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Indian Express
13 hours ago
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on India's outreach in reshaping the global discourse of the Global South and NATO (Week 109)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at India has sought to position itself as the 'voice' of the Global South through bilateral visits, multilateral forums, and initiatives.' Discuss the effectiveness of India's outreach in reshaping the global discourse of the Global South. In the wake of increased defence spending commitments within NATO, discuss how member nations like Germany are balancing collective security obligations with strategic autonomy. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: India has sought to position itself as the 'voice' of the Global South through bilateral visits, multilateral forums, and initiatives.' Discuss the effectiveness of India's outreach in reshaping the global discourse of the Global South. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Indian Prime Minister will travel to Africa and South America before attending the BRICS Summit in Rio de Janeiro. — The visit to Ghana will be the first by an Indian Prime Minister in three decades. The summit will evaluate the bilateral relationship and explore how to strengthen it through economic, energy, defence, and development cooperation. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: Effectiveness of India's outreach in reshaping the global discourse of the Global South Ghana — Ghana is one of West Africa's fastest-growing economies; its relationship with India is marked by robust and expanding trade and investment. India is the largest destination for Ghanaian exports; gold accounts for more than 70% of India's imports from Ghana. Trinidad and Tobago — Trinidad and Tobago is home to 40-45% of the Caribbean's Indian diaspora, including Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar and President Christine Carla Kangaloo. This will be Modi's first visit to Trinidad and Tobago as Prime Minister, and the first bilateral visit by an Indian Prime Minister since 1999. Argentina — The meeting will assess ongoing collaboration and discuss strategies to strengthen collaborations in defence, agriculture, mining, oil and gas, and energy, among other areas. The two presidents met before on the fringes of the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro in November 2024. — India and Argentina have made tremendous progress in their bilateral collaboration in the mineral resources sector, particularly in lithium, which is essential to India's shift to green energy. Argentina is a major exporter of sunflower and soybean oil to India. In 2024, India was Argentina's fifth-largest commercial partner and export market. Brazil — The Prime Minister will speak at BRICS about global governance reform, peace and security, multilateralism, responsible AI use, climate action, global health, and other issues. — During the State Visit, the Prime Minister will fly to Brasilia to undertake bilateral discussions with President Lula on strengthening the Strategic Partnership in areas of common interest such as trade, defence, energy, space, technology, agriculture, and healthcare. Brazil is India's most important trading partner in South America. Namibia — Bilateral trade increased from less than $3 million in 2000 to about $600 million today. Indian corporations have made investments in Namibia's mining, manufacturing, diamond processing, and services sectors. — The PM released eight cheetahs from Namibia to Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh in September 2022, marking the world's first intercontinental transfer of a large carnivore species. (Source: Explained: In PM Modi's diplomatic tour, India's outreach to the Global South) Points to Ponder Read about relations between India and African countries Read about BRICS Related Previous Year Questions Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (2022) 'Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries'. Comment with examples. (2020) QUESTION 2: In the wake of increased defence spending commitments within NATO, discuss how member nations like Germany are balancing collective security obligations with strategic autonomy. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — NATO struck a historic agreement: member states would increase their collective defence spending commitment to 5% of their individual GDP. — This ambitious new standard represents NATO's recalibrated strategic posture in the face of escalating global challenges. The contribution is divided into two essential domains: 3.5% will assist core defence aligned with NATO Capability Targets, while the remaining 1.5% will improve infrastructure resilience, cyber defence, innovation, and preparedness. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — While several nations, including Spain and Slovakia, have expressed concern about the rapid escalation, Germany has taken the lead by announcing a record increase in military spending. Germany has vowed to increase defence spending to 3.5% of GDP by 2029, up from 2.4% in 2025, marking its most substantial rearmament effort since reunification. — For years, Germany and others fell short of NATO's previous 2% commitment. It did not cross the threshold until 2024. — With rising geopolitical volatility caused by Russia's war in Ukraine, growing Chinese aggressiveness, and Middle Eastern instability, NATO leaders have called for a structural rethink, despite the fact that these issues are not mentioned in the five-paragraph declaration. — Germany's new defence framework outlines a transformational goal. Defence spending is expected to increase from €86 billion in 2025 (2.4 percent of GDP) to roughly €153 billion by 2029 (3.5 percent). These are Germany's largest military allocations in peacetime. — To finance this change, Germany has adopted a number of daring fiscal measures. It has suspended its constitutional 'debt brake,' which previously restricted deficit expenditure, and is requesting an EU exemption under the Stability and Growth Pact to categorise defence spending as extraordinary investment. This permits Germany to borrow more than the standard 1% of GDP limit. — Germany's plan also reflects NATO's broader understanding of security. It will spend heavily on military-relevant infrastructure, such as digital systems, transportation corridors, logistical centres, and dual-use