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Motor Trend
03-07-2025
- Automotive
- Motor Trend
Should You Buy a Used EV?
While the prices of new EVs are continuing to climb on average, so are the costs of new cars in general. As of March, the average new car transaction price in the United States was almost $48,000, according to KBB sales data. Things are only predicted to go up from there thanks to the current state of the global tariff situation and other economic uncertainty. Buying a used EV can be beneficial due to high depreciation, reduced maintenance, and affordability. Key concerns include battery health, which can be assessed with tools like Recurrent Reports. Checklists for evaluating battery, connectivity, and accessories are recommended. This summary was generated by AI using content from this MotorTrend article Read Next That's pushing more and more people to shop for used cars, and an increasing number of those buyers are looking to go emissions-free. Used EV sales are climbing even faster than new EV sales. "In May 2025, used EV sales jumped 32.1 percent year-over-year, far outpacing the new EV market," Stephanie Valdez Streaty, Cox Automotive's director of industry insights, says. So used EVs are popular, but is buying one really a good idea? Are there more inherent risks in buying a car built around a big battery? Like any used car purchase, buying a pre-owned EV has its benefits and risks. Let's start with the positive. Beating Depreciation One complaint we hear often from buyers of new EVs is about how quickly they can depreciate. The EV market is moving so quickly, with bigger batteries and better technologies every year, that cars are losing their value. "EVs tend to depreciate faster than gas-powered vehicles in their early years, but that actually benefits used EV buyers," Valdez Streaty says. "You're often getting a relatively new vehicle—frequently coming off lease—with modern technology and low mileage at a significantly reduced price." That's not great news if you're buying new, and it's one of the reasons most EV buyers choose a lease over an outright purchase. But if you're buying used, high depreciation should be music to your ears. Newer Vehicles That steep depreciation curve has another benefit: You can get into a newer used car than you might be able to otherwise. "Used EVs are now priced, on average, less than $2,000 below comparable ICE vehicles," Valdez Streaty says. "And in May 2025, 43 percent of used EVs were priced under $25,000, making them an especially attractive option for budget-conscious shoppers." That means newer used EVs are more affordable than an equivalent vehicle with an internal combustion engine. They're easier to find than newer used ICE cars, too, according to Liz Najman, director of market insights at Recurrent Motors. "The great thing about used EVs is that you can get a much newer model EV than a gas car, for less," she says. "The used EV market skews toward newer model years. In fact, 45 percent of used EV listings are cars from 2023 to 2025." Reduced Maintenance When we list the benefits of buying an EV versus an ICE-powered car, one of the biggest is the reduction of running costs and overall maintenance. "[EVs] typically have lower operating and maintenance costs,' Valdez Streaty says. "EVs don't require oil changes, have fewer moving parts, and benefit from regenerative braking, which reduces wear on brake systems." That's definitely a nice thing to enjoy after you buy an EV, but it actually has a big benefit when you're thinking about buying someone else's EV, too. Simply put: If a given car has few needs from a service and maintenance standpoint, it stands to reason that there are fewer things that the previous owner could have forgotten to do. In other words, getting a comprehensive service history is easier because there's so much less service required. But that doesn't mean there aren't things to worry about when buying a used EV. Let's focus on the big one. Battery Fears Far and away, the biggest concern that most people cite when they say why they don't want to buy an EV, used or otherwise, is the health of the battery and the cost of a potential replacement. There are plenty of reasons why battery replacement isn't as big of a worry as some people make it out to be—not the least of which is the mandatory eight-year, 100,000-mile warranty on EVs sold in the United States. Verify with your dealer, but in the vast majority of situations, the remainder of that warranty will transfer to the new owner. Regardless, nobody wants to worry about dealing with a major replacement like that, even if it won't cost anything, so it's important to check the health of the battery when you're considering bringing home a used EV. Thankfully, there are a number of ways to do that. Recurrent Auto provides a battery health service called Recurrent Reports and Range Score. Think of it as a CarFax for batteries, and you're not far off. It's available directly through many dealers, including CarMax. "Battery health is one of the most critical factors in evaluating a used EV,' a CarMax representative told us. 