Latest news with #RiverPhoenix
Gizmodo
12-07-2025
- Health
- Gizmodo
The Fourth Wave: How Speedballing Is Creating a New Kind of Drug Crisis
Speedballing—the practice of combining a stimulant like cocaine or methamphetamine with an opioid such as heroin or fentanyl—has evolved from a niche subculture to a widespread public health crisis. The practice stems from the early 1900s, when World War I soldiers were often treated with a combination of cocaine and morphine. Once associated with high-profile figures like John Belushi, River Phoenix and Chris Farley, this dangerous polysubstance use has become a leading cause of overdose deaths across the United States since the early- to mid-2010s. I am an assistant professor of public health who has written extensively on methamphetamine and opioid use and the dangerous combination of the two in the United States. As these dangerous combinations of drugs increasingly flood the market, I see an urgent need and opportunity for a new approach to prevention and treatment. Dating back to the 1970s, the term speedballing originally referred to the combination of heroin and cocaine. Combining stimulants and opioids—the former's 'rush' with the latter's calming effect—creates a dangerous physiological conflict. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, stimulant-involved overdose fatalities increased markedly from more than 12,000 annually in 2015 to greater than 57,000 in 2022, a 375% increase. Notably, approximately 70% of stimulant-related overdose deaths in 2022 also involved fentanyl or other synthetic opioids, reflecting the rising prevalence of polysubstance involvement in overdose mortality. Users sought to experience the euphoric 'rush' from the stimulant and the calming effects of the opioid. However, with the proliferation of fentanyl—which is far more potent than heroin—this combination has become increasingly lethal. Fentanyl is often mixed with cocaine or methamphetamine, sometimes without the user's knowledge, leading to unintentional overdoses. The rise in speedballing is part of a broader trend of polysubstance use in the U.S. Since 2010, overdoses involving both stimulants and fentanyl have increased 50-fold, now accounting for approximately 35,000 deaths annually. This has been called the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic. The toxic and contaminated drug supply has exacerbated this crisis. Stimulants like cocaine increase heart rate and blood pressure, while opioids suppress respiratory function. This combination can lead to respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and death. People who use both substances are more than twice as likely to experience a fatal overdose compared with those using opioids alone. The conflicting effects of stimulants and opioids can also exacerbate mental health issues. Users may experience heightened anxiety, depression, and paranoia. The combination can also impair cognitive functions, leading to confusion and poor decision-making. Speedballing can also lead to severe cardiovascular problems, including hypertension, heart attack, and stroke. The strain on the heart and blood vessels from the stimulant, combined with the depressant effects of the opioid, increases the risk of these life-threatening conditions. Increasing awareness about the dangers of speedballing is crucial. I believe that educational campaigns can inform the public about the risks of combining stimulants and opioids and the potential for unintentional fentanyl exposure. There is a great need for better access to treatment for people with stimulant use ddisorder—a condition defined as the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine, or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe. Treatments for this and other substance use disorders are underfunded and less accessible than those for opioid use disorder. Addressing this gap can help reduce the prevalence of speedballing. Implementing harm reduction strategies by public health officials, community organizations, and health care providers, such as providing fentanyl test strips and naloxone—a medication that reverses opioid overdoses—can save lives. These measures allow individuals to test their drugs for the presence of fentanyl and have immediate access to overdose-reversing medication. Implementing these strategies widely is crucial to reducing overdose deaths and improving community health outcomes. Andrew Yockey, Assistant Professor of Public Health, University of Mississippi. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Yahoo
10-07-2025
- Entertainment
- Yahoo
15 Gen X Movie Stars Gone Too Soon