facilities, in accordance with NATO's new 5% framework. Chancellor Friedrich Merz has actively advocated for dual-purpose infrastructure, citing it as critical to national and alliance stability. Conclusion: — Germany's declaration sends a strong signal to both allies and rivals. It responds to NATO's desire for increased burden-sharing and indicates a more robust German posture in Europe and beyond. However, implementation is critical. (Source: As NATO revises defence-spending goals, Germany arms up to position itself as the backbone of European security) Points to Ponder Read about NATO Read about India-Germany relations Read about India-European Union trade Related Previous Year Questions 'The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.' What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer. (2023) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (2020) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 109) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 107) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
25-06-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on Right to Education and India-Canada relations (Week 108)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for June 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss how relying on Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) to implement fundamental rights, such as the Right to Education (Article 21A), can jeopardise cooperative federalism in India. Examine how India's invitation to the G7 conference in Canada marks a diplomatic reset in India-Canada relations. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss how relying on Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) to implement fundamental rights, such as the Right to Education (Article 21A), can jeopardise cooperative federalism in India. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) play an important role in governance. They are Constitutional conditional grants that the Centre unilaterally designs and partially funds, with state governments implementing them. — The disbursement of the Centre's share under the CSS is subject to certain criteria and is governed by a set of procedures and compliance standards. For example, the Ministry of Education's Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan is a comprehensive school education program. It combines three CSS: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), and Teacher Education (TE), all of which seek to provide equitable quality school education from pre-school to senior secondary level in India, as well as support for teacher training and system strengthening. The fund-sharing ratio between the Centre and the states (excluding Northeastern states) is 60:40. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — CSS, in the lack of transparency and uniform enforcement, risks becoming a tool of budgetary coercion in the hands of the Centre rather than an instrument to promote cooperative government. This goes against the essence of federalism. — This is because the CSS financial mechanism is not governed by a specific statute, but rather by executive instructions under Article 282 of the Constitution. Article 282 empowers both the Union and the states to make discretionary grants for any 'public purpose' that falls outside of their respective legislative jurisdiction. Although Article 282 was never intended to be a regular channel for fiscal transfers from the Union to the states, over time, numerous 'one-size-fits-all' discretionary schemes have given the Centre influence over subjects outside of its legislative competence. — For example, the Centre has connected the distribution of funding for Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan to the states' compliance of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the PM SHRI Schools program, which Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Kerala oppose. This has suspended admissions for the academic year 2025-26 under the Right to Education Act in Tamil Nadu, demonstrating how CSS, with their stringent criteria and lack of flexibility, can stymie state capability. — When CSS are used as a political tool rather than a policy tool, the fundamental goals of cooperative federalism deteriorate, with the poorest, particularly in this case, children, bearing the brunt of the consequences. The right to education is guaranteed by Article 21A of the Constitution, which declares free and compulsory education a fundamental right for all children aged 6 to 14. However, the fulfilment of the right to education is dependent on cooperative federalism, as education is on the Concurrent list. — When the Right to Education is implemented through various programs, access to fundamental rights becomes subject to political alignments between governments. This undermines both the notion of cooperative federalism and the fundamental right to education. Conclusion: — Because there is no clear constitutional or statutory framework governing the design and implementation of CSS, the ongoing standoff between TN and the Centre provides an important opportunity for the Supreme Court to consider whether certain rights-based entitlements (such as the fundamental right to education) should be protected from coercive tactics used by one level of government against another. — The Constitution prohibits a system in which executive discretion or ideological conformity governs the enforcement of rights that are intended to be universal and inalienable. The current case provides the Supreme Court with a rare chance to answer the above question by reconsidering its interpretation of Article 282 and establishing explicit constitutional boundaries on the use of CSS in order to restore balance in Centre-State relations and ensure that fundamental rights are not negotiable. (Source: Right to education is non-negotiable. It shouldn't depend on Centre-state relations) Points to Ponder Read about Article 21-A Read more about federalism Related Previous Year Questions The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (2022) Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at the local level and bring out the pros and cons of merging rural local bodies with urban local bodies. (2024) QUESTION 2: Examine how India's invitation to the G7 conference in Canada marks a diplomatic reset in India-Canada relations. