Latest news with #IsakWold
Yahoo
02-07-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
James Webb telescope spots tiny galaxies that may have transformed the universe
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have spotted tiny galaxies that may have driven a major transformation in the early universe. Ultraviolet (UV) light shining from these small galaxies may have powered an epoch known as the Era of Reionization, clearing the fog of hydrogen gas that permeated the universe in its first billion years. Researchers presented the findings June 11 at the 246th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Anchorage, Alaska. "When it comes to producing ultraviolet light, these small galaxies punch well above their weight," Isak Wold, an assistant research scientist at The Catholic University of America and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, said in a statement. For roughly the first billion years of its existence, the universe was full of neutral hydrogen gas. But ultraviolet light from the first stars and galaxies stripped the gas of its electrons during the Era of Reionization. Small galaxies undergoing rapid star formation, or "starbursts," may have played a role in reionizing this fog of hydrogen. "Low-mass galaxies gather less neutral hydrogen gas around them, which makes it easier for ionizing ultraviolet light to escape," co-investigator James Rhoads, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard, said in the statement. "Likewise, starburst episodes not only produce plentiful ultraviolet light — they also carve channels into a galaxy's interstellar matter that helps this light break out." Related: James Webb telescope discovers 'a new kind of climate' on Pluto, unlike anything else in our solar system Only about 1% of galaxies near the Milky Way today resemble those early drivers, but they were far more common when the universe was just 800 million years old and reionization had already begun. In the new study, scientists searched for small, prolific galaxies from that time period. They pored over JWST images of a galaxy cluster known as Abell 2744, or Pandora's Cluster, about 4 billion light-years from Earth. Through a process called gravitational lensing, the cluster's significant mass bends light around it, magnifying tiny, distant galaxies that existed during the universe's first billion years. The team looked for green light emitted by oxygen atoms that had lost two of their electrons. The presence of this "doubly ionized" oxygen indicates that nearby processes were producing strong UV light that knocked off those electrons. That same UV light could have reionized the fog of hydrogen gas that permeated the universe. RELATED STORIES —'Totally unexpected' galaxy discovered by James Webb telescope defies our understanding of the early universe —James Webb telescope unveils largest-ever map of the universe, spanning over 13 billion years —'Previously unimaginable': James Webb telescope breaks its own record again, discovering farthest known galaxy in the universe From these images, the team identified 83 small starburst galaxies. "These galaxies are so small that, to build the equivalent stellar mass of our own Milky Way galaxy, you'd need from 2,000 to 200,000 of them," co-investigator Sangeeta Malhotra, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard, said in the statement. But combined, those same galaxies produced a lot of UV light, and their small size allowed that light to shine farther into the universe. If these ancient galaxies are anything like present-day galaxies with high star formation rates, such as "green pea' galaxies, they could have emitted all of the UV light necessary to ionize the universe's neutral hydrogen, according to the researchers. "Our analysis of these tiny but mighty galaxies is 10 times more sensitive than previous studies, and shows they existed in sufficient numbers and packed enough ultraviolet power to drive this cosmic renovation," Wold said.
