doesn't disappoint. The Seventh Body has a familiar setting for Cork residents — the historic Barrack Street stretch of the city — and readers with good memories will recall the real-life inspiration for the plot. But there's something for everyone in this gripping thriller. For the high-concept crime thriller fan who likes a vicarious thrill Carmel Harrington has a well-earned reputation as a master of the emotional family drama, but her new book takes a turn into darker territory and will surely give a few shivers to vacationing parents. The Stolen Child features a child vanishing from a cruise, but the story goes much further than that enclosed setting. One to read while your children are all present and correct. For the fan of historical fiction inspired by fact Joseph O'Connor is an acknowledged master across a range of genres, and The Ghosts of Rome is a terrific portrait of Rome in the Second World War. It's the second volume in a trilogy but can be enjoyed as a standalone book. The famous Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty gives way in this book to his female co-conspirator, the Contessa Giovanna Landini. Shenanigans ensue. For the person who likes a literary biography, or reading about a literary biography The original of the species is Richard Ellmann's biography of Joyce, which looms over this genre in much the same way Ulysses looms over modern fiction. Zachary Leader, who has a fair track record in the biography trade himself, has hit upon a decent idea here with a biography of a biography. His new book, Ellmann's Joyce, is a fascinating account of how the biographer came to write his magnum opus, with quite a lot of information about Ellmann's own life shared out along the way. For the poetry lover looking for a slim volume It's been a good year for poetry, and one of Cork's finest talents, Bernard O'Donoghue, shows no signs of slowing down in his latest book. The former Oxford academic's new collection, The Anchorage, got a glowing review in these pages recently and is well worth delving into.
Irish Examiner
27-06-2025
- Politics
- Irish Examiner
Book review: Horrific figures of history who refused to accept their crimes
One of the great puzzles that faced the prosecutors and jailors at the Nuremberg trials was the fact that none of the 24 defendants charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity could genuinely understand why they were in the dock. After the war, most Nazis refused to accept that they had done anything wrong. They really believed that they were fighting for the future of the human race and wanted to protect it from Jews and communists. Those on trial at Nuremberg were dismayed to find out that their attitude was not shared by their captors. The failure to accept guilt for war crimes and crimes against humanity has been a recurring theme in the work of the human rights lawyer Philippe Sands. His books East West Street about the lives of two Jewish lawyers who created the legal concepts of crimes against humanity and genocide, and The Ratline about a senior Nazi trying to evade capture in the aftermath of the holocaust and emigrate to South America, are masterly accounts of personal histories intertwined with deep treatises on both human existence and the human condition. His latest work, 38 Londres Street, brings his remarkable trilogy on this theme to an end. Author and human rights lawyer Philippe Sands details Pinochet's evasion from justice in '38 Londres Street: On Impunity, Pinochet in England and a Nazi in Patagonia'. It is the haunting parallel story of the Chilean dictator, Augusto Pinochet — whom many will have heard of — and Nazi war criminal Walther Rauff, whom few will know. Readers will have a gnawing feeling from the off that neither of these two reprehensible characters will face justice but the tale Sands weaves in this mammoth sweep of post-Second World War history, the geopolitics of the cold war, musings on impunity, and the intertwining fates of the infamous and the unknown, will have them turning the pages. Pinochet, who took power in Chile after the American-backed coup against Salvador Allende in 1973, always felt himself to be above the law. He had no regrets about any of his actions. He considered himself to be a soldier whose good deeds had saved Chile from communism, leftist agitators, and a Cuban future. 