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Time of India
06-07-2025
- General
- Time of India
From Gedun Drupa to Tenzin Gyatso: A look at all the 14 Dalai Lamas so far
As the 14th Dalai Lama marked his 90th birthday, the world reflects on the lineage of his predecessors. From Gedun Drupa, a scholar, to Thupten Gyatso, a moderniser, each Dalai Lama shaped Tibet's spiritual and political landscape. Their lives, marked by scholarship, leadership, and sometimes tragedy, form a sacred tradition. As the 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso, turned 90 on July 6, 2025, he became the longest-living Dalai Lama in Tibetan history. His extraordinary life has drawn attention and popularity not only for his teachings on compassion and peace but also for the ancient tradition he represents. Rooted in the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism , the Dalai Lama is believed to be the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion. Each Dalai Lama is identified as the spiritual successor of his predecessor, through a process of visions, prophecies, and ritual examinations of young children across Tibet and beyond. From nomadic beginnings, royal ties, monastic scholarship, to global advocacy, the 14 Dalai Lamas have helped shape Tibet's spiritual and political history over six centuries. Some served long, influential lives, while others passed away tragically young. Together, their stories have a sacred tradition that continues to guide Tibetan Buddhism today. And on this occasion of the 90th birthday of the current Dalai Lama, the world now waits to see how the 15th Dalai Lama will be chosen. It's the perfect time to look back at the lives of the 13 spiritual predecessors who paved the way for Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Urban Ascent by Emaar- 4 BHK Homes Starting at ₹ 5.25Cr* Emaar India Get Quote Undo Gedun Drupa Born in 1391 into a nomadic family in Tsang, Gedun Drupa was a bright monk who studied under Tsongkhapa, founder of the Gelugpa school. He established Tashi Lhunpo Monastery in 1447, which became a major centre for learning. He passed away peacefully in 1474 at 84, leaving behind a legacy of deep scholarship and devotion. Gedun Gyatso Born in 1475 near Shigatse, Gedun Gyatso showed signs of being the First Dalai Lama's reincarnation by age two, as he remembered his past life. Being recognised at 11, he revived the Great Prayer Festival and led both Drepung and Sera Monasteries. His dedication helped expand Gelugpa teachings. He died in 1542 at age 67, after a life of steady religious leadership. Sonam Gyatso Born in 1543 in Tolung, Sonam Gyatso was recognised at age three. He became abbot of major monasteries and founded the Dalai Lama's monastery, Namgyal. In 1578, Mongol ruler Altan Khan gave him the title 'Dalai Lama,' meaning 'Ocean of Wisdom.' He died in Mongolia in 1588, spreading Buddhism far beyond Tibet. Yonten Gyatso Born in 1589 in Mongolia, Yonten Gyatso was the grandson of Altan Khan. Though his journey to Tibet was delayed, he eventually studied in Lhasa and became abbot of major monasteries. His reign was short-lived, as he died in 1617 at just 27> He was the youngest Dalai Lama to serve during adulthood. Lobsang Gyatso Born in 1617, Lobsang Gyatso, the Fifth Dalai Lama, unified Tibet spiritually and politically with Mongol support. He began building the iconic Potala Palace and met the Qing Emperor in 1649. He was a skilled reformer and diplomat; his 1682 death was kept secret for 15 years to ensure national stability and finish the Potala's construction. Tsangyang Gyatso Born in 1683 in present-day Arunachal Pradesh, Tsangyang Gyatso preferred poetry and taverns over monastic life. He renounced his vows early but won the public's heart with his romantic verses. Although he was disliked by the ruling elite, he was taken to China in 1706, but died mysteriously on the way. His short life remains legendary. Kelsang Gyatso Kelsang Gyatso, born in 1708 in Lithang, was a wise and peaceful leader who brought calm to Tibet after years of unrest. Fully appointed in 1726, he preferred a spiritual life but still played a key role in governance by forming the Kashag in 1751. He died in 1757, remembered for his steady leadership and quiet strength. Jamphel Gyatso Born in 1758 in Lhari Gang, Jamphel Gyatso was enthroned at the Potala Palace and ordained young. He contributed to Tibetan architecture by building Norbulingka, the summer residence of the Dalai Lamas. A calm and studious leader, he died in 1804 at 47 and is remembered for strengthening spiritual practice in everyday life. Lungtok Gyatso Lungtok Gyatso was born in 1805 in Kham and was quickly identified as the reincarnation of the 8th Dalai Lama. Enthroned in 1810, he showed spiritual promise but tragically died in 1815 at just nine years old. Though his time was brief, many believed he had a special presence and deep wisdom beyond his years. His early death was a heartbreaking moment for Tibet, leaving a spiritual void and delaying the continuity of leadership. Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Gyatso was born in 1816 and became the Tenth Dalai Lama at age six. He was fully ordained in 1835. Despite his young age, he took his role seriously and worked to restore the Potala Palace, preserving an important part of Tibet's cultural and spiritual heritage. He passed away in 1837 at only 21 years old. Though his years were few, his commitment to preserving tradition and upholding the responsibilities of his role left a quiet but meaningful legacy in Tibetan history. Khedrup Gyatso Khedrup Gyatso was born in 1838 and recognised shortly after. Ordained young, he assumed leadership in uncertain times. While his role was largely symbolic, he carried the spiritual lineage forward. He passed away in 1856 at the age of 18, one of several Dalai Lamas to die tragically young. Trinley Gyatso Born in 1856, Trinley Gyatso was brought to Lhasa in 1858, and began official duties in 1873. Though he worked to strengthen the Tibetan government, he died suddenly in 1875 at just 20. His short life included a century of political instability and challenges to the Dalai Lama's temporal role. Thupten Gyatso Thupten Gyatso, born in 1876, was a powerful force for change. He attained the title in 1895. He resisted foreign interference and modernised Tibet's military, schools, and health system. Exiled in India, he embraced modern ideas while also preserving Tibet's spiritual heart. He died in 1933 and is considered a visionary who paved the way for his successor.
Time of India
05-07-2025
- General
- Time of India
From Gedun Drupa to Tenzin Gyatso: The 14th Dalai Lama and his 13 predecessors
As the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso , approaches his 90th birthday on July 6, 2025, he holds the distinction of being the longest-living Dalai Lama in Tibetan history. According to tradition, the process of identifying his reincarnation will be overseen by the Gaden Phodrang Trust. Historically, each of the preceding 13 Dalai Lamas was born either in the same year their predecessor passed away or the year after. These spiritual leaders were typically recognized at an early age—usually between two and three years old—as the reincarnated embodiments of their predecessors. Below is a detailed overview of the lives and discoveries of the first 13 Dalai Lamas, as recounted through Tibetan Buddhist customs. While some enjoyed long lives filled with spiritual achievement, others passed away in their youth. Gedun Drupa: The First Dalai Lama (1391–1474) Gedun Drupa, originally named Pema Dorjee, entered the world in 1391 in Gyurmey Rupa, a small area near Sakya in Tibet's Tsang region. His parents, Gonpo Dorjee and Jomo Namkha Kyi, were part of a nomadic tribe. He began his early education in Tibetan script under the tutelage of Gya-Ton Tsenda Pa-La. At 14, he was ordained as a novice monk by Khenchen Drupa Sherab, the abbot of Narthang Monastery, who gave him the religious name Gedun Drupa. He received full monastic ordination in 1411. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like Scientists: Tinnitus? When tinnitus won't go away, do this (Watch) Hearing Magazine Undo In 1416, deeply inspired by the revered Tsongkhapa—the founder of the Gelugpa school—Gedun Drupa became his devoted disciple. Tsongkhapa acknowledged his dedication by symbolically gifting him a new monk's robe, foreshadowing Gedun Drupa's future role in spreading Buddhism across Tibet. Gedun Drupa went on to establish the Tashi Lhunpo Monastery in Shigatse in 1447, which would become a major center of learning for the Gelugpa sect. A scholar of remarkable intellect and discipline, Gedun Drupa authored over eight extensive texts that delved into the teachings and philosophy of the Buddha. He died peacefully in 1474 at the age of 84, while meditating at Tashi Lhunpo. Gedun Gyatso: The Second Dalai Lama (1475–1542) Born in 1475 in Tanag Sekme near Shigatse, Gedun Gyatso was the child of Kunga Gyaltso and Machik