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The Hindu
7 days ago
- Business
- The Hindu
Pakistan is the Front Face for China in a War with India: Lt General D.S. Hooda
Published : Jul 16, 2025 17:13 IST - 16 MINS READ Two months since Operation Sindoor, the sounds of this four-day conflict with Pakistan continue reverberating. What emerges repeatedly is that China and Turkey helped Pakistan—not just with weapons, but likely real-time intelligence. This while India and China normalise relations. Lieutenant General Deepinder Singh Hooda, former General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Indian Army's Northern Command and Northern Army Commander during the 2016 surgical strikes., spoke to Frontline about what the war exposed about India's readiness, the China-Pakistan-Turkey nexus, and the future of India's war doctrine. Lieutenant General Rahul Singh spoke candidly about Operation Sindoor lessons. Three stood out: India faced three adversaries on a single border—Pakistan, Turkey, and China. China's real-time intelligence sharing gave Pakistan commanding oversight of our military assets. Operation Sindoor became a live lab for China to study. Given long military relationships between Pakistan-China and Pakistan-Turkey, why did this surprise our leadership? We procure weapons from many countries. Reports suggest US military intelligence helped India repel a 2022 People's Liberation Army (PLA) attack in Arunachal Pradesh. Why is India feeling overwhelmed by China's help to Pakistan rather than anticipating it? This fact is well known. Military cooperation between Pakistan and Turkey, Pakistan and China is documented. I'm not sure General Rahul R. Singh was surprised—he was stating facts. Pakistan-Turkey cooperation spans many years. Pakistan is Turkey's second biggest arms export market. In 2021, Turkey and Pakistan signed a deal to manufacture armed drones in Pakistan itself. Turkey's position on Kashmir is very clear—they completely support Pakistan. China has a much deeper relationship with Pakistan. More than 80 per cent of arms procured by Pakistan in the last five years have been from China. Pakistan is one country with access to China's Beidou satellite system, both civilian and military. Pakistan is the only country that can access military satellites and military systems of China. So there's no doubt they would be getting real-time intelligence, information, Chinese satellites would probably be helping with targeting, precision strikes. These facts should have been factored into our military plans leading up to Operation Sindoor. These are very well-known things to the military and political leadership. Were we prepared for this four-day war to be a two-front war? From statements that emerged, it seems like a complaint that China helped Pakistan rather than something factored in. As far as the military is concerned, they know exactly what systems are being supplied to Pakistan by China, how Pakistan is utilising them. Perhaps if there was surprise, it was how very well network centricity works in the Chinese system—they seem very well networked. On the two-front question, we have traditionally looked at two fronts as geographically separated—northern border where China operates, western border where Pakistan operates. We need to start re-looking, and experts are talking about it, that you could well have one front with two adversaries—Pakistan is the front face with almost complete support from China, unless of course troops on the ground. Our thinking about two front needs to factor this in now. He actually said three front—China, Pakistan, and Turkey. If we knew this already, were we prepared? But there's realisation that this conflict may have inadvertently exposed India's vulnerabilities when General Rahul Singh said this was a live lab situation where they could observe performance of their military hardware given Pakistan, as well as how India responded. Did India expose itself? Always happens that you can have the best plans, equipment, strategy and tactics, but the real test comes in conflict. When you have kinetic attacks taking place, it exposes both strengths and vulnerabilities in your system, just as it exposed strengths and vulnerabilities of what the Pakistanis have. The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) admitted there were some tactical shortfalls on the first day that led to some combat losses of aircraft. Lessons were learned and corrective measures put in place. Certainly, both strengths and vulnerabilities are literally exposed only during conflict. Both sides would be taking lessons from this. Even China would be very seriously looking at performance of their system. Some worked well. There was talk that the air defence system didn't work as well as they expected because they were unable to counter Indian strikes, particularly on May 9 and 10. All three sides will be looking at these issues. Why is there dissonance between military