'That's why CarMax provides an independent, third-party battery health assessment tool through Recurrent. EVs in CarMax's inventory include a battery range score, which gives an estimate of how far the vehicle may drive on a full charge today versus when it was new." Another option is provided by Cox Automotive's Manheim, a VIN-specific battery report. These are automatically included on Autotrader listings, making checking battery health there easy. If that's not enough, some dealers use hardware battery scanners like Voltest, which can provide a comprehensive report of a given car's battery; it's similar to how you might get an OBDII scan of error codes on a regular used car. Failing those options, there are ways to check the battery yourself during a regular test drive. Najman recommends starting every test drive by taking a photo of the gauge cluster with your phone. Then take another when you're through, and compare the rated range and odometer before and after your drive to get a feel for how the car's battery is performing. "Just make sure you are comfortable with the number you get," she says. She also recommends requesting that your dealer not charge the battery above 80 percent for your drive so that you can swing by a DC fast charger and verify the car can successfully charge at both Level 3 and Level 2 rates. That's just one thing you should check on your test drive. Below is a handy checklist you can use when you're at the dealership. Your Used EV Shopping Checklist 1 - High-voltage battery As mentioned above, this is probably the single most expensive component in the car, so its health is vital. If you can, use a battery health service. Or at the very least, take the car for a drive and make sure its estimated range matches what you'd expect. But keep in mind that estimated range figures can vary based on a number of factors, such as current temperature and how aggressively you're driving the car. If you're someone who really tries to sample maximum performance during your test drive, cut the car a little slack if its efficiency isn't quite up to the EPA's ratings. 2 - 12-volt battery Yes, believe it or not, most EVs on the market also have an old-school 12-volt battery (to power ancillary functions) of the sort that have probably failed you at some inconvenient time on a frigid evening when you just want to get home. The best way to test these is to access the battery itself with a multimeter and make sure it's putting out adequate voltage, but Najman says there's a way to get a sense for whether that battery is working otherwise. "Test all the HVAC and accessories to make sure they work,' she says. 'Check for Apple CarPlay and Android Auto if advertised. Do this before turning the car on. If doing this makes the 12V seem funny, ask if they will give you a new one before you take the car." 3 - Corrosion Many modern EVs make use of corrosion-proof materials such as aluminum or even carbon fiber in their construction to save weight. Still, there's usually a significant amount of steel in there, as well, so checking for rust is still a crucial thing to do, particularly for cars that live in colder areas. 4 - Connectivity A modern EV is often only as good as its connectivity. If your EV can't get online, it won't be able to pull down over-the-air updates, and you won't be able to use the car's app to precondition the cabin or monitor charging remotely. Assuming the car has an app (like FordPass or the My BMW app), make sure the dealer has the right credentials and can sign you in so that you can verify everything works. Send a few requests, like locking or unlocking the doors, just to make sure everything here is copacetic. 5 - Tires Most EVs do a better job of protecting the environment than most internal combustion machines, but if there's one thing they put a hurting on, it's tires. EVs are notorious for their high wear, thanks, it turns out, to the high torque their motors can generate. So make sure to check the tread on all four tires to see how much is remaining and make sure the overall wear is nice and even. Tire rotation is one of those service items that even EVs need, and if it's not done regularly, they'll chew through rubber even more quickly. 6- Accessories Finally, take a run through all the accessories the car came with to ensure everything is there. This includes basic items like key fobs, which are painfully expensive to replace these days, and other EV-specific items like a 120-volt charger and vehicle-to-load adapter. Not all cars came with these when new, but if they did, you should get them. Check all those boxes, and you'll hopefully take yourself home a like-new machine that will give you years of motoring that's not only emissions-free but stress-free, as well.