Kunga Pemo, a farming family. His father, a practitioner from the Nyingmapa tradition, reportedly had dreams and visions pointing to his son's spiritual destiny. As a toddler, the boy claimed his name was Pema Dorjee and expressed a desire to reside in Tashi Lhunpo Monastery—the same name and wish as the First Dalai Lama. Recognized as Gedun Drupa's reincarnation at age 11, he was enthroned at Tashi Lhunpo and given his monastic name by Panchen Lungrig Gyatso. He undertook advanced studies at both Tashi Lhunpo and Drepung Monasteries. In 1517, he assumed the abbacy of Drepung and in 1525, that of Sera Monastery . He also revived the Monlam Chenmo, or Great Prayer Festival. Gedun Gyatso passed away in 1542 at the age of 67. Sonam Gyatso: The Third Dalai Lama (1543–1588) Sonam Gyatso was born in 1543 in Tolung, near Lhasa, into a prosperous family. After the tragic loss of earlier children, his parents tried to protect him by feeding him goat's milk, and gave him the name Ranu Sicho Pelzang—"prosperous one saved by goat's milk." Recognized at three years old as the reincarnation of the Second Dalai Lama, he was taken to Drepung Monastery, where he renounced worldly life and received his new name. He later accepted full ordination and became the abbot of both Drepung and Sera Monasteries. In 1574, he founded Phende Lekshe Ling, now known as Namgyal Monastery—the personal monastery of the Dalai Lamas. He was the first to receive the title "Dalai Lama" (meaning Ocean of Wisdom ) from the Mongol King Altan Khan, whom he, in turn, named 'Brahma, King of Religion.' Sonam Gyatso expanded Tibetan Buddhism into Mongolia and established Kumbum and Lithang Monasteries. He passed away while teaching in Mongolia in 1588. Yonten Gyatso: The Fourth Dalai Lama (1589–1617) Yonten Gyatso was born in Mongolia in 1589, the grandson of Altan Khan. His birth was accompanied by prophetic signs and approval from the Gaden Monastery's abbot. However, his family initially refused to send him to Tibet. He studied under Tibetan monks in Mongolia before finally arriving in Tibet at age 12 in 1601. At 26, he received full ordination from the Fourth Panchen Lama and became abbot of Drepung and later Sera Monastery. His life was short, and he died in 1617 at the age of 27. Lobsang Gyatso: The Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682) Lobsang Gyatso was born in Lhoka in 1617. As a child, he recognized belongings of the previous Dalai Lama and was secretly acknowledged by Sonam Choephel due to political instability. Eventually, he was ordained and named Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso. In 1642, backed by Gushir Khan of the Qoshot Mongols , he was installed as both Tibet's religious and temporal leader. He initiated the construction of the iconic Potala Palace in 1645. He visited the Chinese Emperor Sunzhi in Peking in 1649, where they exchanged formal honors. The Fifth Dalai Lama's tenure brought political unity and spiritual reform. He died in 1682 before the Potala Palace was completed and advised that his death be kept secret until construction was finished. Tsangyang Gyatso: The Sixth Dalai Lama (1683–1706) Born in 1683 in Tawang (now Arunachal Pradesh), Tsangyang Gyatso was secretly identified due to the Fifth Dalai Lama's undisclosed death. The Desi Sangye Gyatso managed this deception for 15 years while construction of the Potala Palace continued. Tsangyang Gyatso took novice vows in 1697 but renounced monastic life soon after. Known for his poetic brilliance and unorthodox lifestyle, he lived freely, composing lyrical verses and frequenting taverns. In 1706, he was summoned to China but died en route under mysterious circumstances. Kelsang Gyatso: The Seventh Dalai Lama (1708–1757) Kelsang Gyatso was born in Lithang in 1708. The child displayed spiritual traits from a young age and was ordained at Kumbum Monastery. He was enthroned in Lhasa in 1720 and fully ordained in 1726. An accomplished scholar in both sutra and tantra, he reorganized the Tibetan administration by forming the Kashag (council of ministers) in 1751, eliminating the role of Desi. He built the Norling Kalsang Phodrang and founded the Tse-School. He passed away in 1757. Jamphel Gyatso: The Eighth Dalai Lama (1758–1804) Born in 1758 in Lhari Gang, Jamphel Gyatso was recognized for various auspicious signs. He was enthroned in Lhasa at the Potala Palace and received novice ordination at age seven, followed by full ordination in 1777. He contributed to Tibetan architecture by constructing