Latest news with #Staphylococcusaureus
Hindustan Times
4 hours ago
- Health
- Hindustan Times
Wayne Lukas cause of death: What is MRSA blood infection?
D. Wayne Lukas, the iconic American horse trainer who won the Kentucky Derby four times, passed away Saturday at his home in Louisville, Kentucky. He was 89. American Promise trainer D. Wayne Lukas passed away on Saturday. (AP) "Wayne devoted his life not only to horses but to the industry -- developing generations of horsemen and horsewomen and growing the game by inviting unsuspecting fans into the winner's circle," his family said in a statement, ESPN reported. 'Whether he was boasting about a maiden 2-year-old as the next Kentucky Derby winner or offering quiet words of advice before a big race, Wayne brought heart, grace, and grit to every corner of the sport. His final days were spent at home in Kentucky, where he chose peace, family, and faith.' Lukas's remarkable career spanned decades, with 4,967 documented victories in thoroughbred racing and his horses earning over $310 million across more than 30,600 starts. His accolades include 15 Triple Crown race wins. "The whole secret of this game, I think, is being able to read the horse: Read what he needs, what he doesn't need, what he can't do, what he can do," Lukas told ESPN in May. "That's the whole key. Everybody's got the blacksmith, everybody's got to the same bed available, the feed man. We all can hire a good jockey. We all can hire a pretty good exercise rider if we've got the means, so what the hell is the difference? The horse is the difference and what we do with him in reading him." Also Read: Walter Scott Jr. dies at 81: What was the cause of Vocalist of The Whispers' death? Health and Cause of Death While the exact cause of Lukas's death was not disclosed, the Hall of Famer had been battling a severe Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) blood infection. According to ESPN, the infection caused significant damage to his heart and digestive system, worsening preexisting chronic conditions. What is an MRSA Blood Infection? According to the Mayo Clinic, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of staph bacteria resistant to many antibiotics typically used to treat staph infections. MRSA infections are categorized into two types: Healthcare-Associated MRSA (HA-MRSA): This form commonly occurs in those who have been in hospitals, nursing homes, or dialysis centers. It can spread through contact with contaminated surfaces or via healthcare workers with unwashed hands. Community-Associated MRSA (CA-MRSA): This type affects healthy individuals outside healthcare settings. It spreads through skin-to-skin contact and is more common in high-risk groups like athletes, childcare workers, or those living in crowded conditions. Symptoms MRSA skin infections typically appear as swollen, painful red bumps resembling pimples or spider bites. Symptoms may include: Warmth in the affected area Pus or other drainage Fever
Los Angeles Times
3 days ago
- Health
- Los Angeles Times
Brain Abscess: How Modern Medicine Wins the Fight Against This Dangerous Infection
A brain abscess is a serious condition that's life threatening. It's a collection of pus in the brain tissue. A brain abscess is an emergency. Think of it as a boil but in the most complex organ of your body. If not treated promptly, brain abscess can cause brain damage. It's usually caused by a bacterial or fungal infection and if not treated quickly can lead to severe neurological damage or even death. Cerebral abscesses are a type of intracranial infection and a big concern in the field of infectious diseases. Luckily, thanks to advances in medical science, the prognosis for patients with brain abscess has improved significantly. Modern diagnostic tools, advanced surgical techniques and targeted antimicrobial therapies have changed the way we manage this once dreaded condition. Let's get into what causes a brain abscess and how today's multidisciplinary teams are tackling it. A brain abscess doesn't just appear out of nowhere. It's almost always the result of an infection that starts elsewhere and finds its way into the brain. There are three ways this can happen: The usual suspects behind these infections are often bacteria or fungi, with bacterial infections being the primary cause. Common organisms include bacteria that live in our mouths like oral streptococci and other common culprits like Staphylococcus aureus, anaerobes (bacteria that don't need oxygen) and Enterobacteriaceae [3][9]. Identifying and treating bacterial infections is key to preventing serious complications. Diagnosing a brain abscess early is crucial but can be tricky because the symptoms can be vague and mimic other neurological conditions. Recognizing brain abscess symptoms and understanding the clinical characteristics that distinguish them from other neurological conditions is important for timely intervention. The 'classic triad' of symptoms includes fever, persistent headache and focal neurological deficits – like weakness in an arm or leg or trouble speaking. However research shows this classic combination is only present in about 20-30% of patients [9]. Many people experience other symptoms of a brain abscess which can include: Given the variability in clinical characteristics, a high index of suspicion is key for healthcare providers when these symptoms appear. Early diagnosis of brain abscess is crucial for better outcomes and preventing serious complications. Once a brain abscess is suspected, getting a clear picture of what's happening inside the brain is the top priority. Imaging tests like a CT or MRI scan are essential for confirming the diagnosis of brain abscess. These imaging tests can show a ring enhancing lesion which is a characteristic finding of a brain abscess and indicates a space occupying lesion within the brain. Additionally, imaging can show multiple lesions or multiple brain abscesses which may require different management strategies. This is where modern imaging and diagnostic techniques have become game-changers [4]. The gold standard for diagnosing a brain abscess is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). This powerful imaging technique is very sensitive and can clearly distinguish a pus-filled abscess from other brain lesions like a necrotic (dead tissue) tumor [2]. The DWI sequence is particularly useful because it highlights the restricted movement of water molecules within the thick, purulent material of the abscess making it light up brightly on the scan. A CT scan is often used in emergency situations because it's fast and widely available. CT scan with contrast is useful for visualizing brain abscesses especially when multiple abscesses are present. Imaging may show abscesses in the frontal lobes especially when infections originate from the ethmoid sinuses and in the inferior temporal lobe due to contiguous spread from otitis media, mastoiditis or sinusitis. CT and MRI findings often show brain swelling and changes in the brain parenchyma like edema or necrosis which are critical for diagnosis and management. However, CT is less sensitive than MRI especially in the early stages of abscess formation. Identifying the exact pathogen causing the infection is critical for antibiotic treatment. Pyogenic brain abscess, a common type of brain abscess, is usually caused by bacterial infection. Gram positive bacteria like streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are common pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also be a causative agent especially in endemic regions. To identify the pathogen neurosurgeons can perform a stereotactic aspiration or excision. This minimally invasive procedure uses advanced imaging to guide a needle to the abscess to drain the pus. The collected sample is then sent to the lab for culture. Laboratory analysis of the pus often shows an accumulation of white blood cells which are part of the immune response and gather at the infection site to fight the invading microorganisms leading to inflammation and abscess formation. In some cases analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be performed to aid in diagnosis and help differentiate between various intracranial infections. In some cases the cultures come back negative especially if the patient has already started antibiotics. This is where metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is making a huge impact. This cutting edge technology can identify the genetic material of virtually any pathogen—bacteria, fungi or viruses—directly from the pus sample even when traditional cultures fail [8]. As a recent case report highlights, mNGS can be crucial in guiding treatment for abscesses caused by hard-to-culture organisms. When choosing antibiotic therapy it is important to consider the ability of antibiotics to cross the blood brain barrier as this determines their effectiveness in treating brain abscesses. Treating a brain abscess is a two pronged attack that combines powerful antimicrobial treatment with in many cases surgical intervention. During management it is important to monitor for intracranial complications as well as orbital and intracranial complications since the infection can spread from adjacent structures like the sinuses or ears. Rare complications can also occur such as unusual pathogens or atypical presentations that require special attention. As the abscess matures necrosis and liquefaction occur and eventually a distinct capsule forms around the lesion. Once a brain abscess is suspected doctors will start empiric antimicrobial treatment. This means they will use a broad spectrum combination of antibiotics that are effective against the most common culprits including anaerobes, oral streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and gram negative bacilli. A common and effective cocktail is a third generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone or cefotaxime paired with metronidazole. Vancomycin may be added if methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a concern [3][5]. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society provide expert recommendations on the antimicrobial treatment and clinical management of brain abscesses. Once the lab identifies the specific pathogen the antibiotic regimen can be narrowed to target it directly. Treatment is a long haul typically lasting six to eight weeks and is guided by follow up imaging to ensure the abscess is shrinking [1][6]. For certain drugs like vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring may be used to ensure the dosage is both effective and safe especially for patients with kidney issues or those on long term therapy [8]. Medication alone is not enough. Brain surgery such as surgical drainage or excision of the abscess is necessary for larger abscesses, those causing significant pressure on the brain (mass effect) or abscesses that are not responding to antibiotics. As the American Association of Neurological Surgeons explains removing the pus not only relieves pressure but also provides a definitive diagnosis. Modern minimally invasive stereotactic surgery has made this process safer and more precise than ever. By using a 3D mapping system of the brain surgeons can navigate directly to the abscess with pinpoint accuracy and minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue [5]. Managing a brain abscess requires a coordinated team of specialists. This 'all hands on deck' approach ensures every aspect of the patient's care is covered. The core team typically includes: Expertise in central nervous system and nervous system infections is key to optimal patient care as these infections can lead to severe neurological complications. This team approach is especially important for complex cases such as immunocompromised patients where the stakes are higher [6][7]. The field is evolving. There is a movement towards protocolized treatment plans where care is standardized based on imaging and clinical response. Researchers are calling for more multicenter clinical trials to refine treatment guidelines especially on the duration of antibiotic therapy [5][9]. Systematic review of brain abscess cases has provided valuable insights into clinical outcomes and best practices and highlights the importance of large data in shaping evidence based recommendations. Perhaps most exciting is the increasing integration of advanced molecular diagnostics like mNGS into routine clinical practice. As technology becomes more available it will revolutionize how quickly and accurately we can identify the cause of these infections and lead to more personalized treatment [1][8]. Recent studies continue to show the value of these integrated approaches in improving patient outcomes. A brain abscess is a tough medical problem but one we are getting better at. With early recognition, sophisticated imaging, precise surgery and targeted antimicrobial therapy we can beat this infection. The multidisciplinary team is the key to this success and ensures patients get comprehensive care tailored to their needs. By embracing new technology and refining treatment protocols we can improve the prognosis for those affected by this serious condition and reduce its long term impact and get them back to their lives. [1] Omland, L. H., Nielsen, H., & Bodilsen, J. (2024). Update and approach to patients with brain abscess. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 37(3), 211–219. [2] De Andres Crespo, M., McKinnon, C., & Halliday, J. (2020). What you need to know about brain abscesses. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005), 81(8), 1–7. [3] Sonneville, R., Ruimy, R., Benzonana, N., Riffaud, L., Carsin, A., Tadié, J. M., Piau, C., Revest, M., Tattevin, P., & ESCMID Study Group for Infectious Diseases of the Brain (ESGIB) (2017). An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 23(9), 614–620. [4] Mathisen, G. E., & Johnson, J. P. (1997). Brain abscess. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 25(4), 763–781. [5] Brouwer, M. C., & van de Beek, D. (2017). Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of brain abscesses. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 30(1), 129–134. [6] Corsini Campioli, C., Castillo Almeida, N. E., O'Horo, J. C., Esquer Garrigos, Z., Wilson, W. R., Cano, E., DeSimone, D. C., Baddour, L. M., Van Gompel, J. J., & Sohail, M. R. (2021). Bacterial Brain Abscess: An Outline for Diagnosis and Management. The American journal of medicine, 134(10), 1210–1217.e2. [7] Muzumdar, D., Jhawar, S., & Goel, A. (2011). Brain abscess: an overview. International journal of surgery (London, England), 9(2), 136–144. [8] Tian, C., Liu, J., Chen, Z., & Li, L. (2025). Case report: Analysis of the efficacy and safety of anti-infectious treatment for brain abscess caused by oral anaerobes. Frontiers in pharmacology, 16, 1506879. [9] Brouwer, M. C., Coutinho, J. M., & van de Beek, D. (2014). Clinical characteristics and outcome of brain abscess: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology, 82(9), 806–813.