We miss these Gen X movie stars who died young. Whether from accidents, drugs or cancer, their lives were cut short in tragic ways. Here are 15 Gen X movie stars gone too soon. Related Headlines The 13 Most Captivating Prison Movies We've Ever Seen The 13 Best SNL Sketches in 50 Years of Saturday Night Live The 12 Strangest Movies We've Ever Seen Brandon Lee was born on March 31, 1965, and died on March 31, 1993 at just 28. Brandon Lee, the son of Bruce Lee, died of an accidental shooting on the set of his 1994 film The Crow (above). Adding to the terrible tragedy was the fact that his beloved father died 20 years early at only 32. River Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 and died on October 31, 1993 at just 23. He was the Gen X actor for the duration of his short life, growing up on camera and delivering iconic performances in films from Stand By Me to Running on Empty to Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade to My Own Private Idaho. He died of a heroin and cocaine overdose at the West Hollywood club The Viper Room. Phoenix is survived by a very talented family that includes his younger brother, Joaquin Phoenix. Tupac Shakur was born June 16, 1971 and died September 13, 1996 at just 25. Tupac Shakur's death was a major loss to the worlds of music and film — before his death, he delivered impressive performances in films from Juice to Poetic Justice, and seemed poised to become one of the most successful Gen X actors and rappers, a performer who could convey incredible empathy and charisma both onstage and in front of a camera. He died from injuries in a Las Vegas shooting. Earlier this year, police arrested a man they say ordered the shooting. Chris Farley was born February 15, 1964 and died December 18, 1997 at just 33. One of the most explosively funny Saturday Night Live stars of the early '90s, Farley was legendary for his commitment to characters and bits, happily diving through walls and coffee tables to sell a joke. His pairing with fellow SNL player David Spade in 1995's Tommy Boy is pure bliss, and their reunion in the next year's Black Sheep seemed to mark the solidifying of one of the funniest Gen X comic duos. Farley also evoked a chaotic sweetness in films like Wayne's World and his solo starring vehicle Beverly Hills Ninja (1997). Still very much "on" even when he was off-screen, he was known for wild antics and pranks like interrupting SNL castmate Mike Myers in the shower. Following in the footsteps of his idol, John Belushi, Farley gave everything to his art. But he also developed a drug habit like Belushi's, and like his hero died of a drug overdose at 33. Also Read: The 13 Best SNL Sketches in the Show's 50 Years Aaliyah Dana Haughton was born January 16, 1979 and died August 25, 2001 at only 22. Aaliyah was already a major pop star known for hits including "If Your Girl Only Knew," "4 Page Letter" and "Are You That Somebody" when she made her feature film debut in Romeo Must Die, for which she recorded the slinky hit "Try Again." She had been recording a music video for her song "Rock the Boat" in the Bahamas when she and eight others were killed in a private plane crash. Her second and final film, the Anne Rice adaptation The Queen of the Damned, was released the year after her death. The Australian actor was born born April 4, 1979 and died January 22, 2008 at only 28. In his short life he proved himself one the most dazzling Gen X actors, starring in hits including 10 Things I Hate About You, The Patriot and A Knight's Tale before earning an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his role in 2005's Brokeback Mountain. He earned a posthumous Oscar for his role as The Joker in The Dark Knight, released the summer after his accidental overdose death from medications. Also Read: All 10 Batman Movies Ranked Worst to Best The Canadian actor and teen idol was born December 23, 1971 and died March 10, 2010 at just 38. After breaking out in the 1984 thriller Firstborn, he starred in the iconic '80s teen films Lucas, License to Drive, The Lost Boys and Dream a Little Dream, often alongside his friend Corey Feldman, which earned them the nickname The Two Coreys. The friends starred in an A&E reality show of that title in 2007. Haim, who had battled drug addiction throughout his adult life, died of pneumonia. Philip Seymour Hoffman was born July 23, 1967 and died February 2, 2014 at only 46. He was known as a deeply committed, nuanced, and astonishingly versatile actor known for roles including The Talented Mr. Ripley, Mission: Impossible 3, the Hunger Games franchise, and Capote, for which he won the Best Actor Oscar in 2006. He struggled with heroin addiction early in life, and successfully abstained from it for many years before relapsing. He died from mixed drug intoxication, and heroin and other drugs were reportedly found in his home. His most frequent collaborator was writer-director Paul Thomas Anderson, for whom he appeared in Boogie Knights, Magnolia, Punch-Drunk Love, and The Master. Years after Hoffman's death, Anderson cast his son, Cooper Hoffman, as the lead in his 2021 film Licorice Pizza. Brittany Murphy was born November 10, 1977 and died December 20, 2009 at just 32. The star of Clueless (above), Girl Interrupted and 8 Mile quickly established herself as one of the most likable of her stars of Gen X, moving amiably from romantic comedy to serious drama to horror, but always maintaining a bighearted demeanor. She died at age 32 under what a coroner determined to be pneumonia, exacerbated by anemia, though the cause of death has been disputed. Paul Walker was born September 12, 1973 and died November 30, 2013 at only 40. Best known for playing the heroic Brian O'Conner in the Fast & Furious franchise, Walker was a wildly charismatic actor also praised for his roles in the