the Norbulingka summer palace. He passed away in 1804 at the age of 47. Lungtok Gyatso: The Ninth Dalai Lama (1805–1815) Lungtok Gyatso was born in 1805 in Kham and was enthroned in Lhasa in 1810. Despite his early promise, he tragically died in 1815 at only nine years of age. Tsultrim Gyatso: The Tenth Dalai Lama (1816–1837) Born in Lithang in 1816, Tsultrim Gyatso was recognized and enthroned in 1822. He was educated at Drepung Monastery and fully ordained in 1835. He restored the Potala Palace but suffered from chronic illness and died in 1837. Khedrup Gyatso: The Eleventh Dalai Lama (1838–1856) Khedrup Gyatso was born in 1838 in Minyak. Recognized and ordained by the Panchen Lama, he assumed leadership as a teenager. Unfortunately, he died unexpectedly in 1856 in the Potala Palace. Trinley Gyatso: The Twelfth Dalai Lama (1856–1875) Born near Lhasa in 1856, Trinley Gyatso was recognized and brought to the Potala Palace in 1858. He assumed full duties by 1873 but died just two years later, at the age of 20. Thupten Gyatso: The Thirteenth Dalai Lama (1876–1933) Thupten Gyatso was born in 1876 in Dagpo. He was recognized in 1877 and fully ordained in 1895. A forward-thinking leader, he strengthened Tibet's sovereignty amidst threats from British and Chinese forces. He introduced paper currency, postal services, schools, and medical institutes. During his exile in India, he was exposed to modern ideas and later restructured Tibet's military and civil institutions. He died in 1933 before fulfilling his dream of fully modernizing Tibet. From humble nomads to royal bloodlines, each Dalai Lama carried the torch of compassion, knowledge, and leadership. Their lives remain testaments to a legacy that intertwines spiritual wisdom with temporal governance—a tradition poised to continue with the next reincarnation.
Indian Express
02-07-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
Dalai Lama has confirmed a succession plan. But uncertainty is far from ended
At the 15th Tibetan Religious Conference that began today in Dharamshala, the 14th Dalai Lama affirmed the continuation of his institutional reincarnation. Leaders of the principal Tibetan sects are attending the conference, which ends on July 4. In the weeks leading up to the announcement, there had been considerable speculation surrounding his next reincarnation. The Dalai Lama, who turns 90 on July 7, had confidently stated in his latest publication that his successor could emerge outside the borders of China. The Dalai Lama's reincarnation is a profound event rooted in a 15th century story about a boy who recalled his past life as Gedun Drub, a key figure and the First Dalai Lama in the Gelugpa tradition. Drub's spirit reemerged in 1475 with Gedun Gyatso, who possessed the extraordinary ability to recall his previous lives. After his death, he was honored as the Second Dalai Lama. The legacy continued with Sonam Gyatso, born in 1643, who received the title 'Dalai', meaning 'ocean', from Mongolian leader Altan Khan in 1578, signifying the all-pervasive ruler of Inner Asia. Yonten Gyatso, born in 1589 as a descendant of Altan Khan, was chosen as the Fourth Dalai Lama. Yonten's successor, Lobsang Gyatso, born in 1617, was recognised as the Fifth by the Third Panchen Lama who formed a powerful alliance with Mongol Gushi Khan, and their partnership was key in establishing the Ganden Phodrang regime at the Potala Palace in 1642, shaping the future of Tibetan governance under the Dalai Lama. In the 17th century, Chinese Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong adopted the Mongol-style patronage of Tibetan Lamas, incorporating the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama as secular authorities within their imperial framework. This strategic alliance strengthened their control over Tibet and lasted until the Qing dynasty's fall in 1912. Beijing asserted that the Fifth Dalai Lama established a significant tributary relationship with the imperial court after paying homage to Emperor Shunzhi in 1653. He presented the emperor with exquisite horses and precious gems, and in return, received a golden seal and the prestigious title of 'Overseer of the Buddhist Faith on Earth Under the Great Benevolent Self-subsisting Buddha of the Western Paradise'. This exchange solidified the Dalai Lama's authority and legitimacy as a spiritual leader. Tsangyang Gyatso, born in Tawang in 1680, was acknowledged as the Sixth Dalai Lama by the Panchen Lama and Mongol leaders. His legitimacy faced opposition