Daily Maverick
3 days ago
- Health
- Daily Maverick
Beards and microbes: What the evidence shows
A microbiologist explores the science behind beard hygiene. Beards have long attracted suspicion, sometimes seen as stylish, sometimes as unsanitary. But how dirty are they, really? Human skin is home to billions of microorganisms – mainly bacteria, but also fungi and viruses – and facial hair provides a unique environment for them to thrive. Research shows that beards, in particular, support a dense and diverse microbial population, which has fuelled a persistent belief that they are inherently unhygienic. The Washington Post recently reported that some toilets contain fewer germs than the average beard. But are beards truly a hygiene risk? A closer look at the evidence reveals a nuanced picture. The microbial population on skin varies by location and is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, humidity and nutrient availability. Beards create a warm, often moist environment where food debris and oils can accumulate – ideal conditions for microbial growth. These microbes thrive not just because of the warm, moist conditions beards provide, but also because of constant exposure to new contaminants and microbes, especially from hands that frequently touch surfaces and the face. Concerns among scientists about beard hygiene date back over 50 years. Early studies showed that facial hair could retain bacteria and bacterial toxins even after washing. This led to the enduring idea that beards act as bacterial reservoirs and could pose an infection risk to others. For healthcare workers, this has made beards a point of controversy, especially in hospitals where pathogen transmission is a concern. However, hospital-based research has shown mixed results. One study found that bearded healthcare workers had higher bacterial loads on their faces than clean-shaven colleagues. Another investigation, looking at whether it would be hygienic to evaluate dogs and humans in the same MRI scanner, found that most men's beards contained significantly more microbes than dog fur, including a greater presence of harmful bacteria. The researchers concluded: 'Dogs are no risk to humans if they use the same MRI.' However, other studies have challenged the idea that beards increase infection risk. For example, one investigation found no significant difference in bacterial colonisation between bearded and clean-shaven healthcare workers. The same study also reported that bearded doctors were less likely to carry Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of hospital infections, and that there was no increase in infection rates among patients treated by bearded surgeons wearing surgical masks. Beards can sometimes spread skin infections, such as impetigo — a contagious rash often caused by S aureus, which is commonly found in facial hair. In rare cases, parasites like pubic lice – which usually live in the groin area – can also show up in beards, eyebrows or eyelashes, particularly in cases of poor hygiene or close contact with an infected person. The case for good beard hygiene Neglected beards can foster irritation, inflammation and infection. The skin beneath a beard – rich in blood vessels, nerve endings and immune cells – is highly sensitive to microbial and environmental stressors. When sebum, dead skin, food debris and pollutants accumulate, they can irritate the skin and provide fuel for fungal and bacterial growth. Experts strongly recommend washing your beard and face every day. Doing so removes dirt, oils, allergens and dead skin, helping prevent microbial buildup. Dermatologists also advise moisturising to prevent dryness, using a beard comb to clear debris, and trimming to control loose hairs and reduce shedding. These steps help maintain not only hygiene but also beard health and appearance. So, are beards dirty? Like most things, it depends on how well you care for them. With daily hygiene and proper grooming, beards pose little risk and may even be healthier than we once thought. DM
Indian Express
6 days ago
- Health
- Indian Express
Debunked: Common myths surrounding desi nuskhas promising to cure bee stings