teen comedy She's All That, the road thriller Joy Ride, and the diving thriller Into the Blue. But he could do serious drama as well, as he proved with 2006's Flags of Our Fathers. Walker died in a single-vehicle collision as a passenger in a speeding Porsche while driving off from a charity event. Luke Perry was born October 11, 1966 and died March 4, 2019 at just 52. Though best known as one of the stars of Beverly Hills 90210, he also starred in films like 1992's Buffy the Vampire Slayer and 1994's 8 Seconds, and had noteworthy appearances in 1997's The Fifth Element and his final film, 2019's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (above). He also had a key role on the TV series Riverdale. He died following two strokes. Chadwick Boseman was born November 29, 1976 and died August 28, 2020 at just 43 years of age. In his short life, he had an incredible run of successes, playing icons Jackie Robinson in 42, James Brown in 2014's Get on Up, and Thurgood Marshall in 2017's Marshall — demonstrating remarkable range in the process. But he was of course best known for his role as T'Challa in the 2018 blockbuster Black Panther and in three Avengers films. And he earned a posthumous Oscar nomination for his role in 2020's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom. Boseman died from colon cancer, which he concealed as he continued to do excellent work in film's like 2020's Da 5 Bloods. Anne Heche was born May 25, 1969 and died August 11, 2022 at just 53. First appearing in 1993's The Adventures of Huck Finn, Heche had a remarkable run of roles in the '90s films Donnie Brasco, Volcano, I Know What You Did Last Summer, and Wag the Dog. In 1998, she starred in Six Days, Seven Nights (above) and Return to Paradise. Her later roles included Catfight, My Friend Dahmer and TV shows including Everwood, Men in Trees and The Brave. She died at a Los Angeles hospital after she was critically injured in a car crash. Matthew Perry was born August 19, 1969 and died October 28, 2023 at just 54. Though best known for Friends, he also had an impressive film career that included star turns in Fools Rush In (above), Almost Heroes, Three to Tango, and The Whole Nine Yards and its sequel, The Whole Ten Yards. Perry was found unresponsive in a hot tub at his home in Los Angeles, and his cause of death was later determined to be due to acute effects of ketamine. Shannen Doherty was born April 12, 1971 and died July 13, 2024, at only 53. Though best known for TV roles — including Little House on the Prairie, Charmed, and especially Beverly Hills 90210 — Doherty was also an accomplished film actor who appeared in the Gen X classic Heathers and had a lead part in Kevin Smith's 1995 Mallrats. Brenda Walsh, her 90210 character, was one of the most iconic Gen X TV characters, and her on-screen chemistry with Luke Perry made their characters, Brenda and Dylan, one of the most scrutinized and fascinating couples in TV history. She also had a successful career in reality TV and continued to work hard on a wide range of projects as she battled breast cancer, first diagnosed in 2015. She died from the disease at her home in Malibu. You may want to cheer yourself up with this list of 12 Old Movies That Are Still a Total Pleasure to Watch, including Breathless, above. Or you might enjoy our video version of the story you've just finished. Related Headlines The 13 Most Captivating Prison Movies We've Ever Seen The 13 Best SNL Sketches in 50 Years of Saturday Night Live The 12 Strangest Movies We've Ever Seen
Yahoo
03-07-2025
- Health
- Yahoo
Speedballing – the deadly mix of stimulants and opioids – requires a new approach to prevention and treatment
Speedballing – the practice of combining a stimulant like cocaine or methamphetamine with an opioid such as heroin or fentanyl – has evolved from a niche subculture to a widespread public health crisis. The practice stems from the early 1900s when World War I soldiers were often treated with a combination of cocaine and morphine. Once associated with high-profile figures like John Belushi, River Phoenix and Chris Farley , this dangerous polysubstance use has become a leading cause of overdose deaths across the United States since the early- to mid-2010s. I am an assistant professor of public health who has written extensively on methamphetamine and opioid use and the dangerous combination of the two in the United States. As these dangerous combinations of drugs increasingly flood the market, I see an urgent need and opportunity for a new approach to prevention and treatment. Dating back to the 1970s, the term speedballing originally referred to the combination of heroin and cocaine. Combining stimulants and opioids – the former's 'rush' with the latter's calming effect – creates a dangerous physiological conflict. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, stimulant-involved overdose fatalities increased markedly from more than 12,000 annually in 2015 to greater than 57,000 in 2022, a 375% increase. Notably, approximately 70% of stimulant-related overdose deaths in 2022 also involved fentanyl or other synthetic opioids, reflecting the rising prevalence of polysubstance involvement in overdose mortality. Users sought to experience the euphoric 'rush' from the stimulant and the calming effects of the opioid. However, with the proliferation of fentanyl – which is far more potent than heroin – this combination has become increasingly lethal. Fentanyl is often mixed with cocaine or methamphetamine, sometimes without the user's knowledge, leading to unintentional overdoses. The rise in speedballing is part of a broader trend of polysubstance use in the U.S. Since 2010, overdoses involving both stimulants and fentanyl have increased 50-fold, now accounting for approximately 35,000 deaths annually. This has been called the fourth wave of the opioid epidemic. The toxic and contaminated drug supply has exacerbated this crisis. Stimulants like cocaine increase heart rate and blood pressure, while opioids suppress respiratory function. This combination can lead to respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse and death. People who use both substances are more than twice as likely to experience a fatal overdose compared with those using opioids alone. The conflicting effects of stimulants and opioids can also exacerbate mental health issues. Users may experience heightened anxiety, depression and paranoia. The combination can also impair cognitive functions, leading to confusion and poor decision-making. Speedballing can also lead to severe cardiovascular problems, including hypertension, heart attack and stroke. The strain on the heart and blood vessels from the stimulant, combined with the depressant effects of the opioid, increases the risk of these life-threatening conditions. Increasing awareness about the dangers of speedballing is crucial. I believe that educational campaigns can inform the public about the risks of combining stimulants and opioids and the potential for unintentional fentanyl exposure. There is a great need for better access to treatment for people with stimulant use disorder – a condition defined as the continued use of amphetamine-type substances, cocaine or other stimulants leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, from mild to severe. Treatments for this and other substance use disorders are underfunded and less accessible than those for opioid use disorder. Addressing this gap can help reduce the prevalence of speedballing. Implementing harm reduction strategies by public health officials, community organizations and health care providers, such as providing fentanyl test strips and naloxone – a medication that reverses opioid overdoses – can save lives. These measures allow individuals to test their drugs for the presence of fentanyl and have immediate access to overdose-reversing medication. Implementing these strategies widely is crucial to reducing overdose deaths and improving community health outcomes. This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit, independent news organization bringing you facts and trustworthy analysis to help you make sense of our complex world. It was written by: Andrew Yockey, University of Mississippi Read more: Rat poison is just one of the potentially dangerous substances likely to be mixed into illicit drugs Kim Kardashian West and ecstasy: A reminder of the social dangers of the drug Nitazenes are a powerful class of street drugs emerging across the US Andrew Yockey does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
Geek Tyrant
10-05-2025
- Entertainment
- Geek Tyrant
Fascinating Video Essay Explores The Characters of STAND BY ME and The Real Pain Behind The Acting — GeekTyrant
I've got a very interesting video essay here for you to watch which explores director Rob Reiner's 1986 classic film Stand By Me , and how each actor's background, home life, and trauma was similar to the characters they played. The video comes from The Back Focus and it came with the note: The Stand By Me cast gave some of the most emotionally honest performances in film history-but what if it wasn't acting? This video breaks down how Wil Wheaton, Corey Feldman, River Phoenix, and Jerry O'Connell brought shocking truth to their roles. What makes Stand By Me so powerful, even decades later? In this in-depth video essay, we take a closer look at how each actor's real-life trauma, background, and personality aligned with their character in eerily perfect ways. We explore behind-the-scenes stories, interviews, and the raw emotional weight each child brought to the screen-sometimes unknowingly reliving their own pain. Jerry O'Connell as Vern offers joy and innocence, the comic relief of the film, and the only cast member untouched by personal tragedy at the time. Wil Wheaton as Gordie channels years of emotional neglect and parental disconnection with heartbreaking authenticity. Corey Feldman as Teddy brings real rage, rooted in a traumatic home life, to a role that mirrors his own childhood. River Phoenix as Chris shows wisdom beyond his years-grounded in personal hardship, cult escape, and a deep sensitivity that made him unforgettable. We'll look at how director Rob Reiner intentionally cast real kids who were their characters, how that decision shaped the film, and why these performances still resonate so deeply. If you love Stand By Me, or you've ever wondered why it hits so hard, this is the video for you.