'I am an angel', was one of his favourite sayings and he truly believed it. He ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990 through a barbaric clampdown on anyone vaguely thought to be a leftist. Eighty thousand people were interned in Chile's prisons, countless thousands of people tortured, and more than 3,000 people executed — although many consider the figure to be far higher. In 1998, at the age of 82, he took a trip to London on a strangely vague mission to purchase weapons for his country, in which he still had a type of ambassadorial role, and to have a minor back operation. Some in his still vast entourage of hangers on advised him not to go given that a new Labour government was in power, and various human rights groups had tried to have him arrested in the past. He shrugged them off, had tea with Margaret Thatcher where he told her he loved London, and had his operation. But on the night of Friday, October 16, officers from Scotland Yard, accompanied by a translator, entered the London Clinic in Marylebone, woke the recuperating Pinochet, and arrested him on suspicion of murder, genocide, and terrorism on foot of an extradition request from Spain. Justice had come calling. Thatcher was outraged, proclaiming the arrest to be unlawful and inhumane, while the former Tory chancellor of the exchequer Norman Lamont wailed that Pinochet was a 'good, brave, and honourable soldier'. Another man who considered himself a good, brave, and honourable soldier was Walther Rauff. In reality, he was a vile Nazi war criminal who led a team that invented mobile gas chambers in which at least 97,000 Jews were murdered. A former SS commander who worked under the equally repulsive Reinhard Heydrich — one of the architects of the holocaust — Rauff used the ratline escape route for Nazi criminals from postwar Europe to South America and ended up firstly in Ecuador and then Chile. The link between Pinochet and Rauff is the 38 Londres Street of the title. It is an ordinary street in Santiago from which prisoners of the Pinochet regime were ferried into and out of number 38 to face illegal detention, torture, and death. The vans which deliver them are not the execution chambers of Rauff's SS career but rather those of the Pesquera Arauco fishing company, which remained under public control despite Pinochet's mania for privatising everything else in Chile. It was that privatisation zeal which won him Thatcher's approval. But in their own ways these are vans of death as well, delivering Pinochet's hated leftists to a grim fate. No one has ever been convicted for their part in the Pesquera Arauco death and torture drives. Justice never does come calling for Rauff. In a dispiriting twist, which won't ruin the book for readers, we learn that Rauff was recruited by the West German secret service, the BND — with the remit to spy on communists in Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. It turns out he wasn't much good at it, and when stories of his Nazi past ultimately leaked out, the West German state had no option but to pursue him. In February 1963, a court in Chile examined a seriously large amount of evidence against him in an extradition hearing. Rauff agreed to testify in writing on the construction of the gas vans, provided the court accepted that old Nazi canard that he was only obeying orders and could not possibly know what the vans would be used for. The court ultimately ruled that, notwithstanding his protestations, he had a major role in the construction, enhancement, and use of the gas vans. Luckily for Rauff, it also ruled he could not be extradited to West Germany on genocide charges because the crime was not part of Chile's criminal code at the time, but that he could for the murder of 97,000 Jews. A long legal battle only ended when the Supreme Court ruled these crimes were also outside Chile's statute of limitations. Rauff was free to stay. Given his status as a BND agent, the suspicion was the West Germans were not too upset at the verdict. Rauff lived out his days as the manager of a giant crab cannery in Patagonia, joining other Nazis with mundane jobs in South America — such as Josef Mengele who was first a carpenter and then a pharmaceutical salesman in Paraguay, and Adolf Eichmann who worked in administration for Mercedes Benz in Argentina. The dots between Pinochet and Rauff join up in places but do not reach the same end point. Rauff had links with Pinochet's secret police, the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional, but Sands — as one of the most eminent human rights lawyers of the age — can never fully connect these two conduits of evil. What he has done is produce a gripping history of a time, place, characters, and ideas intermixed with the universal maxim of bad people getting away with mass murder. The only consolation is that Sands and history has damned them. Read More Chile marks 50 years since coup that ushered in brutal military dictatorship
The Guardian
05-04-2025
- The Guardian
‘The law is another form of storytelling': Philippe Sands in conversation with Juan Gabriel Vásquez
