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Gulf Today
14-06-2025
- General
- Gulf Today
Farm raising fish raises questions about water use
Storks scatter, white against blue water, as Dan Mohring's pickup truck rumbles down the dirt road. He's towing a trailer full of ground-up beef, chicken, fish and nutrient bits behind him, ready to be shot out of a cannon into the ponds below. It's time to feed the fish. Mohring fires up the machine and the food flies out in a rainbow arc. Then the water comes alive. Hundreds of thrashing, gobbling barramundi wiggle their way to the surface, all fighting for a piece. Until, in a few months, they will become food themselves. In the desert of landlocked Arizona, where the Colorado River crisis has put water use under a microscope, Mainstream Aquaculture has a fish farm where it's growing the tropical species barramundi, also known as Asian sea bass, for American restaurants. Mainstream sees it as a sustainable alternative to ocean-caught seafood. They say chefs and conscious consumers like that the food has a shorter distance to travel, eliminating some of the pollution that comes from massive ships that move products around the world. And they and some aquaculture experts argue it's efficient to use the water twice, since the nutrient-rich leftovers can irrigate crops like Bermuda grass sold for livestock feed. 'We're in the business of water,' said Matt Mangan, head of Australia-based Mainstream's American business. 'We want to be here in 20 years', 30 years' time.' But some experts question whether growing fish on a large scale in an arid region can work without high environmental costs. That question comes down to what people collectively decide is a good use of water. In Arizona, some places manage water more aggressively than others. But the whole state is dealing with the impacts of climate change, which is making the region drier and water only more precious. The farm uses groundwater, not Colorado River water. It's a nonrenewable resource, and like mining, different people and industries have different philosophies about whether it should be extracted. 'As long as groundwater is treated as an open resource in these rural parts of Arizona, they're susceptible to new industries coming in and using the groundwater for that industry,' said Sarah Porter, director of the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University's Morrison Institute. Some scientists believe aquaculture can play a role in protecting wild ocean ecosystems from overfishing. And it might play at least a small role in smoothing any supply problems that result from the Trump administration's tariffs on imports from dozens of countries, including those that send the US about 80% of its seafood, per the United States Department of Agriculture. In the greenhouses at University of Arizona professor Kevin Fitzsimmons' lab in Tucson, tilapia circle idly in tanks that filter down into tubs full of mussels and floating patches of collard greens and lettuce. Fitzsimmons mentored the student who started the tilapia farm eventually bought by Mainstream about three years ago where they now raise barramundi. 'I don't think desert agriculture is going away,' he said. 'Obviously, we want to do it as water-efficient as possible.' But not everyone agrees it's possible. 'Artificial ponds in the desert are stupid,' said Jay Famiglietti, a professor at ASU and director of science for the Arizona Water Innovation Initiative. He worried about heavy water losses to evaporation. Mangan says that evaporation hasn't been an issue so much as the loss of heat in the wintertime. That has required pumping more water since its warmth when it arrives at the surface helps keep the barramundi cozy. But Mangan says they've been improving pond design to retain heat better and have found, after the last year of research and development, that they can cut their water requirement by about half as a result. Plus, he argues, the water coming out of the fish ponds is 'essentially liquid fertilizer,' and though it's slightly salty, they use it for crops that can tolerate it, like Bermuda grass dairy cows can eat. But that's supporting the cattle industry, which contributes more than its share of planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, Famiglietti said. 