Motor 1
25-06-2025
- Automotive
- Motor 1
‘How Bad Is This?' Woman Hears a Clink While She's Driving. Then She Pulls Over and IDs the Real Source of the Problem
A woman put the internet in absolute shock when she revealed her brake pad situation. In a viral video, Haley Loughran (@haleyloughran) asks on a scale of 1-10, how bad her brake pad situation is. Spoiler alert, it's bad, real bad. The TikTok has more than 306,200 views as of this writing. How Bad Is the Problem? In her post, Loughran admits to having a big problem with her brake pads. 'I've been saying all week, 'My brake pads need to be changed,'' Loughran shares. Knowing this information, she continued to commute around town as if nothing was wrong. That is, until she went to back out of a parking spot and noticed her car was jerky. The situation triggered her fear that her parking brakes had stopped working. All of a sudden, she heard a clunk sound coming from outside her vehicle. Loughran says she finally got the car to stop and went to inspect what happened. She shows that the brake pad completely fell off the car as she holds it in her hand. She asks how bad the situation is as she holds her brake pad. The brake pad appears extremely thin and worn down. There is visible wear and tear, and the fact that Loughran is casually holding it is bad news. Viewers agree. 'I was not expecting the brake pad to be in the room with us,' one shared. 'You went from needing brake pads to brake pads, rotors and possibly new calipers,' a second said. 'Your brake pad has literally walked off the job. That's how bad it is,' a third wrote. 'Hubs says it's 10 bad…' a fourth consulted. The show and tell of the brake pad is enough evidence to demonstrate that something is definitely wrong. 'Like, that's not supposed to happen, I don't think. Like, brake pads aren't just supposed to fall off,' Loughran concludes. How Thick Should Your Brake Pads Be? 'Brake pads are also not supposed to be this thin,' one viewer commented. Brake pads are typically flat, rectangular pieces of material with a metal backing plate, according to Click Mechanic . For determining the health of a brake pad, thickness is observed, Allstate mentions. New brake pads will measure 10-12 mm thick when first bought, according to AutoZone . The pad material will wear down the more the brakes are used. Replacement is recommended when the pads are 3 mm thick. If brake pads are less than 3 mm thick, it becomes unsafe to drive, and they should be replaced right away. Brakes To Go reports brake pads should be checked every six months or every 15,000 miles. When Should You Change Out Your Brake Pads? Ignoring minor issues with your brakes can turn into major, costly replacements. Considering brakes play a major role in road safety, maintaining them should be at the top of the to-do list. Kelley Blue Book (KBB) reports that brake pads typically last 25,000-50,000 miles, depending on where you drive, your driving style, and other factors. Any sign of worn-down brake pads needs to be addressed immediately. Here are a few signs that your brake pads may need to be replaced: A loud squeaking or grinding sound An indicator light comes on The brake pedal vibrates The car takes longer to stop The first thing to notice is sound. If your brakes make either a squeaking or grinding sound, something is wrong. Brake pads are designed to make a noise as an early warning signal that they need to be changed, says J.D. Power . The squeaking sound will be initiated by the wear indicator on the brakes. This indicator is designed to grind against the rotor when the brake pads start to wear out, leading to the noise. If you hear a loud grinding sound like metal rubbing together, well, that's what is happening. KBB reports that some cars have metal indicators that cause this grinding sound to inform the driver that the brakes are worn down. Neither of these sounds will go away, so it's best to address them immediately. Second, some cars have an indicator light on the dashboard that will signal when it's time to replace the brake pads, according to Bridgestone Tire . To find out if your car does, check the owner's manual or find the symbols listed here . The third thing to watch out for is whether the brake pedal vibrates when braking. Many factors can cause this, but it is typically caused by uneven brake pad wear or overheating, causing the adhesion to spread unevenly on the rotors, KBB shares. When this happens, the reason is less important compared to getting it inspected and replaced as soon as possible. The last thing to notice is if your car is taking longer than usual to stop. This one will be more subtle. When stepping on the brake pedal, if it takes longer than usual to come to a complete stop, that is a problem. This extended hold on the brakes can cause more excessive damage to the rotors. Additionally, if the pedal "sinks" toward the floor, this could be an indication of a leak in the braking system, J.D. Power shares. If any of these issues come up, it's wise to get an expert's opinion. Don't drive the brakes off the car like what happened in this viral post. Motor1 has contacted @haleyloughran via TikTok direct message. Now Trending 'Big Facts:' Chevy Driver Says Oil Changes Every 3,000 Miles Are Why He Hit 200,000 Miles. Should You Ignore Dealers' Advice? 'I Would Have Just Cried and Waited for Everyone to Leave:' Woman Tries to Park Ford Expedition at the Airport. It Backfires Get the best news, reviews, columns, and more delivered straight to your inbox, daily. back Sign up For more information, read our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use . Share this Story Facebook X LinkedIn Flipboard Reddit WhatsApp E-Mail Got a tip for us? Email: tips@ Join the conversation ( )