What do law and literature have in common? Do they represent similar impulses towards understanding human motives and behaviour, or are they fundamentally different systems? In his new book, 38 Londres Street, lawyer and writer Philippe Sands revisits the attempts to extradite and prosecute former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet, beginning in 1998, in which he was involved. He also finds himself on the trail of Walther Rauff, a former SS officer featured in Sands's award-winning book East West Street, who went on to seek refuge in Chile, later becoming involved in the Pinochet regime's arrangements for the detention, torture and murder of its opponents. The Colombian novelist Juan Gabriel Vásquez, who trained as a lawyer but decided instead to write journalism and fiction, has addressed political violence and its legacy throughout his work, including in his acclaimed novel The Shape of the Ruins. The two friends met to discuss excavating the past, the limits of law and the potential of art. Philippe Sands: We've known each other for quite a few years, and you're one of those rare people who straddles the worlds that I've fallen into: you understand the world of law with your legal qualification, and understand far better than I do the world of literature. But you're also from the region I'm writing about. Having been to Chile for this book six or seven times, and about to head off again, I'm conscious of being an outsider. It's a Chilean story, and this Brit has stumbled across it in various ways. It's a local story for you. Juan Gabriel Vásquez: Yes, in a sense, but I was wondering as I read the book if the fact that you are not an insider did mean that you could write about things that maybe Chileans haven't been able to discuss. A certain distance allows you to enter this story with a kind of objectivity. There's a wonderful sentence at the very end of the book in which someone says: it is a fine thing to investigate for a personal reason. And I think your personal reasons might be different from those a Chilean might have, and thus bring a new approach, maybe more capacious. Would you like to discuss that a little bit? PS: Sure: it is personal. As you know, I discovered [in researching East West Street] that Walther Rauff's involvement in the gas vans touched my grandfather's family very directly [Rauff had overseen the Nazis' use of mobile gas chambers in which to exterminate Jews and others; Sands's great-aunt Laura and other relatives are likely to have been killed in this way]. And I discovered, almost miraculously – I didn't know it when I was involved in the Pinochet case – that a member of my wife's family was the catalyst for the Spanish prosecutor, Carlos Castresana, to start the case. And so there's a deep personal involvement, but your bigger point is interesting. The book has a number of revelations, things that have never come out before, and I've been able to speak to people who have never spoken to anybody before: the judge who signed Pinochet's arrest warrant, because he happened to be my nextdoor neighbour, but probably most significantly, the Chilean civil servant Cristián Toloza, who led the negotiations for Chile; negotiations which many of us had suspected had happened, but for which there has never been any proof until this book came out. I think I was able to speak to Cristián because I was an outsider, because I didn't have any skin in the game, and because he'd read my other books and came to understand that I'm able to be with people who I disagree with and represent them fairly. I was surprised that a number of people spoke to me as openly as they did: Jonathan Powell, for example. Of course, I had my conversation with him in March 2024, before he returned to government and became the national security and principal foreign policy adviser to the prime minister today, involved at the heart of the Russia-Ukraine negotiations. He's a remarkable person, and he said, I'm happy to talk about it with you, because it was 25 years ago. And this is consistent with the work that I do in many other cases, and with my own family experience: it takes a generation or two to pass before people feel they can speak. I think this story could not have been told 20 years ago. JGV: I was born in 1973, in January, the year of the coup [in Chile]. And the coup, the death of deposed president Salvador Allende, and Pinochet's coming into power are the single most influential events in my lifetime in South American history. It's all part of the same world in which the Cuban Revolution took place in 1959 – the dictatorship was a reaction to Allende, who was inheriting, in a sense, the worldview of the Cuban revolution and the idea of bringing a certain kind of democratic socialism to Chile. So these events have shaped my world and Latin American literature. And since I'm a novelist, I have to speak about that too. I remember perfectly where I was and what I was doing when Pinochet was arrested: I was in Paris, reading a novel by Flaubert and just thinking about becoming a novelist. I remember it as having happened just the day before yesterday: this is part of the same world in which we are living right now, because the debates and the discussions are alive. Gabriel Boric has to carry out the same debates every day of his life as president of Chile because the ghosts are alive and because