'Doing two suboptimal things doesn't make it better,' he said. Purple flowers sprout alongside paddle wheels. Fish bones crunch underfoot. The faint odor of brackish water and ammonia catches in the breeze. Without groundwater, none of it would be possible. Some farmers in Arizona rely on water from the Colorado River, but many others use well water to irrigate crops like alfalfa for the dairy industry or the lettuce, cucumbers and melons shipped nationwide year-round. Arizona has seven areas around the state where groundwater is rigorously managed. Dateland doesn't fall into one of those, so the only rule that really governs it is a law saying if you land own there, you can pump a 'reasonable' amount of groundwater, said Rhett Larson, who teaches water law at ASU. What might be considered 'reasonable' depends from crop to crop, and there's really no precedent for aquaculture, an industry that hasn't yet spread commercially statewide. Using numbers provided by Mainstream, Porter calculated that the fish farm would demand a 'very large amount' of water, on par with a big ranch or potentially even more than some suburbs of Phoenix. And she noted that although the water use is being maximized by using it twice, it's still depleting the aquifer. When the company scoped out Arizona to expand, Mangan said they didn't see nearly the same kinds of regulations as back in Australia. As part of its growth strategy, Mainstream is also hoping to work with other farmers in the area so more can use nutrient-rich fish pond wastewater to produce hay. They say a few have expressed interest. The seafood industry needs to reduce its reliance on catching small wild fish to feed bigger farmed ones that humans eat, said Pallab Sarker, an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who studies sustainability in the aquaculture industry. He said seabirds and mammals rely on small species like anchovies and mackerel commonly used in fish meal. 'We should not rely on ocean fish to grow fish for aquaculture to meet the demand for humans,' Sarker said. Mainstream gets its fish feed from two suppliers, Skretting and Star Milling, but Mangan and Mohring said they didn't know for certain where those suppliers got their base ingredients from. Fitzsimmons, of the University of Arizona, also pointed out that between pollution, overfishing and oceanfront development for recreation, the commercial fishing industry had already been facing problems. He doesn't think that Trump's moves this spring to open up marine protected areas for commercial fishing will improve that situation the way aquaculture could. 'We can't keep hunting and gathering from the ocean,' Fitzsimmons said.
13-06-2025
- Business
In the Arizona desert, a farm raising fish raises questions about water use
DATELAND, Ariz. -- Storks scatter, white against blue water, as Dan Mohring's pickup truck rumbles down the dirt road. He's towing a trailer full of ground-up beef, chicken, fish and nutrient bits behind him, ready to be shot out of a cannon into the ponds below. It's time to feed the fish. Mohring fires up the machine and the food flies out in a rainbow arc. Then the water comes alive. Hundreds of thrashing, gobbling barramundi wiggle their way to the surface, all fighting for a piece. Until, in a few months, they will become food themselves. In the desert of landlocked Arizona, where the Colorado River crisis has put water use under a microscope, Mainstream Aquaculture has a fish farm where it's growing the tropical species barramundi, also known as Asian sea bass, for American restaurants. Mainstream sees it as a sustainable alternative to ocean-caught seafood. They say chefs and conscious consumers like that the food has a shorter distance to travel, eliminating some of the pollution that comes from massive ships that move products around the world. And they and some aquaculture experts argue it's efficient to use the water twice, since the nutrient-rich leftovers can irrigate crops like Bermuda grass sold for livestock feed. 'We're in the business of water,' said Matt Mangan, head of Australia-based Mainstream's American business. 'We want to be here in 20 years', 30 years' time.' But some experts question whether growing fish on a large scale in an arid region can work without high environmental costs. That question comes down to what people collectively decide is a good use of water. In Arizona, some places manage water more aggressively than others. But the whole state is dealing with the impacts of climate change, which is making the region drier and water only more precious. The farm uses groundwater, not Colorado River water. It's a nonrenewable resource, and like mining, different people and industries have different philosophies about whether it should be extracted. 'As long as groundwater is treated as an open resource in these rural parts of Arizona, they're susceptible to new industries coming in and using the groundwater for that industry,' said Sarah Porter, director of the Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University's Morrison Institute. Some scientists believe aquaculture can play a role in protecting wild ocean ecosystems from overfishing. And it might play at least a small role in smoothing any supply problems that result from the Trump administration's tariffs on imports from dozens of countries, including those that send the U.S. about 80% of its seafood, per the United States Department of Agriculture. In the greenhouses at University of Arizona professor Kevin Fitzsimmons' lab in Tucson, tilapia circle idly in tanks that filter down into tubs full of mussels and floating patches of collard greens and lettuce. Fitzsimmons mentored the student who started the tilapia farm eventually bought by Mainstream about three years ago where they now raise barramundi. 