Latest news with #GenderParityIndex
Mail & Guardian
11 hours ago
- Mail & Guardian
Male disengagement is a growing concern
The Gender Parity Index (GPI) in tertiary education tells the story. As of the latest figures, South Africa's GPI stands at 1.41, meaning that for every man enrolled in higher education, there are 1.41 women. (Flickr/ My friend and I have birthdays just two days apart and she has never once failed to wish me a happy birthday. But this year, she missed mine and I couldn't reach her for days. When she finally re-emerged, she shared a harrowing tale of how a group of men had broken into her home and robbed her. She was only saved because she managed to text a friend to call the police. She is a young teacher who lives alone in a South African township and has recently bought her first car. That may have been what put her in the robbers' crosshairs. The incident prompted me to investigate what it means to empower women in a patriarchal society composed of men with a predisposition to violence. South Africa is witnessing a powerful generational shift, one often lauded but rarely interrogated deeply — young women, especially those between 20 and 34, are outpacing men across multiple fronts. They're graduating in greater numbers, buying homes, financing vehicles and gaining financial independence at rates that would have been unimaginable a generation ago. But, as the spotlight follows their ascent, the shadows lengthen behind them, namely, the growing cohort of young men disengaging from formal education, economic participation and society. And that disengagement is not benign. In a nation plagued by violent crime and patriarchal fragility, male alienation is a quiet fuse lit beneath the country's most promising gains. Meanwhile, young men are either dropping out or not entering at all, with many citing a lack of financial support, a disinterest in 'irrelevant' curricula and the pressure to hustle instead of study. This inadvertently leads to an overrepresentation of young women in higher institutions, graduate programmes and on the lower rungs of corporate. This has tangible implications as far as the economic position of young women vs young men is concerned. Recent data and industry analysis indicate that young women are not only active buyers but, in some cases, are outnumbering young men in vehicle purchases. Automotive industry experts and platforms have observed that among the youth market (under 35), This trend is also reflected in the housing market. What is clear is that in the tangible expressions of adult success, young women are ahead. South Africa's professional class in 20 years will be disproportionately female if this trend persists. While that is not the issue, it constitutes a breeding ground for unintended consequences. With ownership comes exposure. In a country with the world's third-highest crime rate, where violence against women is pandemic, the economic rise of women doesn't just empower, it imperils. Hijackings are on the rise, with a car stolen every 30 to 40 minutes. Women, now more likely to be solo drivers in newer vehicles, are increasingly targeted. Kidnappings, often tied to carjackings and robberies, have surged by 264% in the past decade. Home invasions are no longer confined to the affluent suburbs; they track asset ownership, not neighbourhoods. This isn't a random crime. It's targeted. Criminal syndicates and opportunists alike are beginning to understand that the new symbol of affluence might not be a man in a Mercedes, but a young woman behind the wheel of her own Polo GTI, with a home loan and a postgraduate degree. And here's the crux — South Africa's young men aren't just falling behind, they're getting disheartened. With high unemployment, a waning presence in tertiary institutions and deep cultural attachments to being 'the provider', many find themselves economically and socially emasculated. The country's entrenched masculinity culture doesn't reward introspection or reinvention. Instead, it rewards dominance, often expressed through violence. South Africa ranks among the highest in gender-based violence, femicide and intimate-partner murders, all symptoms of a masculine identity crisis unfolding in real time. When young women rise while young men fall, in a context where many men equate power with control, it's a recipe for backlash. Women are not just succeeding; they're succeeding in the face of male failure. And that, in a country where violent patriarchy is still in full bloom, is a dangerous tension. If these trends continue unchecked, the country faces a fractured socio-economic landscape: Workforce imbalance: A surge in qualified, employed women and an underqualified, underemployed male cohort; Crime inflation: More women in ownership equals more women in the crosshairs; Gender resentment: As women gain, while men lose power, the political rhetoric and domestic consequences could become explosive; and Social stagnation: Men disengaging from formal systems will create a parallel economy and culture, potentially hostile to the formal one. To avert this collision, policymakers, educators and communities must act: Re-engage men: Invest in programmes targeting male retention in schools, universities and skills development; Rethink masculinity: Expand school curricula and community education to include emotional literacy, nonviolent conflict resolution and new models of manhood; Protect women: Urban planning, policing and policy must evolve to anticipate the increased risks women face as economic agents; and Economic inclusion: Don't just celebrate women's rise, ensure male youths have viable pathways to dignity, work and contribution. The economic success of South Africa's young women should be a national triumph. It is the fruit of decades of policy, perseverance and grit. But we would be foolish to think it exists in a vacuum. Male disengagement is a growing concern, not only for the men themselves but for the women who now walk, drive and live as both achievers and targets. If we want a truly inclusive society, equality cannot mean flipping the imbalance; it must mean addressing both the rising and the falling, with care, clarity and courage. Yonela Faba is a University of Cape Town PhD candidate in economics and a writer with blockchain, finance and policy analysis expertise. He has a background in academia and banking. Linkedin: Yonela Faba.