he won the presidency against a supporter of Pinochet. So this is very Latin American for me – the ongoing wheel of political life that we never seem to be able to leave. We never seem to be able to reboot the political life of the continent, and we are living under ideas and emotions produced by those ideas that have been valid for 50 or 60 years. We are the direct inheritors of that world. PS: It raises another question: how was a writer from a far away place able to make more progress on some of these issues than a public authority, an investigator, a judge from the local community? Why has nothing happened for 50 years in relation to these things? JGV: These things are so charged emotionally and socially in these societies that you enjoy a certain kind of impunity. But if you live there in the middle of things, every opinion you give publicly will brand you in a way, will be either provocative or put you in a bad place with friends or workers, or prevent you from getting a job, or cause a fight with your in-laws. And so there are pacts of silence. Can I ask you about something that has interested you for a long time, and that is very evident in the book – a concern with what you call the line that is said to separate truth and fiction? PS: Having been immersed in this now for 10 years, one of the things that I noticed was that the gap left by the legal system opened a space for writers to step in. There is, on your continent and in Chile, a remarkable literature in relation to many of these matters, from Pablo Neruda to Roberto Bolaňo. These accounts have created not just mythologies, but a basis for people in the community to understand what has happened. And this has caused me to ask: could it be that in delivering justice, literature has a more profound role than the judgment of a court? Which of my endeavours – lawyer, teacher, writer – is actually the most socially useful in contributing to that which I care about? Which is a form of accounting and reckoning? I'm beginning to wonder. JGV: In a very important sense, law and literature are opposed, contradictory worldviews. The law pursues certainty, and novels on the contrary thrive in ambiguity. There's this wonderful letter by Chekhov to somebody who was criticising him for not taking clear moral or political stances in his stories: Chekhov says, You are confusing two things, answering the questions and formulating them correctly. Only the latter is the aim of the artist. I think, as a lawyer, you have to come up with the answers. Novelists are trying to formulate the questions correctly, and these are two different endeavours. PS: Could we not think of the law as operating in a different way? It's simply another form of storytelling. I stand up before the International Court of Justice. What am I doing? I'm doing what you do in another form. My audience is the judge rather than the reader, but the process bears similarities. I used to talk about this a lot with John le Carré, and it was he who explained to me the importance when you're writing of complex matters not to impose upon the intelligent reader the perspective, the viewpoint, the conclusions of the writer, but leave it to the reader to form their own view. And I said to him, but that's exactly what we do in court. We would never say to a judge, this is what you must do. We lay out the material. We do it strategically. We do it as advocates to perhaps lead the judge to a conclusion in which the judge says to herself or himself, this is the right answer, but it hasn't been imposed upon me, and I'm acting with autonomy as a judge. Is that not, in a sense, what you want your readers to do as they read your works? JGV: I do feel that there's an opposing impulse between the judge and the novelist. The law is about establishing guilt or innocence, whereas good literature follows the impulse to create a space when we go beyond judging. PS: I think we do agree. But for me, it's very personal, because with limited days, limited time, you ask yourself the question, what is the most useful thing I can do? Do I spend the time that is available to me arguing cases at the International Court, or do I spend the time that's available to me writing books? The next book I will do will be on ecocide, but in parallel, I'm writing a novel about a place called Vittel, and the story of the women who were locked up in an internment camp between 1940 and 1944. They included Elsie Tilney, an evangelical missionary who saved my mum and many others, and Sylvia Beach, the founder of Shakespeare and Company. And I've long been fascinated by this place, so I'm going to give it a go. But the idea of writing something with no endnotes is terrifying! JGV: The novel is a very stubborn genre. It wants to devour every kind of approach to the human experience and contain it. And it's capable of doing it, that's what is fantastic. My novel The Shape of the Ruins turns around two murders that shaped