Yahoo
17-06-2025
- Automotive
- Yahoo
5 Big-Ticket Items To Purchase Before Trump's Tariff Pause Ends in July
Since he returned to office, President Donald Trump's sweeping tariffs have dominated the headlines. Trump's 'Liberation Day' announcement of reciprocal tariffs on April 2 roiled the stock market. He paused the tariffs for 90 days, but the pause runs out on July 9, 2025. Learn More: Find Out: If the reprieve expires without any movement on deals with affected nations, Americans can expect pricing to increase on a bevy of products. Here are five big-ticket items you may want to consider buying before the pause on reciprocal tariffs ends in July. Cars are often the second-largest purchase many Americans make. Tariffs could drive up costs even more. New car shoppers could be particularly subject to increased pricing. Buyers can anticipate paying $6,000 more on cars priced under $40,000, according to Kelley Blue Book (KBB). Even cars that are 100% American-made aren't safe since car parts come from all over the globe. KBB also stated that while used cars don't have tariffs that impact pricing directly, tariffs could still likely influence pricing as shoppers veer toward preowned vehicles to save money. Thus, demand may cause pricing to increase. There are some tariffs already in place that could impact car prices, and while car prices haven't changed much yet, per CNN, they're expected to rise in the future. Read Next: Is refurnishing your home in your plans for 2025? If so, pricing could increase after the tariff pause ends. America imports a large amount of furniture from other countries — over $32 billion in 2023, according to CNBC. The majority of that furniture came from China and Vietnam, both subject to substantial tariffs from Trump. The industry is already seeing price increases during the tariff pause, according to Furniture Today. Buying now could save Americans hundreds or thousands of dollars. If refurnishing your house includes purchasing new appliances, buying before the tariff pause ends could save substantial money. America imports many of its major appliances from foreign countries, particularly China and Mexico. That's not to mention the impact of increased tariffs on steel and aluminum products. Experts expect pricing to increase by 30% to 40% on appliances, according to Consumer Reports. Acting now may save significant cash. Are you in the market for new electronics? Depending on the item, Americans could see significant price increases thanks to the tariff pause ending. Price increases could range from 10% to nearly 70%, depending on the purchase, according to The Wall Street Journal. Gaming consoles are under particular pressure, with estimates of prices increasing by $80 to $140 on Xbox and PS5 consoles, according to Forbes. With many electronics coming from China and other Asian countries, pricing could spike when reciprocal tariffs resume. Jewelry isn't immune from Trump's tariffs. The United States imported over $14 billion worth of jewelry in 2024, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity. India is the leading exporter to the U.S. for jewelry, which could face reciprocal tariffs after the pause ends in July. Watches aren't immune from increases, either. The U.S. receives many precious metal watches from Switzerland, which could also face reciprocal tariffs come July. For Americans with their eyes on a nice piece of jewelry, now may be the time to act to save money. It's fair to expect reciprocal tariffs to return come July 9, 2025, pending any major trade deals. For Americans already planning a major purchase, acting before the pause ends could save substantial money. Thoughtful spending will be key. Making an unplanned purchase simply to avoid tariffs may not be a wise financial move for those without the resources to make a necessary purchase. Editor's note on political coverage: GOBankingRates is nonpartisan and strives to cover all aspects of the economy objectively and present balanced reports on politically focused finance stories. You can find more coverage of this topic on More From GOBankingRates Are You Rich or Middle Class? 8 Ways To Tell That Go Beyond Your Paycheck This article originally appeared on 5 Big-Ticket Items To Purchase Before Trump's Tariff Pause Ends in July Error in retrieving data Sign in to access your portfolio Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data Error in retrieving data
The Hill
17-06-2025
- Automotive
- The Hill