and political leadership messaging? The CDS said there were losses during combat, Indian Air Force losses. But the national security advisor in Chennai challenged anyone to provide photographic proof of even a single damaged structure. Why is political leadership saying we taught Pakistan a lesson while military leadership talks about our vulnerabilities? Political leadership on both sides will claim victory. Even Pakistan is saying they have been victorious. From the Indian perspective, it would be fair to say that in this short four-day conflict, India came out on top. We struck all the terrorist camps we set out to do. We managed to, once Pakistan responded with drone attacks and missiles over the next two, three days, largely hold them off without major damage on our side. As matters escalated, we carried out very successful strikes on May 9 and 10, which caused serious damage to aerial infrastructure, airfields, radar stations, air defence side. Dispassionately looking at it, India did well, India did better than Pakistan did. That's the context of how political leadership is framing it. As far as the military is concerned, one key element of a professional military is the ability to learn lessons from conflicts. It would be absolutely unprofessional if we said everything went fine, that there are really no lessons. The CDS was candid enough to admit shortfalls, which led to losses, leading to lessons learned, practices put in place that helped us succeed. Also Read | India-China will remain in state of armed co-existence until mistrust goes: Vijay Gokhale Are both leaderships on the same page, but conveying different messages? In different contexts. Political leadership is looking at it as a whole and saying, this is what we set out to do and this is what we've done. The military has said we have done a good job, but there are lessons we need to learn, and that is a good thing. After a four-year standoff with China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC), India is pursuing normalisation. External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar is traveling to China today for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation meeting and bilateral conversation with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. Shouldn't India be asking China about its role in helping Pakistan against India? Shouldn't that be on the agenda? It's well known that China has been supporting Pakistan both militarily and diplomatically. Chinese statements have come out saying their partnership with Pakistan is not directed at any other country. General Rahul has called it out by saying this is how it was. He used terms like Pakistan has been using China directly as a proxy to fight against India. How do we deal with it diplomatically? We need a more nuanced position. We are currently in the phase of trying to normalise relations after a difficult four and a half, five years. Does it suit us to have tension on the LAC at this time or to rake up these issues? There is dependency—trade dependency, pharmaceuticals, electronic parts, industrial equipment. This dependency is not going away in a hurry. We need to see what kind of strategic costs we are willing to pay. Doesn't mean we are turning a completely blind eye to whatever China is doing. We are seeing greater capability building along the LAC, infrastructure development is happening. Slowly we are trying to reduce our dependencies. We are talking about Make in India. But all this is going to take time. As far as dealing with China is concerned, perhaps outrage and emotion that has marked our dealings with Turkey need to be kept aside and the most strategic position taken. Different strokes for different folks—with Turkey we can afford to call them out, whereas with China we have to be more careful because of power asymmetry? There is power asymmetry. There are dependencies. China is our immediate neighbour. We have an unsettled border, which has created problems for both countries. Turkey is a distant neighbor, hardly have any trade. There were some defence deals supposed to be done between India and Turkey, but they've been called off because of statements supporting Pakistan. The relationship is different. The costs of calling out both countries are different. We can't deal with them with the same brush. Is normalising relations despite everything—China's support for Pakistan militarily, diplomatically, including helping water down UN Security Council statements after Pahalgam—the way forward? Should we think of normalising ties with Pakistan then? It would be ideal if you could normalise relations with Pakistan, but positions are today so far apart on two issues—Kashmir as far as Pakistan is concerned, and terrorism as far as India is concerned—that normalisation at this current juncture looks difficult. But between the two countries, there needs to be some communication channels that are open. If you can't have official