Colombian history in the 20th century, the murder of a Liberal presidential candidate in 1948, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, and the murder of a Liberal congressman, Rafael Uribe Uribe, in 1914. These are two dark places in Colombian history. We know who the murderers were, but we all agree that they didn't work alone. There are forces behind them that shaped and that decided those murders. So we know that there are conspiracy theories and shadows in the narration of these events that have shaped Colombian history and this is paradise for a novelist, the places where history has to shut up because it doesn't have the proof, it doesn't have the documents, it doesn't have the facts. These are the places through which a novel enters and tries to shed a little light. There's a beautiful line in your book, where you say, I'm interested in continuities and connections. Can I ask you about this? Because I know you have a fascination with coincidence. And the fact that your two characters led parallel lives with all these amazing symmetries: what you have done as a writer is to seek out a shape, a figure, and impose it on these lives. What was that like? PS: It was wondrous. I haven't enjoyed writing anything as much as I've enjoyed writing this. It was a 10-year journey. I started with an instinct when I came across the letter from 1949 in the Otto Wächter archive when I was researching The Ratline [about the Nazi Brigadeführer's life on the run]: three pages, from Rauff to Wächter, saying don't come to the Arab world, go to South America. I didn't know who this Rauff was. Then I find that he goes off to Ecuador and ends up in Chile, in Punta Arenas, as the manager of a king-crab cannery. And my brain is saying, wouldn't it be amazing if there was a connection with Pinochet? Is this coincidence, or is this the litigator's or some other instinct? But of course, the bigger question on continuities is, could the man who disappeared people in 1941 have played a role in disappearing people in 1974? I had no evidence. As I began to dig, I heard lots of rumours and myths and stories but no hard evidence. But there was something there. We've talked about this: you have it when you're writing and exploring something. I have it when I'm pursuing a case. There was something there, and I chased it and chased it and chased it. JGV: There are so many things in common between the two disciplines. There's a moment in which you say legal deliberations take place over time, and as days go by, some sort of shape emerges. This is exactly what I do. The same thing that happens when you are deliberating, apparently, is what happens when you write novels. You're waiting for a figure to come out of the chaos. 38 Londres Street: On Impunity, Pinochet in England and a Nazi in Patagonia by Philippe Sands is published by W&N (£25). To support the Guardian and Observer order your copy at Delivery charges may apply
The Guardian
31-03-2025
- Politics
- The Guardian
38 Londres Street: On Impunity, Pinochet in England and a Nazi in Patagonia by Philippe Sands review
This is the concluding part of Philippe Sands's extraordinary trilogy – part history, part moral investigation, part memoir – that documents the legal and personal battles to bring to account Nazi war criminals and their disciples. In East West Street he recounted the plight of Lviv, the city now in Ukraine, whose Jewish population either fled before Nazi occupation or, like many of Sands's extended family, was thereafter wiped out. Two Jewish lawyers who got out early were instrumental in creating the legal concepts of crimes against humanity and genocide that were introduced at the Nuremberg trials. His follow-up The Ratline was focused on the Nazi Brigadefuhrer Otto von Wachter who died in mysterious circumstances in Rome after the war while trying to escape to South America. It is a haunting story of the feats of denial that enable otherwise 'normal' people to perform or excuse the very worst deeds. 38 Londres Street follows the Nazis metastasis to its sordid death throes in Chile, the fascist safe haven Wachter failed to reach. Here we meet Walther Rauff, a former SS commander who played a key role in the development of mobile gas chambers and was directly responsible for the deaths of more than 90,000 Jews. Having escaped from an Italian internment camp, he settles first in Syria, where he helps reorganise the country's intelligence service, before being recruited by an Israeli intelligence officer as a Syrian informant – the Israeli was unaware of Rauff's past and, presumably, his unabashed and lifelong antisemitism. After a brief return to Rome, he heads for Ecuador, where he meets a Chilean officer named Augusto Pinochet, before taking his new friend's advice and relocating to Chile. The book intertwines Rauff's shadowy existence with Pinochet's rise to dictatorial power, and examines the rumour that Rauff participated in the