New ranking reveals the most American-made cars for 2025
(NEXSTAR) – While it isn't possible to buy a car that is 100% made in the U.S., a new ranking from breaks down the most – and least – American-manufactured cars in 2025. While the site has compiled its America-Made Index for more than a decade, President Trump's announcement of tariffs on foreign-made vehicles has created keen interest in just how 'American' a car is. The analysis assigned scores based on five factors: percentage of U.S. and Canadian parts, location of final assembly, country of origins for available engines, U.S. manufacturing workforce and country of origin for available transmissions. 'Being on this list is crucial as the auto industry becomes more and more global and consumers' desire to use their dollars to support their neighbors increases,' the report states. 'No matter where a vehicle ranks, simply being on the list means it has some component of final assembly in the U.S., ultimately still contributing to the U.S. economy.' At the top of the ranking was the Model 3 by Tesla, which has factories in California and Texas, among other sites. At the bottom of the ranking, in 99th place, was the Toyota RAV4 Hybrid, which fell from the 65th spot in the 2024 ranking. The top 20 most-American cars, according to are: See the full list on the site. Despite President Trump's 25% tariffs on imported cars and parts, the widely-feared spike in car lot prices has not yet materialized. Car shoppers paid $48,799 on average in May, which was $12 less than in April, according to Kelley Blue Book (KBB). Experts don't expect that trend to last, however. 'Price hikes are coming slowly in part because many dealerships keep months' worth of new vehicles in stock, so they still have cars to sell that they imported at pre-tariff prices,' according to KBB reporter Sean Tucker. Tucker wrote that Trump's tariff announcement prompted a flood of early car sales as buyers tried to snatch up the vehicles already on lots in the U.S., but that wave of sales has ended. Discounts offered by major automakers are also starting to fall off. So if the tariffs remain in place, experts suggest that now may still be a good time to buy a car. 'So far there's a mismatch between the expectation of what would happen, and the reality of what has happened with prices,' Ivan Drury, director of insights at told CNN. 'But I still think we're still going to prices start to take off in two to three months.'
USA Today
05-06-2025
- Automotive
- USA Today
Tesla resale prices tumbling. These popular cars hold their value better
Though it's common knowledge that all vehicles lose value, it's not so easy to predict just how much or how quickly your new car or truck will depreciate as you drive it off the lot. For that reason, we turned to experts from Kelley Blue Book/Autotrader and CarGurus for advice about making one of life's biggest purchases – whether it be new or used. "I encourage people not to think of cars as assets because they are not an appreciating thing," said Sean Tucker, lead editor with Kelley Blue Book and Autotrader. "But it is still a major investment, and so there's a reason you don't want to buy the one that has lost 41% of its value in two years." That vehicle, according to Kelley Blue Book data, is the 2023 Tesla Model Y Long Range. "Our industry has never seen anything like what's happened to Tesla over the last year," Tucker said. As CEO Elon Musk worked with President Donald Trump's administration, Tesla saw the lowest Q1 results in three years. "We just don't have a frame of reference for what happens to the value of a car when people start protesting outside the dealerships that sell it," Tucker said. Tesla's Cybertruck stands alone Regardless of which data you review, the 2024 Cybertruck Cyberbeast 4WD has seen a notable drop: ◾ CarGurus provided an average monthly list price (aka the asking price) for the 2024 model year on its website. Below, see how the gray line trends down as the list price fell from $152,571 in May 2024 to $83,062 in May 2025, a 45.6% decrease. ◾ Kelley Blue Book (KBB), an auto valuation company, provided different metrics: two data points, the average manufacture's suggested retail price (MSRP) compared with KBB fair price today (orange line). "The fair price takes into account recent transactions within 50 miles of you within the last week and is constantly updated by what people are currently paying where you live," Tucker said. Based on the national average KBB provided to USA TODAY, a Cybertruck purchased new in May 2024 would fetch about $30,000 less one year later, a 29.4% decrease. Kevin Roberts, director of economic and market intelligence at CarGurus, cautions that the Cybertruck decline needs some context: "While Cybertruck's prices in general look stark, there are a couple of things to keep in mind. When they first were offered in November 2023, it was a really limited volume. That limited supply leads to a lot of consumer interest. And then now we've seen supply is much more normalized. In fact, you're hearing that they have too much inventory in the new