communication channels, at least keep back channel communications in place. If a crisis occurs, management of that crisis bilaterally will only happen if there are mechanisms and back channels in place. Otherwise, then you will have issues like the two countries are not talking to each other. Then obviously third party mediation is warranted. Pakistan will go running to America or to Saudi Arabia. This is something we say we don't want. DGMO [Director General of Military Operations] hotline exists, but this is basically meant for tactical military issues. If political, diplomatic issues, strategic issues are to be discussed, there needs to be some channel between the two countries. When India and Pakistan arrived at the 2021 ceasefire agreement, thinking was that India had done well to de-hyphenate this, helping India focus on the LAC in Eastern Ladakh. From how the conversation is developing about how China helped Pakistan, is that idea of de-hyphenation no longer valid? Do we have to think of them as a hyphenated entity? Double the trouble. We did well in the past—our approach to the two countries was different diplomatically, politically, even militarily. It was for good reason. You pointed out the ceasefire that came about in 2021. Can we let this one issue dominate our complete bilateral ties with China? That because you are helping Pakistan militarily, this is going to be the key issue as far as India-China relations is concerned. I think that would be wrong because it would seriously limit our options on how we are dealing with China. We ourselves are very sensitive about hyphenation. India should not be hyphenated at all with Pakistan. The two different countries need to look at these two countries differently. The same approach has to be followed. Why do we think it's a good strategy to hyphenate Pakistan and China? Two completely different kinds of countries. People talking about equal hostility to both—I don't think that will work. Does it surprise you that the ceasefire is actually holding? It shattered during the conflict itself, Poonch took the brunt, but it's back to being observed. Even prior to Operation Sindoor, despite everything happening in Jammu and Kashmir—series of terror attacks in the Jammu region, hundreds of terrorists infiltrating across the IB or line of control—ceasefire was holding. There are good reasons why it was holding and the same reasons apply now. The kind of relief it provided to the local population—the ceasefire really was fighting between the two armies, but casualties were mostly civilians. Their daily lives were affected. After Operation Sindoor, both DGMOs have spoken and said, let's have a complete ceasefire. I'm not surprised the ceasefire is currently holding. But I would say it's a fragile ceasefire. You have these major terror incidents, some action is taken, immediately the ceasefire is going to break down. Will Pakistan now be a little more cautious about what it does with sending terrorists into India? That to some extent will define if the ceasefire holds because you can't isolate it from the political and diplomatic aspects. There's this whole business of new normal—if there's another terrorist attack, we launch another military operation against Pakistan. Do you think another conflict with Pakistan is inevitable? In some ways, it is inevitable for a couple of reasons. India has laid down a new doctrine which says a major terror attack will be decisively responded to. Pakistan nuclear blackmail and nuclear bluff is not going to work. We don't distinguish between terrorists and their handlers, which means Pakistan military is a direct target. We are not distinguishing between terrorists and Pakistan military, which is helping these terrorists. This makes the whole situation more crisis prone. Whether it will lead to major war, all-out conflict, I don't know. But my sense is the risks have increased of conflict between India and Pakistan. The next crisis, in my view, you could see much faster escalation. You could see geographically spread—this time, fortunately, the Indian Navy did not get involved, but they were ready. If the crisis lasts maybe a week, you could well see even the Navy involved. There are risks here to how the situation is moving between India and Pakistan. With the new red lines that have been laid down by India, unless Pakistan really controls terrorist groups—which I'm not sure even if they want to, they can—you could well see a new crisis. When General Rahul Singh made his statements about lessons to be learned, was he warning that politicians can make speeches about a new normal, launching military response to terrorist attacks in Pakistan, but that may not be the wisest option because now you have to consider this reinforced one border, three adversaries fighting you? I wouldn't interpret it that way. In a democracy, decisions are taken, political objectives are laid down by political leaders. If the prime minister lays down