Time of India
5 days ago
- Health
- Time of India
NITI report: Bengal scores in jobs, socio-eco indicators; lags behind in GSDP growth & fiscal management
KOLKATA: Bengal's annual unemployment rate in 2022-'23 was 2.2%, 30% below the national average of 3.2%, NITI Aayog's just-released summary report for Bengal says. Bengal has also scored better in several socio-economic indicators but its GSDP growth (4.3%) was around 23% lower than the national average of 5.6 % during the decade between 2012-'13 and 2021-'22, the report added. You Can Also Check: Kolkata AQI | Weather in Kolkata | Bank Holidays in Kolkata | Public Holidays in Kolkata The report, citing the National Family Health Survey-V (2019-'21), puts Bengal's sex ratio (973 female births for every 1,000 male births) as much healthier than the nati-onal average of 889. The state fares better than the national average in education as well; its literacy rate (76.3%) is higher than the national average of 73% and it has a lower school dropout rate and higher pass percentages for classes 10 and 12. The Gender Parity Index in higher education (ratio of girls and boys enrolled in higher education institutions for 18-23 age group), too, has improved and is higher than the national average, the report says. Bengal's health parameters, too, are better than the national average, the report has said. Life expectancy in the state (as of 2021) was 72.3 years, higher than the national average (70 years). Both infant mortality and total fertility rate have dipped over the years; and both - 19 deaths for every 1,000 live births in 2020 and 1.6 children for every woman in 2019-'21 - are better than the respective national averages. State improves in quality-of-life indicators The NITI Aayog report says Bengal has shown an improvement in several quality-of-life indicators, too; households' access to drinking water is marginally above the national benchmark and access to electricity and sanitation facilities is close to the national averages. The report, however, has found financial management to be a mixed bag. Bengal's debt-to-GSDP ratio (38.4% in 2022-'23) is higher than the median though its contingent liabilities (1.2%) and expenditure-to-GSDP ratio (16.5%) are lower than the median. Its fiscal deficit (4% of GSDP) is higher than a median state's (as of 2022-'23; so is the revenue deficit (2.6% of GSDP). The state also collects less in its own taxes and non-tax revenues as compared to a median state. Fund transfers from Centre to Bengal are lower than that of a median state's but these constitute the largest component of its total revenue.
Hans India
6 days ago
- Politics
- Hans India
Rejuvenating state public universities
It is a matter of gratification that the State Public Universities (SPUs), which are fighting for their survival from the onslaught of deemed and private universities, received the attention of the NITI Aayog and prepared a policy report (February 2025) titled 'Expanding Quality Higher Education Through States and State Public Universities'. The report listed 57 key challenges in the four major areas of quality funding, governance and employability. It duly acknowledged the significant role played by the SSPUs. SPUs are predominant in the university system of higher education. According to the All India Survey of Higher Education report, there are 445 SPUs as against only 53 central universities. By virtue of a policy shift at the Central and state levels, a new breed of institutions classified as deemed and private universities have mushroomed. As per the AISHE report there are 81 private deemed Universities and 391 state private universities, forcing the pendulum to lean towards private participation. It is no secret that both the central and state governments have dumped the idea that education shall be a 'merit good' in precept and practice. It appears that it is the policy of the state governments to reduce the investment in higher education. Despite the lukewarm treatment meted out to them, the mark of SPUs in the higher education sector remains indelible in terms of access to higher education, low-fee structure and supervision of the system. As per the AISHE report 2021-22, SPUs account for 81 per cent of student enrolment, thereby shooting up the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) to the present level of 28.4 per cent. SPUs are also prime movers in maintaining Gender Parity Index (GPI) and enhancing the same from 0.87 in 2011-12 to 1.01 in 2021-22 for the entire nation. However, despite such significance, SPUs are beset with insurmountable challenges and deep-rooted problems like acute shortage of faculty, inadequate infrastructure, comparatively inferior laboratories, insufficient grants and to cap it all n overwhelming political pressure. The policy recommendations of NITI Aayog centred around four major challenges, including quality, funding, governance and employability. The implementation roadmap is categorised into three time periods-short term (up to two years), medium term (2-5 years) and long term (over five years). It is quite laudable that Aayog has tried to identify the players responsible for implementing the roadmap. The irony of the situation is that none of the identified individuals is new to the system but integral to it. Even then, they could not arrest the downfall of the PSUs. The ills besetting PSUs require a major surgery and not a 'pain balm treatment'. An attempt is being made here to detail the major and serious issues faced by them and how infeasible are the recommendations of NITI Aayog team in this regard. I am also trying to offer a more direct and realistic implementation process towards ameliorating the plight of SPUs. The first and foremost issue pertains to the acute shortage of faculty. As per one estimate, almost 50 per cent of the faculty positions in SPUs remain vacant. The entire activity is operated according to the whims