torture and disappearances that characterised Pinochet's rule. An epistemological problem bedevils any effort to summarise Nazi war crimes, and even those of their Chilean imitators, insofar as their scale and sadism defies understanding. But one of Sands's strengths as a writer is that he resists the impulse to demonise. He can find signs of humanity in the most unpromising cases, which serves, paradoxically, not to mitigate but to aggravate their crimes. These perpetrators of monstrous acts did not always take the form of monsters: both Pinochet and Rauff are described in avuncular terms by some who met them. The one time Sands's rational composure deserts him is when he stays overnight at Colonia Dignidad, a German colony set up by a depraved paedophile called Paul Schäfer, a crony of Pinochet who enthusiastically hosted and partook in the torture and murder of the regime's opponents. Sands barricades himself in his room with chairs and is relieved to leave the 'grotesque' site of so much horror. Running through the book is the unprecedented case, eight years after the end of his presidency, of Pinochet's arrest in London in 1998 on a warrant issued by a Spanish judge. While Pinochet remained under house arrest for almost 18 months in the comfortable surroundings of the Wentworth estate, Sands advised the prosecution in his role as a human rights lawyer. The legal principles and political manoeuvring that led to the granting of the old tyrant's extradition to stand trial in Spain, a series of appeals, and finally his repatriation to Chile on dubious health grounds are not without interest but are told in rather too much detail. Sands the lawyer may have felt a professional obligation to do justice to the complexity of the wrangling, but the effect is to slow the momentum of the narrative. By contrast the book comes vividly to life in Chile, where Sands methodically follows the various strands of Pinochet's and Rauff's separate histories to expose their cynical claims of innocence – Rauff stuck to the familiar line that he was only a soldier following orders, while Pinochet affected ignorance of the atrocities committed by his subordinates in what he insisted was an existential fight against communism. The title of the book refers to a building in downtown Santiago that once housed the Socialist party but was turned into an interrogation and torture centre by Pinochet's secret police, the DINA. There is hearsay that Rauff had some link to Londres Street, but Sands encounters shut doors, closed mouths and missing documents before eventually establishing the disturbing facts. As with the previous two books, a personal motivation helps propel the author's inquiry. In this instance Rauff almost certainly extinguished the life of one of Sands's (then young) relations in eastern Europe, and there is also the plight of Carmelo Soria, a Spanish UN employee brutally tortured and murdered in 1976 who was distantly related to Sands's wife. These connections are not used for emotional purposes but as a means of establishing the victims as real people, with lives and family, who were killed in their thousands because of their leftwing sympathies. Part of a South America-wide and US-backed campaign, known as Operation Condor, this reign of terror aimed to crush all opposition to the continent's rightwing dictatorships. There were those in the Tory party, such as Norman Lamont and Margaret Thatcher, who visited Pinochet in Wentworth, who preferred to see him as a misunderstood cold warrior, despite ample evidence that he was personally involved in the selection of the victims and approved the brutal methods employed to extract information. Moreover, for all his posturing as a patriot, he stashed away in foreign bank accounts many millions of dollars that he had stolen from Chile. But what of Rauff? He lived for much of his time at the country's southern extreme in Patagonia, working as the manager of a crab-canning factory. He won protection from extradition in a landmark case, put together by a Jewish lawyer, and yet managed to slip back to West Germany for a visit in the early 1960s. Myths enshrouded this odd character in his isolated cottage with his resolutely bad Spanish. Both Bruce Chatwin and Roberto Bolaño referred to him in their work, though neither was able to create a picture quite as damning as Sands achieves with his understated doggedness. He writes of the impunity with which the old Nazi and Pinochet acted but also the immunity they managed to attain from laws they otherwise held in contempt. They may have avoided justice, but thanks to the courageous testaments of survivors and perpetrators alike, not to mention Sands's own commendable efforts, they could not escape the truth. 38 Londres Street: On Impunity, Pinochet in England and a Nazi in Patagonia by Philippe Sands is published by W&N (£25). To support the Guardian and Observer order your copy from Delivery charges may apply