some red lines, the military gives professional advice and says, this is how we suggest we should do. But ultimately, the decision to use military force or not is that of the political leader. What has happened with the new red lines, and the CDS also mentioned, means that the military will have to remain in a much higher state of readiness. Not like 1971, where you will get six months to prepare and then go for an all-out war. But a major terrorist attack can happen. In all three instances of 2016, 2019, and 2025, the military had to respond in about 10 days, which means high levels of readiness. The government has said, this is how we want you to do this. I just hope it gives the military everything it needs to be prepared for operations at very short notice—adequate stocking levels, not running around for emergency procurement. And second, the fact that you are going to see a degree of collusion between Pakistan and China, and therefore equip the Indian military with whatever it needs to handle that threat. Is there something we can do to prevent it from happening at all? Communication between the two sides. Before a crisis happens, before it turns into conflict, if there are some crisis management mechanisms, communications happening between say the NSAs on both sides. It's a fact that India is now fed up with this 30 to 35 years of continuous terrorist attacks coming from Pakistan. Patience has run out. Even if tomorrow there's a new government in place, the standards that have been set are not going to change. People are going to expect something to happen. Can we stave off this crisis? It can only happen if we are talking to each other, finding some via media during a crisis to stave off the direct use of military. Also Read | In dealing with Pakistan, India has to choose from a menu of bad options: T.C.A. Raghavan Many military commentators talk about a three front against India—China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. How real is this assessment militarily? On the military threat from Bangladesh, I would say it's a bit exaggerated. Let's not think it is on the same lines as Pakistan or China where we actually have live frontiers, live borders. What's happened in the past few months is Bangladesh getting closer to China, ties between Bangladesh and Pakistan are improving. But frankly, it's more a diplomatic challenge. I would not take this as a direct military threat. Yes, there is anti-India sentiment, anti-India rhetoric happening. But there is also huge dependency. Trade through land routes via India, they are hugely dependent on that. They're getting energy, electricity from India. Thirty per cent of their cotton comes from India for their textile industry, which is their biggest export market. They understand the limits of how much they can push. I don't really see it translating into a direct military threat. People are talking about radicalisation, and that's something we need to look at. But I wouldn't say a third front has opened up against India. When an elected government is in place, perhaps you will find dealing with greater maturity and responsibility than the current unelected interim government. Diplomatically is where we need to look at how to deal with Bangladesh. The reference when people talk about this third front is that Pakistan or China may use Bangladesh territory to launch sub-conventional attacks—Bangladesh territory may be used for militant outfits or radicalised Islamist outfits. There is a level of radicalisation happening. It's for us to check our borders, make sure physical movement doesn't happen. Some of that has to be dealt with ourselves. Our own policies with regard to dealing with radicalism are also not fully matured. Where do you hear of counter radicalisation drives? Getting extremist elements trying to get them back into the mainstream? Some things could happen, but I will not take that so much as a live threat as compared to Pakistan and China. Even with Pakistan, in Kashmir, policing our own borders better, guarding our frontiers, making sure terrorists do not get to launch attacks inside the country—preventing it rather than being forced to do something after the fact—should be the approach in Kashmir as well, not just on the Bangladesh border. Absolutely. There is a lot of focus on counter infiltration in Jammu and Kashmir. The terrain is also different. Particularly in the Kashmir Valley, in the winters, you'll get 20 feet of snow. Your fence gets completely damaged and has to be repaired every year. Fighting keeps happening on the borders, which also makes counter infiltration difficult. Some of these challenges are not there on the Bangladesh border, but I completely agree. Strengthening of the counter infiltration grid in Jammu and Kashmir is an integral and essential part of our strategy to counter terrorism. Nirupama Subramanian is an independent journalist who has worked earlier at The Hindu and at The Indian Express.