'I don't think desert agriculture is going away," he said. 'Obviously, we want to do it as water-efficient as possible." But not everyone agrees it's possible. 'Artificial ponds in the desert are stupid,' said Jay Famiglietti, a professor at ASU and director of science for the Arizona Water Innovation Initiative. He worried about heavy water losses to evaporation. Mangan says that evaporation hasn't been an issue so much as the loss of heat in the wintertime. That has required pumping more water since its warmth when it arrives at the surface helps keep the barramundi cozy. But Mangan says they've been improving pond design to retain heat better and have found, after the last year of research and development, that they can cut their water requirement by about half as a result. Plus, he argues, the water coming out of the fish ponds is "essentially liquid fertilizer," and though it's slightly salty, they use it for crops that can tolerate it, like Bermuda grass dairy cows can eat. But that's supporting the cattle industry, which contributes more than its share of planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions, Famiglietti said. 'Doing two suboptimal things doesn't make it better,' he said. Purple flowers sprout alongside paddle wheels. Fish bones crunch underfoot. The faint odor of brackish water and ammonia catches in the breeze. Without groundwater, none of it would be possible. Some farmers in Arizona rely on water from the Colorado River, but many others use well water to irrigate crops like alfalfa for the dairy industry or the lettuce, cucumbers and melons shipped nationwide year-round. Arizona has seven areas around the state where groundwater is rigorously managed. Dateland doesn't fall into one of those, so the only rule that really governs it is a law saying if you land own there, you can pump a 'reasonable' amount of groundwater, said Rhett Larson, who teaches water law at ASU. What might be considered 'reasonable' depends from crop to crop, and there's really no precedent for aquaculture, an industry that hasn't yet spread commercially statewide. Using numbers provided by Mainstream, Porter calculated that the fish farm would demand a 'very large amount' of water, on par with a big ranch or potentially even more than some suburbs of Phoenix. And she noted that although the water use is being maximized by using it twice, it's still depleting the aquifer. When the company scoped out Arizona to expand, Mangan said they didn't see nearly the same kinds of regulations as back in Australia. As part of its growth strategy, Mainstream is also hoping to work with other farmers in the area so more can use nutrient-rich fish pond wastewater to produce hay. They say a few have expressed interest. The seafood industry needs to reduce its reliance on catching small wild fish to feed bigger farmed ones that humans eat, said Pallab Sarker, an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who studies sustainability in the aquaculture industry. He said seabirds and mammals rely on small species like anchovies and mackerel commonly used in fish meal. 'We should not rely on ocean fish to grow fish for aquaculture to meet the demand for humans,' Sarker said. Mainstream gets its fish feed from two suppliers, Skretting and Star Milling, but Mangan and Mohring said they didn't know for certain where those suppliers got their base ingredients from. Fitzsimmons, of the University of Arizona, also pointed out that between pollution, overfishing and oceanfront development for recreation, the commercial fishing industry had already been facing problems. He doesn't think that Trump's moves this spring to open up marine protected areas for commercial fishing will improve that situation the way aquaculture could. 'We can't keep hunting and gathering from the ocean,' Fitzsimmons said. ___ ___
Yahoo
06-06-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
How will Arizona deal with Colorado River shortages? Cities need a 'Plan B,' expert says
BOULDER, Colo. — Kathryn Sorensen likes to compare the options for finding water rights in central Arizona with shopping for clothes. Some options, such as tearing out turf, are like thrifting: cheap but a little picked over. Others, like desalination, are like buying a tiny designer handbag, expensive and ultimately limited in its capacity. And then there are other options, which might involve buying or borrowing other people's clothes, and those options involve politics. Sorensen, director of Arizona State University's Kyl Center for Water Policy, spoke June 5 to an audience of water managers, scientists and tribal leaders at the 45th annual Colorado Law Conference on Natural Resources in Boulder, Colorado. She laid out how cities and developers are struggling for more limited water resources in the area of the Colorado River Basin most vulnerable to water cuts: central Arizona. 