and fancies of the state governments and mostly to the disadvantage of universities. We have come across instances wherein some state governments did not sanction a single faculty position, although new courses and programmes were incorporated into the curriculum. The common refrain of the authorities is 'budget' constraints. The recruitment processes of such institutes face litigation one too many, making it near impossible for the incumbent Vice-Chancellor to fill the vacancies during his three-year tenure. The teaching deficiency is made good by the appointment of part-time, contract and guest faculty. The irony of the situation is that the average service of these temporary faculty is anywhere around 10-15 years; and many of them become ineligible, if the universities apply a cap on the age of entry into service. NITI Aayog puts the responsibility on the shoulders of the state government, but precious little progress is made on this front. The second relates to lack of a sound base of research in terms of good quality infrastructure and trained faculty. Spending on research projects is miniscule, while the capability of these institutions to mobilise funds from agencies like DST, DBT, UGC, AICTE, other departments and ministries is dismal. This is exacerbated by the limited access to high-ranking quality journals. To set the things right, the NITI Aayog called for formulation of a clear policy for research, allocation of funds for establishing research labs, boosting collaborations and the need to have more centres of excellence. But the sorry state-of-affairs is that those entrusted with this responsibility are in deep slumber. The third factor relates to the complete absence of institution-industry interface in most SPUs. This needs to be stepped up to recognisable levels like the private institutions, which provide pre-placement training and long-term internships. Alternatively, SPUs can avail the opportunities provided through platforms like 'National Career Service' and AICTE's internship facility. The fourth dimension relates to funding of SPUs. Compared to central universities, IITs and NITs, SPUs are totally dependent on block grants extended by the respective state governments or through self-finance courses. Projects and consultancy are quite unthinkable. The final and fifth issue pertains to governance. At a time when universities were founded by princely states, the governing structures and funding were exemplary. The best example is the establishment of Osmania University by Nawab Osman Ali Khan in 1917. The iconic Arts College building remains a timeless architectural marvel. In the given circumstances, it is the considered opinion of the author that measures be taken to categorise SPUs into teaching and research outfits with designated objectives and targets. As a matter of fact, this is also the prescription of the NEP, 2020. The central government should take the lead by providing the necessary funding. It is time every HEI is allowed and provided with a congenial atmosphere to emerge as institutions of distinctive character and capable of creating their own USP and 'Brand Image'. (The writer is a former Vice-Chancellor of Acharya Nagarjuna University)
India Today
21-06-2025
- General
- India Today
India Today-MDRA Best Colleges Survey 2025
Winds of change sweep India's higher education arena as new colleges rise up to the challenge Enormous scale, lofty aspirations and enduring contradictions. That is the ongoing story of India's higher education system. Over the past few decades, it has expanded significantly, with tertiary education becoming accessible to a broader and more diverse segment of the youth population than ever before. Key milestones—such as a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 28.4 per cent, a favourable Gender Parity Index and a rising intake from socially disadvantaged groups—signal progress towards greater democratisation. The proliferation of academic spaces, including premier hubs like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), alongside a growing research footprint, reflects a country eager to claim its place on the global academic stage. Yet this impressive growth in numbers masks persistent challenges in quality. And among the most significant is the risk that a narrow focus on excellence in a few elite institutions may deepen mediocrity across the rest. India's higher education ecosystem remains uneven, with stark contrasts between the long-established and the emerging colleges, between urban centres and smaller towns. If there is one marker on which there is marked progress, it is in terms of global visibility. Over the past decade, India has recorded a 286 per cent increase in the number of institutions featured in global university rankings—reportedly the highest among G20 nations. In the QS World University Rankings: Asia 2026, India tops the continent with the most institutions (163) in the rankings; four Indian universities now feature in the Top 100. But this international acclaim does not reflect the imbalance that lurks underneath. While India's top five institutions saw their average rank improve significantly—from 224 in the 2024 global QS rankings to 173 in the 2026 edition—the broader picture is less reassuring. Among the 54 Indian universities that feature in the global list, the average rank still hovers at a modest 452. This stark contrast underscores a critical point: the stellar performance of a few institutions risks obscuring the structural weaknesses that persist across the rest of the system. The gap between India's best and the bulk of its higher education system appears to be growing and, with it, the challenge of building a truly inclusive and uniformly excellent educational landscape. The India Today Group's Best Colleges Survey for 2025 seeks to bridge this divide. For nearly three decades, this annual exercise has earned a reputation as the most