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — India and Canada have now begun to turn a new page in their bilateral relationship. Prime Minister Narendra Modi's recent visit to Canada for the G7 conference yielded considerable favourable results. — The meeting was a 'foundational' step towards establishing India-Canada relations. Following the conference, Carney openly acknowledged India's 'natural' and 'consistent' role at the G7 table, demonstrating Canada's awareness of India's growing global status and the Carney administration's realistic resolve to fix deteriorating bilateral ties. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The Prime Minister of Canada underlined India's significance, citing the 'size and dynamism of the Indian economy, Indian technology, and its role in a host of venues, G20 and beyond.' — This recognition is important to India's viewpoint. Carney, a proponent of Canada being an 'energy superpower,' praised India's involvement in the energy revolution. PM Modi reciprocated during the Outreach Session by emphasising the importance of global energy security through sustainable and green pathways. — India's activities include the International Solar Alliance (ISA), the Coalition for Disaster-Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI), and the Global Biofuels Alliance. Modi's persistent advocacy for the Global South's concerns at such a high-profile gathering bolstered India's position as their primary voice. — The Indian Prime Minister also restated India's stance on terrorism, urging G7 leaders to galvanise global action and advocating for tough penalties against those who advocate and support it. The discussions also centred on technology and innovation, namely the AI-energy nexus and quantum-related challenges. — Carney's realistic and encouraging description of their encounter as a 'foundation and necessary first step' reflected a common desire to rebuild. PM Modi stated firmly that national security and the fight against terrorism are non-negotiable priorities in India. Conclusion: — The most tangible result is an agreement to re-establish the role of the high commissioners. Their absence had left a visible hole, hampering diplomatic functions and hurting interpersonal and corporate relationships. Restoring these critical diplomatic posts, together with restarting senior and working-level engagements, is more than just a formality; it reflects a clear intent to restore normalcy and important services. — India has regularly supplied proof and requested action against elements on Canadian soil that promote secessionism against India. A relationship based on 'mutual respect' requires Canada to address these basic Indian concerns seriously and with concrete action. (Source: One visit, many openings: At G7, a step forward in India-Canada ties) Points to Ponder Read more about India-Canada relations Read more about G7 Related Previous Year Questions Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (2022) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (2020) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 108) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 107) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
18-06-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on G7 and conducting Census 2027 digitally (Week 107)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of conducting Census 2027 utilising a fully digital enumeration method. What is the G7? What are its key developments? Discuss the strategic significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of conducting Census 2027 utilising a fully digital enumeration method. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The government has declared that the 16th Census of India will be held in two stages, with reference dates set for March 1, 2027 for most of the country and October 1, 2026 for snow-bound and inaccessible regions such as Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. — This census marks a significant milestone because it will feature the first nationwide caste enumeration since 1931. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: The Census serves multiple critical functions: — It serves as the foundation for the creation of electoral constituencies and the allocation of seats to Scheduled Castes and Tribes. — Central grants to states and districts are frequently population-based, as are subsidies and ration allocations. — Census data is used by ministries ranging from Education to Rural Development to locate schools, basic health care facilities, and infrastructure projects. — It aids the judiciary, planners, and scholars in understanding migration, urbanisation, employment, and fertility patterns. — The Census is also necessary for the execution of constitutional obligations. According to Article 82 of the Constitution, constituencies must be delimited using the most recent Census. Articles 330 and 332 reserve legislative seats for SCs and STs depending on population proportions. How is the 2027 Census proposed to be conducted? — The 2027 Census will be India's first digital census, featuring mobile apps, online self-enumeration, and near-real-time monitoring. It's also the first time since 1931 that caste data would be collected for all communities. — In a notable departure from 2011, the 2027 Census will include self-enumeration for the first time, allowing households to go into a government portal or use an app to fill out their own information. Once self-enumeration is completed, the system generates a unique ID. Individuals who self-enumerated will only need to provide this ID when the Census enumerator comes to their home. — Enumerators would also use mobile devices or smartphones preinstalled with the Census application. While a dual system with paper enumeration is planned, sources say it is predicted that all enumerators will utilise the digital media because cellphones are now ubiquitous and the pay for a digital census is higher. This digitisation is supposed to eliminate errors, speed up processing, and allow for better quality control. Conclusion: — Digital literacy among enumerators is a serious issue. To address this, comprehensive training modules, simulations, and region-specific language interfaces have been developed. The software features intuitive prompts, drop-down options, and offline sync. — Quality control consists of managers evaluating flagged forms and Census officers conducting periodic checks. Errors such as unrealistic age ranges or duplicate entries may be detected and corrected before