'If cuts become deep enough, and there's clearly a chance that will happen, I want to say in no uncertain terms, I am extraordinarily concerned that we will hit critical levels,' Sorensen said in an interview. 'There are cities that rely on that (water) directly, and we need to make sure that those cities have a Plan B.' The Colorado River, which provides 40% of water for Phoenix, along with most of Arizona's largest cities, is experiencing low flows unprecedented in U.S. history. The federal government declared the first official shortage on the river in 2021. Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties were the first to take serious cuts under an agreement struck decades ago to secure support for the Central Arizona Project Canal. So far, those cuts have dried up farms in Pinal County, but most cities and tribes have stayed wet, in part because the Gila River Indian Community volunteered to conserve some of its water in Lake Mead. That arrangement does not guarantee water after 2025, and the Colorado River Basin states are stalled in negotiations to define guidelines for how to manage shortage on a larger scale after 2026. A drier future: Worsening climate outlooks raise the stakes for an agreement on the Colorado River In the long term, scientists expect climate change to continue drying the river basin, leading to low flows. Just this year, flows into Lake Powell, used to measure the river's natural water supply, are expected to be roughly half of normal, and even that 'normal' is lower than it once was in the 20th century. 'Our current climate trajectory is beyond awful,' said Brad Udall, a water and climate research scientist at Colorado State University, speaking at the same event on June 5. As new water-using developments and industries move into the Phoenix area, water managers are examining their options for how to avoid sharp consequences, Sorensen said. Cities like Buckeye could lose the majority of their Colorado River water. Some cities have immediate back-ups to fill holes left by Colorado River shortages. Phoenix has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on a pipeline to bring water from the Salt and Verde rivers to parts of the city that rely entirely on the Colorado. Tucson can rely on groundwater in the short term to cover its losses, but those aquifers are limited in the long run and don't provide a lasting, sustainable solution. Sorensen worries about municipalities that don't have those kinds of options. Water users in central Arizona are competing to find supplies that can provide them with assured water for a hundred years, a requirement in Arizona law, given diminished deliveries from the Colorado River, Sorensen said, and cities and developers are constantly scrambling to get entitlements to water to meet that requirement. The first and cheapest option in stretching water supplies is conservation, Sorensen said. Since 1978, the portion of Phoenix single-family homes that use lush landscaping like lawns has plummeted from nearly 80% to around 20%, a result of intentionally increased water rates. Nonetheless, Sorensen said cities have already conserved a lot of water, and conserving more may see diminishing returns. The next-easiest option is for cities to lease water from other entities in central Arizona. The Phoenix area hosts a busy informal market for water leases, where entities with water rent out it out to those in need. The Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community, for instance, leased out all of its Colorado River water in 2021. By contrast, Chandler leased half of its Colorado River water from other parties in that year, according to the Kyl Center (leases are not inherently more vulnerable to cuts in the short term, but need to be renewed or replaced in the long term). But, as Sorensen pointed out, leasing depends on how willing an entity, usually a tribe, is to lend its water for a long time. 'They are sovereign nations," she said. "It is their choice.' Water for tech: 'A thirsty operation': TSMC plant arrives amid water doubts, but Phoenix isn't worried Cities and other water users can also rely on long-term storage credits, meaning they get to pump groundwater that other entities have saved underground. That option is a favorite for data centers, Sorensen said, which sometimes must purchase some of their own water supplies instead of relying on municipalities. Still, that option is usually a 'last resort,' Sorensen said, as the water is nonrenewable, so once entities pump it they need to go out and find another long-term water source. All of these options involve shuffling the amount of Colorado River water already being delivered to the Phoenix and Tucson areas, but what about other sources? Cities in central Arizona are looking there too. A coalition of local governments is looking to build new storage on the Salt and Verde rivers, which could bring more water to the Phoenix area, but that project may not be completed until 2040. There is one option that may not require any infrastructure and could provide access to a massive chunk of Arizona's Colorado River water: leasing or buying agricultural water from the farms in the Colorado River Valley in the western part of the state. Together, the tribes of the Colorado River Valley and farmers in Yuma County hold rights to hundreds of thousands of acre feet of water that, unlike central Arizona's current water supply, is much safer from water cuts administered by the federal government. The idea is controversial, politically fraught, and potentially so lucrative that it has drawn the attention of private equity firms. 