credible and comprehensive assessment of the country's undergraduate colleges. Backed by a rigorous methodology, continuous innovation and an unwavering commitment to objectivity, the rankings are a crucial barometer for students, faculty, policymakers and industry leaders alike. India Today, however, has never believed in resting on its laurels. In keeping with that pursuit of excellence, the Best Colleges survey has constantly tried to become better. Over the years, it has become evident that institutions with deep historical roots, many with outstanding faculty, cutting-edge infrastructure and a legacy of attracting top students, tend to dominate the top slots. While such performance is undoubtedly deserved, it risks overshadowing smaller or newer institutions that are making impressive strides. To make amends for this, this year's edition introduces a new category: India's Most Improved Colleges. Across 14 streams—Arts, Science, Commerce, Medical, Dental, Engineering, Architecture, Law, Mass Communication, Hotel Management, BBA, BCA, Social Work and Fashion Design—we spotlight one college in each stream that has shown the greatest improvement in scores and rankings over the past five years (read methodology). This isn't just a tweak in rankings; it's a recognition of grit, reinvention and upward momentum. The purpose of this initiative is twofold. First, it encourages healthy competition among colleges that may not have had a head start but have been working hard at closing the gap. Second, it expands the horizons of options for students and parents. Not making it into the so-called 'top' colleges is no longer a setback. There are now several emerging centres of excellence that offer a comparable, if not superior, educational experience. And that college may not necessarily be in a big city. For employers, this opens up new recruitment pools where raw, trainable talent is being put through the paces. This new segment also seeks to address the long-standing regional imbalance in Indian higher education. Building a world-class system isn't only about expanding capacity. It's about ensuring equity and access across geographies. Today, a disproportionate number of top institutions are clustered in a handful of states. Bridging this regional divide requires deliberate and sustained effort. Our rankings reflect that: they go beyond metros to showcase promising institutions in Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities, many of which have climbed into the top 30. Quality, it seems, is finally allowing itself to be democratised. The 2025 survey, as earlier, lists the top three colleges in each of several smaller cities, making this the most inclusive and granular assessment of India's higher education ecosystem. Unsurprisingly, the number of participating colleges has surged—from 988 in 2018 to 1,865 this year. Educators have credited this to the sparking of a competitive spirit even among remote institutions, offering them a tangible incentive to raise the bar. These value additions align seamlessly with the founding philosophy of the India Today Best Colleges Survey: to highlight good practices, recognise excellence and capture emerging trends before they become mainstream. At the heart of this endeavour are those who matter the most—students and educators. Over time, the survey has added several innovations to reflect the real-world choices students face. While institutional prestige matters, what students increasingly look for is departmental strength. The best college in a given stream may not have the top department in a specific subject, and vice versa. To help students navigate this, in 2023, we introduced a category for Best Colleges in Individual Subjects. In 12 disciplines across the arts and sciences—ranging from Economics and English to Chemistry and Sanskrit—we now assess departments based on objective data submitted by colleges. The entire process rests on a granular evaluation of each college across five key parameters: 'Intake Quality and Governance', 'Academic Excellence', 'Infrastructure and Living Experience', 'Personality and Leadership Development' and 'Career Progression and Placement'. This metric of transparency helps students make informed choices based not just on reputation but on measurable outcomes. One of the most pressing concerns for students and parents is the return on investment. What does a degree from a particular college translate into in terms of jobs and salaries? Our survey has been addressing this directly, highlighting colleges that offer the best placement packages, highest salary offers and lowest fees, allowing aspirants to balance aspiration with affordability. India in 2025 stands at a demographic crossroads. With the world's largest youth population, the country has a fleeting window to convert its demographic dividend into economic gains. But this will only be possible if the young are educated and employable. A major concern is the low employability of graduates, with some recent estimates suggesting that fewer than half are job-ready. Encouragingly, there is now a growing consensus that 'business as usual' is no longer enough. The convergence of political intent (as reflected in the National Education Policy 2020), technological disruption and societal demand for better learning outcomes has created a unique opportunity for systemic transformation. As has the disruption that US president Donald Trump is visiting upon American universities and their foreign students. At this momentous turn of history, the India Today Best Colleges Survey can both be a mirror and a map, a ready reckoner that charts where India's higher education stands today, and where it is headed tomorrow. It's not just a list. It's a tool for reform, reflection and renewal. METHODOLOGY | HOW THE COLLEGES WERE RANKED With over 58,000 colleges across India, this 29th annual edition of India Today Group's ranking of