News18
14-07-2025
- Business
- News18
Pakistan, Turkey Are New Anti-India BFFs: $900-Mn Drones, Intel Sharing To Defence Pacts
Last Updated: Pakistan will sign $900-million deals for spy drones from Turkey and get 700+ loitering munitions. The 2 countries will boost trade volume to $5 bn dollars: Top military official Pakistan and Turkey or Türkiye are set to enter a new era of security arrangements, defence deals, intelligence sharing and strategic partnership to do jihad against India, according to a top military official. 'While Pakistan is set to enter into deals worth $900 million for latest spy drones from Turkish firms and get 700+ loitering munitions to boost its military surveillance, the two countries plan to boost their trade volume to $5 billion dollars," said the source. Hakan Fidan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye, and Yasar Güler, Minister of National Defence, met Pakistan Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar, Chief of the Army Staff and Field Marshal Syed Asim Munir, Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmed Baber Sidhu, Defence Minister Khawaja Muhammad Asif, National Security Advisor and DG ISI Lt. General Muhammad Asim Malik and other senior officials in Islamabad as part of their two-days official visit last week. What was discussed during Pakistan-Turkey leaders' meet? According to the official, both the countries' leadership stressed to strengthen their cooperation in defence deals, security cooperation, intelligence sharing and strategic partnerships — top leadership of both countries have discussed recent regional developments in Iran, Gaza and Afghanistan too. The official added, 'Turkey will boost supply of modern weapons specially in the field of drones — recently Pakistan has used Turkish-made SONGAR drones against India in May during the conflict." 'Turkey is likely to provide more than 700 latest loitering munitions to Pakistan and its may be Bayraktar TB2 and Akinci drones of worth around $900 million dollars — in exchange Pakistan will supply equipments of modern artillery for tanks, mortar shells and other weapons to Turkey," the source added. Defense and strategic deals will be kept secret, while the trade volume of both countries to be boosted around $5 billion dollars by the end of 2025, he added. Pakistan-Turkey bilateral ties Top leadership of Turkey and Pakistan have expressed satisfaction over the positive trajectory of bilateral relations and reaffirmed Pakistan's unwavering commitment to further strengthening cooperation with Türkiye in diverse fields, including cultural exchange, trade, investment, technology, defence and intelligence sharing. Sharif stressed upon the need for concerted efforts by both sides to enhance bilateral trade to attain the mutually agreed target of $5 billion dollars. Highlighting Pakistan's investor-friendly policies, he invited Turkish companies to expand their investment footprint in Pakistan and invited Turkish side to share its expertise to assist in Pakistan's structural reforms, economic growth and development efforts. Sharif and Munir expressed his deepest gratitude to the Turkish nation and leadership for their support to Pakistan during the recent Indian aggression. Turkey has strong ties with Pakistan and expressed solidarity with Islamabad during recent military conflict with India in May, angering India. Pakistan's top civil military leadership is likely to visit Ankara soon to materialise the deals with Turkey, said the source. view comments Disclaimer: Comments reflect users' views, not News18's. Please keep discussions respectful and constructive. Abusive, defamatory, or illegal comments will be removed. News18 may disable any comment at its discretion. By posting, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
India.com
10-07-2025
- Politics
- India.com
Pakistan to turn THIS country into another PoK? Turkey asks Islamabad to build ties with..., concern for India because...