from competing Mongol warlords, and he was ultimately assassinated while traveling to Peking to meet with Emperor Kangxi. The Seventh Dalai Lama, Kelsang Gyatso, who was born in 1708, received his consecration from the Panchen Lama with the backing of the Qianlong Emperor. Jamphel Gyatso, who was born in 1758, was also appointed by the Sixth Panchen as the Eighth Dalai Lama. This significant legacy faced challenges after the Nepali invasion of Tibet in 1791, during which Emperor Qianlong modified Tibet's internal autonomy while implementing the 'Twenty-Nine Article Imperial Ordinance'. This ordinance replaced the Regent system with the Kashag (Council) for governance. Additionally, the Golden Urn method for selecting the Dalai Lama and other notable Lamas was established by Qianlong. The immediate Ninth Dalai Lama, Lungtok Gyatso, born in 1805, could bypass the Golden Urn process due to Qianlong's abdication in 1795. Tragically, Lungtok died at the age of nine in 1815. The selection of Jampel Tsultrim Gyatso, born in 1816, as the 10th Dalai Lama was also confirmed through the Golden Urn ceremony. He received novice ordination from the Seventh Panchen. He, too, passed away young in 1837. These events underscore the challenges faced by Tibetan leadership during this tumultuous era. The 11th, who was born in 1838, was also selected via the Golden Urn process; however, his life was sadly abbreviated in 1856 following his ordination by the Panchen Lama. The 12th Dalai Lama, selected in 1858 via the same method, prohibited European entry into Tibet and died at just 20. Thupten Gyatso, the 'Great Thirteenth', was an important figure. It is believed that the Tibetan Nechung oracle and the Eighth Panchen Lama significantly contributed to his selection, which was subsequently endorsed by the Guangxu Emperor in 1879. The 13th was a prominent nationalist who spent time in exile across China, India, and Mongolia. His administration was responsible for the signing of the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention concerning the Sikkim-Tibet border, despite Lord Curzon's objections to his covert alliance with Tsarist Russia. In 1904, during Francis Younghusband's mission to Lhasa, he sought asylum in Mongolia but returned to Lhasa after Britain and Russia finalised the Convention pledging not to interfere in Tibet in 1907. He traveled through Peking (Beijing), where he established a strong relationship with Dowager Empress Cixi. As Thupten Gyatso endeavoured to consolidate power, the Manchu military suppressed his assertions of autonomy. Following the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, he traveled to India in search of military support, which the British refused to provide. Upon his return to Tibet in February 1913, Thupten audaciously proclaimed Tibet's independence, a declaration that was acknowledged solely by the theocratic government of Mongolia. The present 14th Dalai Lama, who was born in 1935, was identified through profound spiritual methods. The Kuomintang (KMT) administration's claim that General Wu Zhongxin was responsible for confirming the 14th Dalai Lama in 1940 was strongly disputed by the Tibetans. Interestingly, Basil Gould, the British representative in Gyantse, attended the enthronement ceremony in Lhasa alongside the Sikkimese envoy Chogyal Pipon Sonam Wangyal, although their seating arrangements were not clearly defined. There is no available reference point regarding India's role in the history of Tibetan succession; rather, the relationship between India and Gaden Phodrang was characterised by hostility. For instance, during the era of the Fifth Dalai Lama, the Tibetans initiated a series of assaults on Bhutan, Ladakh, and Monyul (Tawang). The attack on Ladakh in 1679 resulted in a four-year military standoff, which concluded when the Mughal Empire intervened to safeguard the borders of Ladakh. Consequently, Tibet managed to seize half of Ladakh, including Burang, Guge, and Rudok. During the reign of the 11th Dalai Lama, Kalon Tsaidan Dorje and Dapon Spel Bzhi, along with their forces, ruthlessly killed the Dogra soldiers and decapitated General Zorawar Singh in 1841 at Taklakot. The 13th maintained a cordial relationship with India and sought assistance in opposition to China. He judiciously agreed to adhere to the 1914 Simla Convention; however, his officials subsequently reversed their position. The 14th Dalai Lama did not take office until 1951; however, his regent dispatched wireless telegrams to Jawaharlal