Bee stings are a common environmental hazard, especially in rural and semi-urban India. While they are usually harmless in most individuals, incorrect treatment — often rooted in traditional home remedies — can increase the risk of complications such as local infection, prolonged inflammation, or, in rare cases, systemic allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Many desi nuskhas continue to be passed down through generations, but do they actually work? Here's what modern medical science has to say. Dr Priyanka Kuri, consultant – dermatology, Aster Whitefield Hospital, Bengaluru, clarified that generally desi nuskhas do not work. 'We advise against using those as they lead to more irritation and inflammation,' she said. Revealing further about the hacks people come up with to cure such stings, Dr Kuri shared that people tend to apply eucalyptus oil mixtures, pain relief sprays, and even ice packs to treat a sting. However, the expert questions their effectiveness. Dr Akshay Challani, Lead & Sr Consultant Critical care and Medical Advisor- Apollo Hopsitals Navi Mumbai concurred, adding that while some traditional remedies like aloe vera or baking soda may offer symptomatic relief, many commonly used nuskhas — particularly those involving metallic objects or acidic substances — have no scientific validity and may worsen outcomes. He busted some common myths: Claim: Neutralises the venom or draws it out. Medical Reality: There is no biochemical mechanism by which metallic surfaces can deactivate apitoxin (bee venom). On the contrary, most metal objects are not sterile and can act as fomites, potentially introducing Staphylococcus aureus or other pathogens into the skin. This can lead to secondary bacterial infections, delayed healing, and local cellulitis. This practice is strongly discouraged. Claim: Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory and antiseptic. Medical Reality: Onion contains sulfur compounds such as allicin, which have mild antibacterial properties in vitro. However, there is no clinical evidence supporting its efficacy in treating envenomation or reducing sting-related inflammation. It may provide a placebo effect, but cannot replace targeted symptomatic treatment. Claim: Disinfects the sting site and relieves pain. Medical Reality: Lime is acidic (citric acid, pH ~2) and can irritate broken or inflamed skin, worsening erythema and pain. Applying acid to a venom-inflamed dermis may also impair the skin's natural barrier function, increasing susceptibility to irritant contact dermatitis. It is medically inadvisable. Toothpaste: Largely myth. While some assume its alkaline properties can neutralize venom, bee venom is already slightly alkaline. Additionally, toothpaste may contain abrasives, detergents, or menthol, which can cause local irritation and contact dermatitis. Baking soda paste: Mildly alkaline, often used for insect bites. However, its benefit in bee stings is anecdotal, not evidence-based. It may soothe itching but does not alter venom absorption or toxicity. Turmeric paste: Contains curcumin, a known anti-inflammatory compound. While turmeric has general healing benefits, it has no proven efficacy in managing bee venom reactions. Aloe vera gel: Safe and dermatologically beneficial. Known for its mucopolysaccharide content, aloe vera provides mild anti-inflammatory and cooling effects. It may help soothe the skin but is supportive care only. Ice or cold compress: Clinically validated. Cold therapy causes vasoconstriction, limiting venom dispersion and reducing swelling, pain, and itching. This is the first-line non-pharmacological intervention for localized bee stings. Dr Challani elaborated that the goal of evidence-based treatment is to limit venom absorption, control inflammation, prevent secondary infection, and monitor for systemic complications. Key steps include: 1. Stinger removal: Prompt removal of the stinger is critical. Use a rigid object like a credit card edge to scrape it out. Avoid tweezers, as pinching can compress the venom sac, injecting more venom into subcutaneous tissue. 2. Local cleansing: Wash the area with mild soap and clean water to reduce microbial contamination. Avoid alcohol-based or overly acidic topical agents unless prescribed. 3. Cold application: Apply a cold compress or ice wrapped in cloth for 10–15 minutes every hour to manage edema and local pain. 4. Pharmacological care: Oral antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine or loratadine) to reduce pruritus and allergic response. Topical corticosteroids or calamine lotion to ease inflammation and itching. Analgesics (e.g., paracetamol or ibuprofen) for pain relief if needed. 5. Monitoring for systemic reactions: Difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or lips, hypotension, or generalized urticaria may indicate anaphylaxis — a medical emergency. Such patients require immediate administration of intramuscular epinephrine, oxygen support, and emergency care.