(File) Pakistan Turkey relations: After supporting Pakistan and providing it with military drones to attack India during the recent India-Pakistan conflict, Turkey is now asking for pay its dues in their strategic partnership, as Ankara has urged Islamabad to develop closer ties with Northern Cyprus, and increase its presence in the disputed region. The development is being viewed as a new chapter in the budding Pakistan-Turkey relations. Northern Cyprus is illegally-occupied by Turkey, akin to how Pakistan Occupied Kashmir (PoK) is under the illegal occupation of Pakistan. Ankara calls the region the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus', but the area is not recognized as a separate country or part of Turkey by the majority of world nations, including India. Why Turkey wants Pakistan in Northern Cyprus? As per geopolitical experts, Turkey wants Northern Cyprus to be recognized as part of its territory, and Pakistan developing ties with the disputed region is a big step in that direction. Additionally, the presence of Pakistan in Northern Cyprus would bolster Turkey's military occupation and serve as a backup in case of a potential conflict in the region. During a recent visit to Islamabad, Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan and Defence Minister Yasar Guler emphasised the close and fraternal relations between Turkey and Islamabad, and appreciated the growing momentum in bilateral ties while stressing the importance of enhancing cooperation in areas such as trade, investment and energy, according to a statement issued by the Pakistani Foreign Office. 'The visiting Foreign Minister conveyed greetings on behalf of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and reaffirmed Turkey's strong desire to further deepen cooperation with Pakistan. He also highlighted the profound historical, cultural and religious ties that lay the foundation for enduring relations between the two countries,' the statement said. As per the statement, the Turkish FM also urged Pakistan to develop relations with Northern Cyprus. What is the Northern Cyprus dispute? Northern Cyprus is a long-standing dispute between Turkey and Cyprus, stemming from border and racial issues which dates back to the 1974 Cyprus conflict when a military coup, orchestrated by the Greek Cypriot National Guard with support from the Greek military junta, attempted to unite Cyprus with Greece. Following the coup, Turkey invaded and captured the northern part of Cyprus–including the once-famous tourist city of Varosha– citing concerns for the Turkish Cypriot population. The island was divided into two separate regions, Cyprus, which is recognized as a country by the United Nations, and Northern Cyprus, a vassal state of Ankara, that Turkish Cypriots have proclaimed as a separate nation. There are around 35,000 Turkish troops deployed in the region, and the presence of Pakistan would further bolster this military occupation, essentially turning the area into another PoK. What are India's options? The budding strategic alliance between Turkey and Pakistan is matter of grave concern for India, and Ankara asking Islamabad to increase presence in Northern Cyprus is being viewed as a part of Turkey's larger plan to increase its regional influence and military power, which could pose a threat to New Delhi in the coming future. Notably, Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Cyprus last month during which he announced to increase bilateral cooperation with the island nation. Modi also viewed the border of Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus from Cyprus' capital Nicosia. Thus, while Pakistan moves into Northern Cyprus, India could thwart Ankara and Islamabad's designs by strengthening relations with Cyprus.
Business Recorder
25-06-2025
- Business
- Business Recorder
FPCCI underscores need to expand trade with Turkiye
KARACHI: Atif Ikram Sheikh, President FPCCI has underscored the need to further expand bilateral trade and economic relations, stating that the current trade volume between Pakistan and Turkiye does not truly reflect the historic brotherly ties and close diplomatic relations between the two nations. Speaking at Pakistan-Turkey Business Council of FPCCI meeting, he highlighted the importance of strengthening institutional linkages and private sector cooperation to unlock the full potential of Pakistan-Turkey trade at FPCCI Head Office Karachi under the chairmanship of Saquib Fayyaz Maggo, Senior Vice President FPCCI. He reaffirmed FPCCI's commitment to facilitating greater business-to-business linkages between Pakistan and Turkey. He appreciated Turkey's continued support in various sectors and expressed optimism that stronger economic partnerships would benefit both nations. He called upon both governments to create a more enabling environment for trade and investment through swift policy measures. Delivering his keynote remarks, Syed Mazhar Ali Nasir, Chairman of the Council emphasized the urgent need for the early signing of a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Pakistan and Turkey. He noted that despite the shared membership of platforms such as OIC, D-8, and ECO, bilateral trade between the two brotherly countries remains below potential. He pointed out that bilateral trade has stagnated at under US $1 billion, with