colleges in India intends to make critical career decisions easier for aspirants based on rich information and data. This ranking has come to be known as the gold standard for other stakeholders such as recruiters, parents, alumni, policy makers, public and institutions. Since 2018, this survey has been conducted in association with reputed Delhi-based market research agency Marketing & Development Research Associates (MDRA) and has been widely appreciated for its consistency. Colleges were ranked across 14 streams—Arts, Science, Commerce, Medical, Dental, Engineering, Architecture, Law, Mass Communication, Hotel Management, BBA, BCA, Social Work and Fashion Design. During objective ranking, MDRA carefully attuned more than 112 performance indicators in each stream to provide the most comprehensive and balanced comparisons of colleges. These indicators were clubbed into five broad parameters—'Intake Quality and Governance', 'Academic Excellence', 'Infrastructure and Living Experience', 'Personality and Leadership Development' and 'Career Progression and Placement'. Moreover, to give more realistic, relevant and accurate information, MDRA evaluated colleges based on current year data. The ranking tables also give parameter-wise scores to provide deeper insights into key aspects of decision-making by various stakeholders. In addition, from 2023, the survey has come out with the first-ever ranking of colleges in major subjects, such as Economics, History, English, Psychology, Sociology, Political Science, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Hindi and Sanskrit based on the objective data submitted by the colleges. THE RANKING WAS DONE IN MULTIPLE STEPS An extensive desk review of MDRA's database and secondary research was conducted to prepare a list of colleges in each stream. Only those colleges which have been offering full-time, in-classroom courses and churned out at least three pass-out batches till 2024 were considered. In 12 streams, undergraduate courses were ranked. In Mass Communication and Social Work, post-graduate courses were evaluated. Experts with rich experience in their fields were consulted to frame the parameters and sub-parameters for different streams. Indicators critical for establishing the best colleges were meticulously determined, and their relative weights were finalised. For a year-on-year comparison the weightages of parameters have remained unchanged over the last two years. Comprehensive objective questionnaires were designed for each of the 14 streams, taking into account the chosen performance indicators and were put up in the public domain—on the websites of India Today and MDRA. Our research partner directly contacted about 10,000 colleges that fulfilled the eligibility criteria, seeking objective data for verification. Attested soft copies were sought, and 1,865 eligible colleges submitted institutional data along with voluminous supporting documents within the stipulated deadline. After receipt of the objective data from participating colleges, MDRA verified the information provided by them. In case of insufficient/incorrect data, respective colleges were asked to provide complete, correct and updated information. A perceptual survey about these colleges was carried out among 1,854 well-informed respondents (563 senior faculty members, 310 recruiters/ professionals, 397 career accelerators and 584 final year students) across 27 cities, divided into four zones. North: Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurugram, Faridabad, Lucknow, Kota, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Ludhiana and Jalandhar East: Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Patna and Raipur West: Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Indore, Bhopal and Nagpur South: Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi and Coimbatore National and zonal rankings were taken from them in their respective field of experience and were given 75 per cent and 25 per cent weightages, respectively. They also rated the institutes on a 10-point rating scale on each of the five key parameters. While computing objective scores, it was ensured that aggregate data alone was not used, and hence, data sets were normalised on the basis of the number of students for fair comparison. The total scores arrived at from the objective and perception surveys were added in the ratio of 60:40—for 11 professional courses—while a ratio of 50:50 was taken for academic courses—arts, science and commerce—to get the final combined score. NEW ADDITION: MOST IMPROVED COLLEGES A major highlight of this year's India Today-MDRA Best Colleges Survey is the introduction of a new category—'Most Improved Colleges'—recognising institutions that have made the greatest strides over time. This ranking captures the five-year growth trajectory of colleges across all 14 streams by analysing the change in their relative positions in the annual rankings from 2020 to 2025. It focuses on the percentage improvement in rank, thereby offering a dynamic perspective on institutional performance, rather than a static snapshot. The college that records the highest percentage rise in rank over the five-year period is placed at the top of this list, followed by others in decreasing order of improvement. This new category is a testament to the transformative efforts made by educational institutions to enhance their standing and quality, and it offers a fresh lens through which aspirants, parents, recruiters and policymakers can assess sustained institutional development. An experienced and large team of researchers, statisticians and analysts worked on this project. The MDRA core team, led by Abhishek Agrawal (Executive Director), comprised Abnish Jha (Project Director), Vaibhav Gupta (Deputy Research Manager), Robin Singh (Assistant Research Executive), Rishav Sharma (Assistant Research Executive) and Manveer Singh (Assistant Manager EDP).