Time of India
6 days ago
- Health
- Time of India
Tattoo horror: Woman faces near-death crisis after artist's dangerous mistake; experts warn one negligence can lead to severe infection
In a shocking incident, a 36-year-old woman suffered a severe health crisis after getting a tattoo. Yes, you read that right; a woman experienced a near-death condition after getting her in memoriam tattoo that became infected and began oozing green and yellow pus, reported the Daily Mail. The woman, identified as Quiniece Washburn, quoted in the report that her brother died from an overdose, and she wanted to get the tattoo so she knew that he would be with her. Further, the report mentioned that the woman paid $350 (INR 29,050) to ink her brother's face on her left calf. She said, during the session, she felt a minor burning sensation and experienced some pain when the artist wiped down her tattoo. But little did she know that the tattoo would turn fatal this soon. Tattoo turns deadly after a minor burning sensation According to the woman, after leaving the appointment, she noticed the tattoo leaking ink, and soon after this, it began oozing a bloody and yellow pus, while she developed a severe pain that forced her to drag herself behind till her home. 'When it got worse, I was having to drag my leg to walk, and I was limping. It was a horrible time for me. The pain was traumatising, and it was upsetting because it was the face of my brother,' Washburn quoted in the report. Credit: Pexels Following this, the woman had to be admitted to the hospital, where she received antibiotics but would wind up needing to return for IV treatments around 10 times before she was finally admitted to the ICU for the infection. Woman was diagnosed with bacterial cellulitis after getting a tattoo done After the hospitalisation and tests, doctors diagnosed her with bacterial cellulitis, a condition that can cause high fevers, chills, numbness, burning and immense pain. "Tattoos can potentially lead to bacterial infections if proper hygiene and aftercare are not followed," says Dr Divya Joshi, consultant in infectious diseases, Fortis Hospital, Bannerghatta Road. "If proper sterilisation and hygiene are not maintained and needles are reused, it can lead to the transmission of blood-borne infections like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C, causing serious health problems." When do tattoos turn into bacterial infections, and what are the risks? When bacteria enter the skin through the tattoo wound, infections can occur. According to Dr. Joshi, "Risks include redness, swelling, increased pain, and pus. If left untreated, infections can spread and lead to more severe conditions like abscesses or sepsis." Certain bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, can cause infections. To minimise risks, it's crucial to choose a reputable tattoo artist, follow aftercare instructions, and monitor the tattoo site for signs of infection, seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen. Prompt treatment can prevent complications. Preventive tips to follow before and after getting a tattoo Getting a tattoo is a personal and permanent decision, so it's important to be cautious and plan carefully. "Make sure to choose a reputable and licensed tattoo artist who follows strict hygiene practices," warns Dr Shareefa Chause, dermatologist at the Dr Shareefa Skin Care Clinic, Mumbai. Check their portfolio properly and ensure the studio is following all the guidelines, using sterile equipment and disposable needles. Credit: Pexels Dr. Chause adds, "Prompt hygiene will help prevent unpleasant allergies and infections. Then ensure an appropriate design and placement of your tattoo. Pick something meaningful and avoid trends that may not age well." Tattoos on certain areas, like fingers and feet, may fade faster or hurt more, so consider your pain tolerance and lifestyle. Avoid sensitive areas, so say NO to lips, eyes, ears, and nose. If you have any health conditions like diabetes, allergies, or skin issues, talk to your doctor beforehand. "Don't get a tattoo if you're sick, pregnant, or healing from surgery. Before your appointment, eat a good meal, stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol or blood-thinning medications," says Dr. Chause. Aftercare of Tattoos: Aftercare is just as important, so follow your artist's instructions, keep the tattoo clean, and avoid sun exposure or swimming until it's healed. Dr. Chause notes, "Follow the guidelines given by the expert. Taking the right precautions can help prevent infections, allergic reactions, and regret later on. The tattoo should be safe and not a matter of concern." Remember, it is permanent, and there is no room for errors. So, choose a tattoo artist wisely.