side, which puts downward pressure on the price." Can't see our graphics? Click here. How popular car models depreciate over time Kelley Blue Book provided us with the same data points: the average MSRP compared with KBB fair price today for a number of popular 2023 models. Here's what we found: Trucks "Toyota is known for its high-end, predictable quality. They just keep their value better," Tucker said. Also, high resale value might be why you want to buy a Tacoma, Tucker said. For the F-150, Tucker notes the EV Lightning model had an even larger decrease. "Ford did everything it could to make those trucks functionally identical," Tucker said. "With new technology, a new market, there's always a threat that we don't face with gas-powered cars, which is that the technology could change drastically in the next few years." Midsize and crossover SUVs The popular Jeep Grand Cherokee saw a 31.3% decline over the past two years. "I think generally I would rather own a 3-year old Subaru than a 3-year old Jeep," Tucker said. "Jeep is a Stellantis brand, and they have kind of struggled with their long-term quality. I think it's improving, but that has been the perception for a long time." The real standout in the midsize/crossover category is the Hyundai Palisade and its 10-year powertrain warranty, Tucker said. "If you own a 2-year-old palisade, you have eight years left of warranty protection, which is just not the case with either of the other cars in there." Compact SUVs The 2023 Tesla Model Y Long Range saw a 41.1% drop when comparing the KKB fair price in 2023 with the average MSRP. "That comes down to what's happened to Tesla over the past year or even really the past six months," Tucker said. Sedans The Honda Accord dropped by 17.8%, or roughly $5,500. "Honda, very similar to Toyota, has that strong reliability reputation. These things last forever, and it shows up when it comes time to resell it," Tucker said. Vehicles that saw the biggest and smallest changes in used listing prices CarGurus looked at used 2024 models listed on its site from May 2024 through May 2025. From all vehicles available, it chose the five vehicles that declined the most in listing price and the five that declined the least. What they found: The five models from CarGuru's data with the biggest drop in list price from May 2024 to May 2025: Tesla Cybertruck: Down $69,509, 45.6% ($152,571 - $83,062) Down $69,509, 45.6% ($152,571 - $83,062) Ford F-150: Down $34,833, 37.7% ($92,502 - $57,669) Down $34,833, 37.7% ($92,502 - $57,669) RAM 1500: Down $16,279, 25.6% ($63,592 - $47,314) Down $16,279, 25.6% ($63,592 - $47,314) Range Rover : Down $43,293, 24.7% ($175,187 - $131,894) : Down $43,293, 24.7% ($175,187 - $131,894) Jeep Wrangler: Down $15,451, 24.2% ($63,940 - $48,488) Cybertruck: When looking at the decline in Tesla's Cybertruck price, the difference can be jaw-dropping. The Cybertruck saw a 45.6%, $69,509, price drop from May 2024 to May 2025. Roberts believes the initial price of the Cybertruck was probably artificially high. "There's even people I think at time were trying to flip them," Roberts said. "That drove the average list price higher than what the market would have been." Ford F-150, Jeep Wrangler: These models fell victim to an oversupply in the new market because of the 2021-2022 microchip shortage, Roberts said. "2024 is where we really started to see new inventory levels start to recover. And for certain brands, they got way too much inventory. With potential incentives on the new side, that puts more downward pressure on the used side price." Land Rover, Range Rover: "Known for its luxury styling and features, but typical of many premium brands, is likely experiencing steeper early price depreciation," Roberts said. Ram 1500: "This represents the final year of the previous generation," Roberts said, "with the all-new 2025 model likely effecting used pricing dynamics." The five models from CarGuru's data that declined the least or are up from May 2024 to May 2025: Subaru Crosstrek: Down $36, 0.1% ($29,690 - $29,654) Down $36, 0.1% ($29,690 - $29,654) Subaru Forester: Down $91, 0.3% ($33,693 - $33,602) Down $91, 0.3% ($33,693 - $33,602) Porsche Cayenne : Down $1,082, 1.1% ($102,637 - $101,555) Down $1,082, 1.1% ($102,637 - $101,555) Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: Down $596, 1.6% ($37,698 - $37,102) Down $596, 1.6% ($37,698 - $37,102) Porsche Macan: Down $1,342, 1.9% ($70,006 - $68,664) Subaru: "Subaru is in a situation where they have a lot tighter inventory, particularly for some of those kind of popular CUVs," Roberts said. "That leads to a situation where, hey, maybe you want a certain model, you might have an easier time on the used market, which helps to kind of prop up those prices." Porsche: "Luxury can be different," Roberts said. "You see a couple Porsches on the lis;, there's a limited supply in the marketplace and a lot of demand. That can lead to prices actually moving up on some of the used units." Toyota RAV4 Hybrid: "Much like the Subarus, the RAV4 continues to face some of the tightest supply in the market," Roberts said.