Yahoo
19-06-2025
- Science
- Yahoo
Tiny galaxies may have helped our universe out of its dark ages, JWST finds
When you buy through links on our articles, Future and its syndication partners may earn a commission. Evidence continues to assemble that dwarf galaxies played a larger role in shaping the early universe than previously thought. Astronomers analyzing data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have uncovered a population of tiny, energetic galaxies that may have been key players in clearing the cosmic fog that shrouded the universe after the Big Bang. "You don't necessarily need to look for more exotic features," Isak Wold, an assistant research scientist at the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C., told reporters during the 246th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Alaska. "These tiny but numerous galaxies could produce all the light needed for reionization." About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe cooled enough for charged particles to combine into neutral hydrogen atoms, creating a thick, light-absorbing fog, an era known as the cosmic dark ages. It wasn't until several hundred million years later, with the birth of the first stars and galaxies, that intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation began reionizing this primordial hydrogen. That process gradually cleared the dense fog, allowing starlight to travel freely through space and illuminating the cosmos for the first time. For decades, astronomers have debated what triggered this dramatic transformation. The leading candidates included massive galaxies, quasars powered by black holes, and small, low-mass galaxies. New data from the JWST now points strongly to the smallest contenders, suggesting these tiny galaxies acted like cosmic flashlights lighting up the early universe. To identify these early galaxies, Wold and his colleagues focused on a massive galaxy cluster called Abell 2744, or Pandora's Cluster, located about 4 billion light-years away in the constellation Sculptor. The immense gravity of this cluster acts as a natural magnifying glass, bending and amplifying light coming from much more distant, ancient galaxies behind it. Tapping into this quirk of nature, combined with the JWST's powerful instruments, the researchers peered nearly 13 billion years back in time. Using the JWST's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), the team searched for a specific green emission line from doubly ionized oxygen, a hallmark of intense star formation. This light was originally emitted in the visible range but was stretched into the infrared as it traveled through the expanding universe, according to a NASA statement. The search yielded 83 tiny, starburst galaxies, all vigorously forming stars when the universe was just 800 million years old, around 6% of its current age. "Our analysis [...] shows they existed in sufficient numbers and packed enough ultraviolet power to drive this cosmic renovation," Wold said in the statement. Today, similar primitive galaxies, such as so-called "green pea" galaxies, are rare but known to release roughly 25% of their ionizing UV radiation into surrounding space. If early galaxies functioned in the same way, Wold said, they would have generated enough light to reionize the hydrogen fog and make the universe transparent. "When it comes to producing ultraviolet light, these small galaxies punch well above their weight," he said in the statement.
India Today
13-06-2025
- Science
- India Today
James Webb Telescope captures tiny galaxies that reveal big secret
Using data from NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), astronomers have identified dozens of small, starburst galaxies that played a pivotal role in transforming the early universe during a period known as cosmic tiny galaxies, though small in size, emitted powerful ultraviolet light that helped clear the fog of neutral hydrogen gas enveloping the universe's first billion years, enabling the universe to become transparent and evolve into its current discovery, presented by Isak Wold, an assistant research scientist at Catholic University of America and Nasa's Goddard Space Flight Center, was made possible by the unprecedented sensitivity of JWST's instruments, particularly the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). The team analysed images from the UNCOVER observing program, which focused on the massive galaxy cluster Abell 2744, also known as Pandora's cluster. This cluster's immense gravity acts as a natural lens, magnifying distant galaxies and extending Webb's observational reach about 4 billion light-years galaxies identified date back to when the universe was roughly 800 million years old, an epoch astronomers call redshift this time, vigorous star formation episodes—starbursts—occurred in these low-mass galaxies, producing intense ultraviolet radiation. This radiation ionised the surrounding hydrogen gas by stripping electrons from atoms, a process essential for the universe's transition from opaque to researchers detected a distinctive green emission line from doubly ionised oxygen, originally visible light stretched into the infrared spectrum due to cosmic expansion, confirming the presence of these energetic processes. The project mapped a giant galaxy cluster known as Abell 2744, nicknamed Pandora's cluster. (Photo: Nasa) 'These galaxies punch well above their weight,' said Wold. To build a galaxy with the stellar mass of our Milky Way, one would need between 2,000 and 200,000 of these small galaxies. Yet, their abundance and ultraviolet output are sufficient to account for the entire reionisation process, assuming they release ultraviolet light at efficiencies similar to comparable galaxies in the present finding sheds light on a longstanding cosmic mystery about what powered reionisation, emphasising the outsised role of small, star-forming galaxies in shaping the universe's early James Webb Space Telescope continues to revolutionise our understanding of cosmic history by revealing the building blocks of galaxies from the dawn of timeMust Watch