'You see private equity purchasing farms for the purchase of selling that water,' Sorensen said. Only one of these transfers has occurred to date, in which a private equity firm called Greenstone bought farmland in La Paz County and sold the farms' water entitlements to Queen Creek for $24 million in 2023. Local officials in western Arizona fumed about the sale, which dried almost 500 acres of farmland, worrying that it would lead to weaker local agricultural communities. Since then, the Colorado River Indian Tribes, which hold Arizona's largest and highest-priority Colorado River entitlements, have received congressional approval to lease some of their water to off-reservation users, though they haven't moved to do so. Rural shortages: It's not just big alfalfa farms. La Paz residents fear groundwater grab by big cities In a May interview, CAP board president Terry Goddard said he had recently visited Yuma and wanted to open discussions about farmers there sharing water with central Arizona users. Goddard said cuts in central Arizona were getting down to the bone, and it was unacceptable to dry out the tribes and critical industries in the state's most populous region. So far, he said those discussions haven't happened. Presenting a slide titled, 'The future of Ag to Urban Transfers,' Sorensen wondered aloud whether those arrangements would happen in the future, calling them a 'big maybe.' Farms account for at least three quarters of human water consumption in the lower Colorado River Basin, according to Brian Richter, a researcher and president of Sustainable Water. As cities look to sustain themselves on a diminishing piece of the Colorado River, Phoenix-based water consultant and attorney Peter Culp said in another presentation, conversations about the river often pit the two sectors against one another. Culp runs a nonprofit bank, Blue Commons, that provides low-interest loans to farmers and tribes to build water conservation infrastructure. The bank is designed to give farmers an alternative to selling their farms to private equity firms like Greenstone by making farming more financially feasible and providing financing that doesn't ultimately lead back to Wall Street investors. Having grown up in a farming community, Culp said he sees the transfer of water and money from farms to cities as a symptom of a deeper, larger economic shift in the United States and the West. 'We have spent the last hundred years engaged in an extremely effective project of resource extraction and wealth extraction that has systematically moved wealth from the rural parts of this country … into a core,' Culp said. 'Rural America is not doing great, folks.' Moving forward, Culp said farmers and cities can change their view on ag-to-urban water transfers as an opportunity for mutual benefit. Cities can invest in rural economies, and in return, farmers can conserve water and support cities. Want more stories like this? Sign up for AZ Climate, The Republic's free weekly environment newsletter. Though not responding to Culp's remarks, Sorensen viewed the movement in economic activity as more natural. 'People move towards economic opportunity, and some people may wish that were different," she said. "It's not, and it never has been." Regardless of what happens, Sorensen said in her presentation, water is bound to get more expensive. Sorensen compared Arizona's water to Bitcoin: 'If you didn't buy it already, it's probably too late,' Sorensen said. 'But on the other hand, maybe it's like Bitcoin in that the price just keeps going up and up, and you've got to buy now.' With values like that, the desalination of brackish groundwater of Pacific Ocean water in neighboring entities — the tiny designer purse in Sorensen's shopping metaphor — could become realistic, Sorensen said. 'The market is tough, especially in the face of Colorado River shortages, so (the tiny purse) might be what we have to turn to,' Sorensen said. Austin Corona covers environmental issues for The Arizona Republic and azcentral. Send tips or questions to Environmental coverage on and in The Arizona Republic is supported by a grant from the Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust. Follow The Republic environmental reporting team at and @azcenvironment on Facebook and Instagram. This article originally appeared on Arizona Republic: Colorado River cuts push central Arizona to seek water alternatives