Nehru in October 1947, asking for the return of 'Tibetan territories,' which encompass around 300,000 square kilometres (more than ten percent) of Indian land. After arriving in India in 1959, he distanced himself from these telegrams. While China labels the Dalai Lama as a 'political exile', India regards him as a 'revered spiritual leader', permitting him to continue his religious endeavours. It remains uncertain if India possesses the historical basis and legal structure necessary to validate the reincarnation. A significant portion of this issue is intertwined with the tension between imperialist China and communist China. Ideally, the authority to decide should lie with the Tibetans, as the evidence indicates that the Panchen Lama consistently played a crucial role in the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama. The writer is an expert on Himalayan Affairs
Time of India
19-05-2025
- Politics
- Time of India
Who is Gedhun Choekyi Nyima? The Panchen Lama, chosen by the Dalai Lama, missing for three decades
US Secretary of State Rubio calls for immediate release of 11th Panchen Lama on 30th anniversary of his abduction US Secretary of State Marco Rubio on Monday posted on X about the release of the Panchen Lama , Gedhun Choekyi Nyima . "Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was only six years old when Chinese authorities abducted him 30 years ago. The Panchen Lama should be released immediately," Rubio posted on X. His post highlighted the issue of the disappearance of the Panchen Lama. Who is Gedhun Choekyi Nyima ? In May 1995, the 14th Dalai Lama named Gedhun as the 11th Panchen Lama, the second-highest spiritual figure in Tibetan Buddhism . Within days, he and his family vanished. Chinese authorities took the child into custody. Since then, Gedhun has not been seen in public, and the Chinese government has repeatedly denied requests to verify his well-being or allow access to him. He was last seen on May 17, 1995. Born on April 25, 1989, in Lhari County, Tibet Autonomous Region, Gedhun, now be 36 years, belonged to the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama is one of the most important spiritual figures in Tibetan Buddhism, second only to the Dalai Lama. The title "Panchen" means "great scholar" and traditionally refers to the spiritual leader responsible for guiding the Buddhist community and helping to identify the reincarnation of the next Dalai Lama. It was formally bestowed by the 5th Dalai Lama in the 17th century upon Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen, who became the 4th in a spiritual lineage retroactively recognized as the previous Panchen Lamas. From then on, the Panchen Lama was seen as the second-highest spiritual authority in Tibetan Buddhism, just after the Dalai Lama. Historically, the Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama share a unique spiritual relationship: each plays a key role in recognizing the other's reincarnation. This makes the position politically and spiritually powerful—not just within Tibet, but also in the context of Tibetan autonomy and resistance to Chinese control. While Dalai Lama is historically based in Lhasa at the Potala Palace, the Panchen Lama is traditionally based in Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, Tibet's second-largest city. In 1996, a year after the abduction of the 11th Panchen Lama, China named its own Panchen Lama: Gyaincain Norbu. But many Tibetans and international observers regard him as a state-appointed replacement, not the true spiritual leader. Today, Gedhun is believed to be around 36 years old, but his whereabouts remain unknown. The Chinese government insists he is "living a normal life," yet no independent verification has ever been allowed. The United Nations, governments including the U.S. and the U.K., and countless human rights groups have continued to raise concerns about Gedhun's fate. Over the years, Beijing has offered vague assurances that he's 'living a normal life' and 'doesn't want to be disturbed. ' But no proof has ever been provided. Tibetans mark his birthday each year with prayers and protests. For many Tibetans, the true Panchen Lama remains a powerful symbol of spiritual resistance and a painful reminder of what's been lost under Chinese rule. For them, Gedhun isn't just a missing boy, he is a symbol of their culture, faith, and struggle under Chinese rule. His disappearance continues to spark international concern and calls for transparency, even three decades later.