submission. (Source: Explained: How India conducts its Census — and what is new in 2027) Points to Ponder Read more about Census How digital challenges will be addressed in Census 2027? Related Previous Year Questions What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening federalism. (2024) QUESTION 2: What is the G7? What are its key developments? Discuss the strategic significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Group was established as a platform for economic and financial cooperation in response to the 1973 energy crisis. The first Summit of Heads of State and Government was held in 1975 in Rambouillet, France. — The G7 meeting provides a forum for member countries to address their common values and concerns. While the G7's initial focus was on international economic policy, in the 1980s it expanded its mandate to encompass foreign policy and security matters. — Canada is chairing this year's G7 Summit, which will be attended by the leaders of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Carney has also invited the presidents of non-member countries India, Australia, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, and Ukraine, as well as the head of NATO. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: Key developments — In 1997, the G7 countries agreed to contribute $300 million to efforts to mitigate the effects of the Chernobyl reactor catastrophe. — At the 2002 summit, participants agreed to undertake a coordinated response to combat the threat of AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Their efforts resulted in the creation of the Global Fund, an innovative finance vehicle that has disbursed over $45 billion in relief. — The Global Apollo Program was inaugurated during the 2015 G7 conference. The Apollo Program, designed to combat climate change through renewable energy research and development, was established by the United Kingdom but did not gain traction until the other G7 countries decided to finance it. Significance of inviting India to the 2025 Canada summit — India's invitation represents a growing global consensus in a divided international order and goes beyond a mere symbolic gesture. — India's foreign policy approach, which is multi-alignment in principle and strategic autonomy in practice, has become more significant. — India's economy is growing and it has surpassed the UK to become the fifth largest economy, with a GDP of almost $3.7 trillion in 2024. — Canada's invitation to India recognises that without support from nations that reflect the goals of the Global South. Conclusion: — Due to its exclusion of China and India, two of the biggest economies in the world, the G7 has come under fire for being out of date and ineffectual in recent decades. Though others argue against it, citing India's significantly lower GDP per capita in comparison to other states, several think tanks have urged for India to join the organisation. (Source: 5 things to look out for in this year's G7 Summit in Canada, What is the G7?) Points to Ponder Read more about G7 What are the key agendas for 2025 Summit Related Previous Year Questions 'Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO' In the light of the above statement, point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (2023) 'The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well for India.' What is your opinion about this statement ? Give reasons and examples to support your answer. (2023) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 107) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 105) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 105) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
11-06-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on technological reforms by the ECI and ULLAS scheme (Week 106)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at 'Technological reforms by the ECI, such as bi‑hourly polling data and automated statistical indexes, will significantly strengthen democratic accountability.' Comment. 'Full literacy now includes digital, financial and entrepreneurial skills' . Critically analyse this in light of national skill development policies. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: 'Technological reforms by the ECI, such as bi‑hourly polling data and automated statistical indexes, will significantly strengthen democratic accountability.' Comment. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Election Commission of India (ECI) is improving its internal systems to guarantee that voter turnout data are disseminated more quickly on election day. — The ECI indicated that it would implement automatic reporting in its new mobile application ECINET in time for the Bihar Assembly elections in November. — Following the Lok Sabha elections last year, the Opposition voiced concerns about the delay in releasing voter turnout data, calling into question the ECI's openness and integrity. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The ECI now has up to 40 different apps and websites for various internal and public services, including as electoral roll administration, candidate affidavits, voter turnout, and results. The Commission announced the creation of a new app, ECINET, which will incorporate all existing apps. — Currently, the presiding officer of each polling station communicates voter turnout data to a sector officer in charge of a few polling stations, as well as the constituency's Returning Officer, via phone or message. These data are then manually collected, and the constituency's turnout is entered into the Voter Turnout app every two hours. — The new approach will allow each presiding officer to enter turnout data into the ECINET app every two hours. The software will automatically determine the constituency's turnout and display it to the public. — Voter turnout is an ENCORE module that runs on poll day and involves entering data for a two-hourly projected poll % into ENCORE. Citizens and media outlets can monitor voter turnout data with the Voter Turnout app, which is accessible on both Android and iOS platforms. These percentages are pooled in the system to get the district and state poll percentage. — This technology makes it easier to enter data on two-hourly voter turnout and helps to disseminate information in real time. To guarantee that each Constituency receives timely entries, we have created a mechanism at the CEO level to monitor and identify assemblies that have missed data entry deadlines. Conclusion: — Each candidate, however, has the booth-wise turnout figures through Form 17C, which is given to their polling agents at the close of the poll. The Form 17C is a statutory requirement under the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961. (Source: Why Election Commission is working on releasing voter turnout figures faster, Points to Ponder Read about the Election Commission of India Read about Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 Related Previous Year Questions Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees, with particular reference to the ''One Nation–One Election'' principle. (2024) In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018) QUESTION 2: 'Full literacy now includes digital, financial and entrepreneurial skills' . Critically analyse this in light of national skill development policies. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Mizoram and Goa declared themselves 'fully literate' states last month as part of the ULLAS (Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society) literacy initiative for those over the age of 15 who have not attended school. — Mizoram had a literacy rate of 98.2%, whereas Goa's was 99.72%. These states followed Ladakh, the first in the country to declare itself 'fully literate' under the plan in June last year, having 'achieved more than 97% literacy'. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The Centre launched the ULLAS project (also known as the New India Literacy Programme), which would be implemented from 2022 to 2027. It intends to provide 5 crore 'non-literate individuals' over the age of 15 in the country with foundational literacy and numeracy abilities, such as basic reading, writing, and rudimentary arithmetic taught in primary school. The training materials are also intended to educate 'important life skills' such as financial and digital literacy. — Working with schools and officials, states and union territories conducted door-to-door surveys to identify persons in need of such education. They are then taught by registered volunteers, including schoolchildren, students from higher education and teacher education institutions, and community members. The NCERT created the learning materials, which were then translated into the various states' native languages. Teaching and learning can be done offline or through a mobile app. — The Indian government has been implementing adult literacy programs since the 1950s, and ULLAS is the most recent addition. This includes programs aimed at farmers and women in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as a nationwide program known as the National Adult Education Programme for people aged 15 to 35. For this bracket, the National Literacy Mission was implemented from 1988 to 2009. (To read more: What Mizoram, Goa's 'fully literate' tag under the ULLAS program means) Conclusion: — The Functional Literacy Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) is a 150-mark reading, writing, and numeracy test given to students in a variety of languages. After completing the test, the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) certifies the student as having learnt foundational literacy and numeracy skills. — In August of last year, the Ministry of Education wrote to the states, defining 'literacy' and '100% literacy' for the ULLAS. Literacy has been defined as 'the ability to read, write, and compute with comprehension i.e to identify, understand, interpret and create, along with critical life skills such as digital literacy, financial literacy etc.' (Source: What Mizoram, Goa's 'fully literate' tag under the ULLAS program means) Points to Ponder Read about NCERT Read about literacy rate and census Related Previous Year Questions Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (2021) Skill development programmes have succeeded in increasing human resources supply to various sectors. In the context of the statement analyse the linkages between education, skill and employment. (2023) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 106) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 105) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 104) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 105) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 104) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 105) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
Indian Express
04-06-2025
- Business
- Indian Express
Mains answer practice — GS 2: Questions on India-Paraguay relations and the role of Lok Sabha Speaker (Week 105)
UPSC Essentials brings to you its initiative for the practice of Mains answer writing. It covers essential topics of static and dynamic parts of the UPSC Civil Services syllabus covered under various GS papers. This answer-writing practice is designed to help you as a value addition to your UPSC CSE Mains. Attempt today's answer writing on questions related to topics of GS-2 to check your progress. 🚨 Click Here to read the UPSC Essentials magazine for May 2025. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at Examine the possibilities for India-Paraguay relations to strengthen India's engagement with Latin America. Discuss the strategic importance of their partnership in countering terrorism and addressing transnational threats like cybercrime and drug trafficking. Examine the Lok Sabha Speaker's constitutional position, powers, and responsibilities with reference to regulating the Business of the House. Introduction — The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction. — It may consist of basic information by giving some definitions from the trusted source and authentic facts. Body — It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content. — The answer must be preferably written as a mix of points and short paragraphs rather than using long paragraphs or just points. — Using facts from authentic government sources makes your answer more comprehensive. Analysis is important based on the demand of the question, but do not over analyse. — Underlining keywords gives you an edge over other candidates and enhances presentation of the answer. — Using flowcharts/tree-diagram in the answers saves much time and boosts your score. However, it should be used logically and only where it is required. Way forward/ conclusion — The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction. — You may use the findings of reports or surveys conducted at national and international levels, quotes etc. in your answers. Self Evaluation — It is the most important part of our Mains answer writing practice. UPSC Essentials will provide some guiding points or ideas as a thought process that will help you to evaluate your answers. QUESTION 1: Examine the possibilities for India-Paraguay relations to strengthen India's engagement with Latin America. Discuss the strategic importance of their partnership in countering terrorism and addressing transnational threats like cybercrime and drug trafficking. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — Prime Minister Narendra Modi welcomed Paraguay's President Santiago Peña Palacios, stating that the two countries are 'united in the fight against terrorism' and can work together to combat 'shared challenges' like cybercrime, organised crime, and drug trafficking. — President Peña's State Visit to India marks his first visit and only the second by a Paraguayan president. On June 2, 2025, President Peña paid a visit to India and met with the Prime Minister to discuss bilateral relations. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — India and Paraguay established diplomatic relations on September 13, 1961, fostering warm and friendly connections between the two countries. Both countries have since collaborated in a variety of fields, including trade, agriculture, health, medicines, and information technology. — Paraguay is a significant trade partner for India in the Latin American region. Several Indian companies in the automotive and pharmaceutical sectors have a presence in Paraguay, while certain Paraguayan companies, primarily through joint venture corporations, have a presence in India, contributing to the two countries' economic links. — The two countries have similar views on a variety of international topics, including UN reforms, climate change, renewable energy, and terrorist prevention. — India and Paraguay are unified in their fight against terrorism. There is enormous potential for collaboration in combating common threats such as cybercrime, organised crime, and drug trafficking. Conclusion: — There are new prospects for collaboration in fields such as digital technology, essential minerals, energy, agriculture, healthcare, defence, railways, space, and global economic partnership. — The Prime Minister also mentioned New Delhi's advantageous trade relationship with the South American trading bloc MERCOSUR, which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. (Source: India, Paraguay vow to boost ties; united against terror: PM) Points to Ponder Read more about MERCOSUR Read more about India and South American countries relationship Related Previous Year Questions 'India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.' Discuss India's role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.' Evaluate the effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council's Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) and its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level. (2024) QUESTION 2: Examine the Lok Sabha Speaker's constitutional position, powers, and responsibilities with reference to regulating the Business of the House. Note: This is not a model answer. It only provides you with thought process which you may incorporate into the answers. Introduction: — The Speaker's Office plays an important role in our parliamentary democracy. — The Speaker's Office has been described as representing the complete authority of the House, whilst members of Parliament represent individual constituencies. — He/she represents the dignity and power of the House over which he/she presides. — The Speaker serves from the date of his/her election until the first sitting of the Lok Sabha following the dissolution of the one to which he/she was elected. He or she is eligible for re-election. Body: You may incorporate some of the following points in your answer: — The Speaker's Chair is prominently positioned in the Lok Sabha Chamber, providing him or her with a commanding view of the whole House. — He/she also benefits from the directions issued by his/her predecessors, which are collated on a regular basis. In addition, the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha and senior Secretariat staff assist him/her with parliamentary duties, as well as practice and procedure. — In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker performs his or her duties. When the Speaker and Deputy Speaker are not present, a member of the Panel of Chairmen preside over the House. Regulating the Business of the House — The Presiding Officer decides if a Question is admissible; he or she also decides what forms amendments to the Motion of Thanks to the President's Address can be moved in. — If a bill is pending in the House, the Speaker determines whether or not to allow modifications to specific parts of the bill. — Under Article 110(3), only the Speaker has the authority to certify that a bill is a money bill. The advantage of this procedure is obvious: the money bill cannot be enacted or rejected by the Rajya Sabha. It can simply make a suggestion that may or may not be adopted by the Lok Sabha, which alone has a final say in the matter. — He/she regulates all topics not specifically covered by the rules, as well as all concerns about how the rules work. — The Speaker also serves on the tribunal that determines cases of MP defection, which can be extremely beneficial to the parties in power. Conclusion: — The Speaker is the head of the Lok Sabha Secretariat, which is completely under his or her supervision and guidance. The Speaker has supreme responsibility over the House's Secretariat staff, precincts, and security measures. (Source: The importance of Om Birla: Why the office of the Speaker matters by P D T Achary, Points to Ponder Read more about functions of speaker of the Lok Sabha Read about history of speaker of Lok Sabha Role of deputy speaker in the Lok Sabha Related Previous Year Questions Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (2023) Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 104) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 3 (Week 103) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 104) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 2 (Week 103) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 104) UPSC Essentials: Mains answer practice — GS 1 (Week 103) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