Yahoo
25-04-2025
- Entertainment
- Yahoo
Joe Apollonio Enters the Scene with His Idiosyncratic Brand of Comedy and Amalia Ulman's ‘Magic Farm'
When Joe Apollonio, the 34-year-old New York internet comic with a wild coif of reddish hair, names River Phoenix as one of his favorite actors, it all makes sense. They have a similar countercultural vibe — not to mention fashionably unkempt hairstyle — and a hunger to take on roles that scare them, and often put their own autobiography front and center. 'I get shit sometimes from my friends for not watching certain movies,' Apollonio told IndieWire at a brewery in Bryant Park (though Apollonio is five years sober). 'I would say that I'm a huge fan of River Phoenix's work and Gus Van Sant's work. And then also movies that Michael Pitt's been in the 2000s, like 'The Dreamers.' I would say those are the two actors that I look up to the most. Interestingly enough, they're not comedians.' More from IndieWire 'The Accountant 2' Review: Finance Takes a Backseat to Ben Affleck and Jon Bernthal's Budding Bromance Southampton Playhouse Announces Annual Gary Cooper Festival Apollonio broke out from his long-running Instagram feed of quippy queer characters and outsize personalities with a solo show at Joe's Pub in New York's Noho in summer 2023, one that put his very close relationship with his single mom front and center. He now stars in his friend Amalia Ulman's quirky ethnocentricity satire 'Magic Farm,' which premiered at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival, followed by Berlin, and opens from MUBI in theaters this Friday. In it, he plays Justin, the flamboyantly gay cohort of a Vice Media-like documentary crew chasing an influencer in a small town in Argentina. Or, where they think is Argentina anyway, until they end up in the wrong South American country in a town also called San Cristobal. Apollonio grew up in the town of Babylon, Long Island, before moving to New York City after high school, training at Stella Adler and finding small roles on series like 'Betty,' 'Hacks,' and 'Young Sheldon.' 'In 'Hacks,' I played a circuit twink with Owen Thiele. It was just two scenes in one episode. 'Betty,' I played a skater,' Apollonio, a longtime skateboarder himself, said. 'Then, I did 'Young Sheldon.' I played some angsty younger brother to Mandy, and it was fun. They turned that character into a main character on the spinoff of 'Young Sheldon' ['George and Mandy's First Marriage'], but they cast someone else.' Was he disappointed? 'At the time, yeah. Now, I'm over it. If I try to play the tape forward, being in something like 'Magic Farm,' it's an edgy enough thing for me to still be myself with things that I create, and it makes sense because it's on par. It's under the same umbrella. To be in something that mainstream and just for nuclear families in middle America [like 'Young Sheldon'], maybe I would have to censor myself and dilute myself down.' Indeed, Apollonio makes his queerness the focal point of his Instagram comedy, where he has more than 14,000 followers and self-made video posts dating back a decade, often outré-costumed and hilariously, grotesquely Facetuned, dating back to 2014. 'I don't place as much value on [social media] as I used to,' he said. 'I would say that's how it really started, and then I think where it's going to continue is stuff like this and taking my writing and putting it up on stage, or making longer-form videos or movies. Instagram is so oversaturated now with people who think that they're funny, and they can just make a joke about something going on in the zeitgeist. I don't really want any part of that. I want to make things that are valuable to me, and I also don't want to make a bunch of shit for no money and just have it completely sidelined in this thralling crazy pool of the comedy algorithm, so I'm kind of over it.' Apollonio's solo show back at Joe's Pub more fully expressed his particular brand of comedy, which is often all about his closeness with his mom. 'She had a knee replacement last year where I took care of her. It's kind of a vignette into what my life is going to look like at some point, which is a bit scary, but I can't be doing a cross-country move right now unless I have enough money to take her with me,' he said of the thought of moving to L.A. 