Indian Express
23-05-2025
- Politics
- Indian Express
Infra gaps, unspent funds flagged in implementation of Centre's Samagra Shiksha Scheme at Delhi schools
Unspent funds, incomplete classroom and toilet projects, gender gap in enrolments, and large numbers of teacher vacancies —these were among the concerns raised during a recent meeting of the Project Approval Board (PAB) as it reviewed the Delhi's Annual Work Plan and Budget for the implementation of Centre's Samagra Shiksha Scheme at government and government-aided schools in the Capital. Delhi spent just 62.66% of the total funds available in the previous financial year, the Board noted. 'The UT (union territory) needs to ensure timely expenditure of available funds,' the PAB said, adding that this is essential for the release of further instalments. For the year 2025–26, the PAB has approved a total allocation of Rs 84,504 lakh, with Rs 47,042 lakh to be released as the Centre's share. Expressing alarm at the lack of progress on key infrastructure work, the Board noted that not a single unit from the additional classrooms (347), girls' toilets (47), or boys' toilets (40), which were approved between 2018–19 and 2023–24, had been built. The Delhi government has been urged to complete the pending works within this fiscal year. 'There is a pendency in infrastructure facilities since inception in the UT…UT was urged to come up with a concrete plan of action for completing the not-started works within the time frame or for surrendering the work that was not started,' it said. The Centre also asked Delhi to initiate social audits covering 60% of government schools in 2025–26. The PAB meeting on March 12 saw participation of officials from the Ministry of Education as well as the Delhi government. The minutes of the PAB meeting were made available on Wednesday. The PAB also flagged 36.44% vacancies in academic posts across Delhi's District Institutes of Education and Training (DIETs), responsible for teacher training. 'Considering the important role of these institutions in empowering teachers, the vacant positions of the DIET may be filled on priority to strengthen them…the release of funds under the DIETs of Excellence scheme will be contingent upon filling up of vacancies latest by June 30, 2025,' the Board warned. Meanwhile, only 3.93% of Delhi's Samagra Shiksha Budget is allocated to teacher education, it pointed out. The Board asked the government to 'focus more on secondary education and teacher training' for balanced distribution of resources. 'The UT needs to improve GER (gross enrollment ratio) and NER (net enrolment ratio), especially at the higher secondary level,' the Board underlined and noted that 57.06% of total students in the Capital are enrolled in government schools, which make up about 49% of all schools Referring to Delhi's Gender Parity Index (GPI) at 1.13 at the senior secondary level, showing significantly more girls than boys in school, the Board advised the government to study the 'mismatch and underlying causes.' Inclusive education for children with special needs (CWSN) also emerged as one of the concerns. Children with special needs make up just 1% of the student population, with numbers falling from Class 8 onward. Moreover, only 21% of teachers are trained in inclusive practices, and Delhi has just 29 special educators. The Board said the city must align with the guidelines set by the National Education Policy 2020 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act 2016. On skill education, the PAB highlighted that just 32.56% of schools offer vocational training. Further, of 2,693 recognised schools in Delhi, only 1,197 have solar panels. The Board advised the city to speed up installations. The PAB for the Samagra Shiksha Scheme is responsible for reviewing, approving, and monitoring the annual work plans and budgets submitted by states and UTs to ensure effective implementation of the scheme.