Pakistan's share standing at approximately US $366 million in 2024. He highlighted that Pakistan's exports to Turkey; including textiles, denim, sports goods, surgical instruments, and rice are in high demand and can play a vital role in balancing trade. He further stressed that improvements in trade routes, banking channels, and logistics connectivity would help bilateral trade flourish and meet the expectations of the two nations' business communities. Cemal Sangu Consul General of Turkiye in Karachi appreciated FPCCI's efforts in promoting bilateral trade and assured the Council of Turkey's willingness to explore new avenues of cooperation. He reiterated that both countries have great potential to expand trade in sectors such as construction, tourism, engineering, and food processing. Copyright Business Recorder, 2025
Time of India
20-06-2025
- Politics
- Time of India
How a tiny South Caucasus country is becoming India's strategic answer to Turkey-Pakistan ties
India has evacuated 110 students studying at Iran's Urmia Medical University through Armenia , as regional tensions in West Asia rise. The operation highlights New Delhi's growing logistical presence in the South Caucasus and its evolving partnership with Armenia, a country increasingly aligned with India on regional security concerns. The development comes amid geopolitical shifts in the region. India's closer ties with Armenia are shaped by mutual interests in countering the influence of Turkey and Pakistan, both of which have backed Azerbaijan in recent regional conflicts. India, Armenia and the Pakistan-Turkey equation Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan had, in 2020, accused Pakistani special forces of aiding Azerbaijani troops. Indian officials have also stated that Pakistan used Turkish drones to target India during Operation Sindoor. Turkey's opposition to India stems from its continued support for Pakistan's position on Kashmir. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has regularly raised Kashmir at international forums, including the United Nations. Ankara's increasing defence and diplomatic cooperation with Islamabad has added to the friction. Live Events India has viewed these developments as interference in its internal affairs. In response, India has chosen to deepen engagement with Armenia, not merely as a reaction to the trilateral bloc of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Pakistan, but as part of a broader regional strategy. India-Armenia cooperation based on long-term interests Indian officials and analysts say that the ties with Armenia are driven by strategic, defence, and diplomatic considerations. While Azerbaijan and Turkey have echoed Pakistan's views on Kashmir, India's ties with Yerevan extend beyond short-term alignment. India and Armenia have maintained stable diplomatic relations since 1991. Armenia has emerged as a growing customer of Indian defence systems, with ties being bolstered by shared historical links and positive diplomatic engagement. India emerges as top defence supplier to Armenia India has recently overtaken Russia as Armenia's largest defence supplier. This follows a shift caused by Russia's military engagement in Ukraine, which disrupted its arms export capacity. Armenia's dependence on Indian systems marks a key shift in the military balance in the region. Major defence supplies from India to Armenia India's defence exports to Armenia now include a wide range of advanced systems: Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launcher Systems : Four batteries delivered for long-range rapid fire operations. ATAGS Howitzers : 90 units of the long-range, precision artillery systems supplied. Swathi Weapon Locating Radars (4 units): For detecting and tracking incoming enemy fire. Akash Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (4 units): Medium-range air defence system used during Operation Sindoor. Ashwin Advanced Air Defence Interceptors (15 units): Acquired in 2023 for aerial threat interception. TC-20 (MaRG 155mm) Self-Propelled Howitzers (72 units): Delivered by Kalyani Strategic Systems. Spartan-S thermal sights: From Tonbo Imaging , these aid night-time military operations. Anti-drone systems developed by India's Zen Technologies have also reportedly been delivered, though the company has not confirmed the deal. India fills vacuum left by Russia India's entry as Armenia's principal arms supplier coincides with Russia's reduced ability to meet defence demands due to its focus on the war in Ukraine. This change has allowed India to step in and expand its footprint in the strategically located Caucasus region. Experts view this shift as significant for India's ambitions to grow as a defence exporter while also asserting influence in regions bridging Europe and Asia. A partnership with long-term impact India's growing defence partnership with Armenia suggests a strategic realignment in the region. For India, it is an opportunity to emerge as a dependable defence supplier. For Armenia, it diversifies its defence sources and strengthens its military readiness. The full details of recent defence deals have not been publicly disclosed. However, the regular exchanges and volume of recent arms transfers indicate a growing strategic partnership with wider implications for regional geopolitics.