'The only relieving thing is everyone has to deal with this shit. She's a single mom, and I'm an only child. It's always been just us my entire life; no real semblance of blood family has been in the picture. It's just an added heaviness to it,' he added. 'She thinks my comedy is a little weird. I impersonate her sometimes. It's a central part of my work,' he said. 'It's weird, though, because she's a Baby Boomer, and their notion of Hollywood and acting is far different from what it is now. I've been on TV and stuff, but she's always like, 'When are you going to make it? I wish someone would just discover you.' That's not how it works, though.' Argentine-born Spanish artist-turned-filmmaker Amalia Ulman — the director of 2021's 'El Planeta,' also about an only child's too-closeness with their mother — has been good friends with Apollonio for a few years now, which made it easy to cast him in 'Magic Farm' among an ensemble that includes Chloë Sevigny, Simon Rex, and Alex Wolff. 'People thought Amalia and I were dating,' Apollonio said. 'Maybe we look good together. I don't know.' (In real life, Apollonio is dating trans star Bianca Leigh, who stars on Broadway's 'Oh, Mary!') That friendship eventually led to Chloë Sevigny, with whom Ulman had connected and whom Apollonio met at a Maison Margiela party before they got to work on the script with producer/filmmaker Eugene Kotlyarenko (a producer alongside Riccardo Maddalosso and Alex Hughes). That was not, in fact, the first time Apollonio had encountered the New York City icon. 'I was a barback at this place called Peel's in the Lower East Side. I was like 22, and she was sitting at a table and I had to pour her hot water into her tea, and I was so starstruck that my hands were shaking like fucking crazy as I'm pouring the hot water. She was just kind of looking down. I left the table and was like, 'Wow, I fucking blew it.' I brought that up to Chloe. She didn't remember it,' he recalled. Once production on 'Magic Farm' got underway in 2023, 'We were filming in this town called San Antonio de Areco, which is two hours northwest of Buenos Aires. People go there to vacation; it's kind of like a resort town. It's very small, a lot of horses, a lot of street dogs, a pretty desolate landscape. That's where we shot the whole movie. Then we shot some stuff in New York about a month or so afterward,' he said. 'I don't speak Spanish, so any sort of broken horrible Spanish I would use to order food made me feel super American. I remember the first day I got there, I was feeling pretty good about myself. I was strutting down the street with my aviator glasses on, listening to music. I quickly got out of my own head and realized everyone was staring at me like an alien.' While 'Magic Farm' drummed up buzz at Sundance and then Berlin ('the Germans loved it'), Apollonio said, 'I'm still waiting to see what will come from this,' though he's working on yet another personal project aimed for the stage. 'I don't want to get too much into what it's about, but it's going to be another mother-and-son dynamic show, but it's going to be much more fictional and much more over-the-top and ridiculous,' he said. One thing he's not doing any time soon, and one thing he has in common with his co-star Sevigny? He's not moving to Los Angeles. 'I would need a swimming pool, and a really loving partner, which I do have right now, and a lot of money for me to enjoy L.A. I don't want to deal with the in-betweens of the entertainment industry in Los Angeles. It's excruciating enough to be between jobs. L.A. is really cool when you have something to do. I subletted there a few times, and you don't have anything going on and your friends are busy, it can get dark. And you're getting gaslit by the weather to be happy,' he said. 'Magic Farm' is now in theaters from MUBI. Best of IndieWire Quentin Tarantino's Favorite Movies: 64 Films the Director Wants You to See Nightmare Film Shoots: The 36 Most Grueling Films Ever Made, from 'Deliverance' to 'The Wages of Fear' The 24 Best Vampire Movies Ever Made, from 'Nosferatu' to 'Sinners'