Yahoo
26-04-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
Is Phoenix sustainable? Experts tell SEJ conference the region plans for heat, drought
As a major city in the middle of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has been in the spotlight in the debate over the sustainability of urban development, so much so that it's gained the reputation for being an "uninhabitable hellscape." But some on a panel at the 2025 Society of Environmental Journalists conference on April 25 argued that while Phoenix has its fair share of environmental and sustainability concerns — notably extreme heat and water shortages — a habitable future is still in reach. Water remains a major concern over the sustainability of Phoenix, especially on the Colorado River, and by extension, the Central Arizona Project. The CAP is a system of pipes, tunnels and aqueducts designed to bring water from the river to Indigenous communities and populous regions of the state. Kathryn Sorensen, director of research at Kyl Center for Water Policy at Arizona State University said a plan for the Valley has been in the works in case Colorado River water runs low. She said the plan is to fall back on other water supplies like the Salt River, the Verde River and groundwater. 'It would be highly disruptive – I don't want to minimize that,' Sorensen said. 'But it is something that the municipal water planners have known about, it's something they have planned for, and we have taken care of our aquifer exactly for that contingency.' But groundwater management remains a contentious battle. Sandy Bahr, director of the Sierra Club's Grand Canyon Chapter, said she sees this play out at the state Legislature, especially when it comes to the Groundwater Management Act, a law passed in 1980 that established rules for pumping groundwater. 'What I've seen in my time at the Legislature is whittling away at the protections that were in that Groundwater Management Act — weakening it, finding ways around it,' she said 'Yes, we require a 100-year assured water supply in Active Management Areas … but there are all kinds of ways to get around that, and developers are very influential at the city and the state level.' One way certain actors try to skirt the rules, she said, is to challenge the legitimacy of models showing that an area doesn't have the required 100-year supply and calling for other calculations to be used. Even so, Sorensen said there are reasons to remain optimistic, including increased efficiency in plumbing and appliances like washing machines, local efforts to reclaim and reuse wastewater and removal of grass lawns in exchange for more desert-adapted landscaping. Phoenix is also notorious for its extreme temperatures, but some neighborhoods, like the Grant Park Neighborhood in south Phoenix, suffer from it more than others. That's why community volunteers like Silverio Ontiveros are doing their best to plant trees so the neighborhood gets enough shade. Ontiveros said nonprofit organizations and community groups have previously worked with the neighborhood to plant trees, but maintaining them has proven difficult. 'We've planted … around 300 trees, and I would guestimate probably around a third of them are still alive today, only because they don't get watered,' Ontiveros said. One reason for this, he said, is that neighborhood residents don't have the know-how to maintain the trees. He also attributes the tree shortage to the fact that many properties in the neighborhood are rented, and landlords don't want to shoulder the cost of tree planting and maintenance. City officials are also making efforts to plant trees in the areas, often using resident feedback and identifying places with the most need, like areas with high pedestrian activity and transportation use, said Willa Altman-Kaough, deputy chief of staff to Phoenix Mayor Kate Gallego. Altman-Kaough also emphasized the need for other shade structures for places like street intersections that aren't hospitable for trees. All of these factors taken into consideration, journalist and author Tom Zoellner said the narrative of an unsustainable Phoenix, largely fueled by apocalyptic media coverage of the hot 2023 summer, 'doesn't take into account the tremendous adaptivity that has always been a feature of this particular state.' Naomi DuBovis is a journalism student at Arizona State University, and is part of a student newsroom led by The Arizona Republic. Coverage of the Society of Environmental Journalists conference is supported by Arizona State University's Cronkite School of Journalism, the University of Arizona, the Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust and the Arizona Media Association. These stories are published open-source for other news outlets and organizations to share and republish, with credit and links to This article originally appeared on Arizona Republic: SEJ 2025: Panelists debate the question of whether Phoenix is sustainable
