Latest news with #Taonga
Scoop
08-07-2025
- Science
- Scoop
Colossal Biosciences Plans To Resurrect The South Island Giant Moa
July 8 2025 AT 1 PM EST // JULY 9, 2025 AT 5AM NZST, TE WAIPOUNAMU/SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND: The Ngāi Tahu Research Centre has entered into a strategic partnership with de-extinction company, Colossal Biosciences, and Sir Peter Jackson, to resurrect the South Island Giant Moa and other Taonga Species. The Ngāi Tahu Research Centre coordinated project aims to advance ecological restoration and develop tools for conservation in Te Waipounamu, New Zealand's South Island In a historic indigenous-coordinated initiative, the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre has entered into a collaboration with Colossal Biosciences, a Texas-based genetic engineering and de-extinction company, and acclaimed filmmaker Sir Peter Jackson, to work together to resurrect the extinct South Island Giant Moa. The Ngāi Tahu Research Centre was established in 2011 to support the intellectual growth and development of Ngāi Tahu, the principal iwi (Māori tribe) of the southern region of New Zealand. A multi-disciplinary hub based at the University of Canterbury, the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre will direct all aspects of this project. This extends longstanding Ngāi Tahu involvement with species protection and ecological restoration and builds on the Research Centre's strong record of international collaboration. The partners aim to place Māori values, cultural heritage, and ecological knowledge at the centre of de-extinction and species preservation efforts, thereby producing a world-leading model of scientific collaboration with indigenous people. In doing so, Ngai Tahu communities and whānau (families) will have opportunities to help guide this project: from laboratory research to conservation planning and implementation. This ambitious partnership, which integrates mātauranga Māori (traditional knowledge) with advanced genetic engineering to support ecological restoration and revolutionary conservation tools for taonga (treasured) species, signals a new era of indigenous leadership in scientific innovation. Moreover, the technology will be open sourced and available to anyone who wants to use it for conservation purposes at the direction of the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre. Colossal Biosciences has committed a large investment to New Zealand to build biotechnology within and protect its unique biological heritage, including flora and fauna found nowhere else on Earth. New Zealand is a biodiversity hotspot due to its isolation and natural history, with a high proportion of endemic species. Colossal: Is already applying its genetic engineering tools and end-to-end de-extinction pipeline to restore the moa from extinction. Will sequence and rebuild the genomes for all nine moa species, which has already begun. Researching the genomes of all moa species is valuable for informing conservation efforts and understanding the role of climate change and human activity in biodiversity loss. Will develop additional genetic studies across related bird species - creating reference genomes and using computational tools to compare the genomics of each species across the entire order of dinornithiformes and several of their closest living relatives including tinamous and emus. Will develop a conservation assessment and risk evaluation report that will include a feasibility analysis, a conservation action plan to address drivers of extinction, and identify potential rewilding sites for the restored moas. Will, alongside these technological approaches, work with its partners to undertake ecological restoration projects throughout the Ngāi Tahu takiwā (domain). These initiatives will focus on rehabilitating potential moa habitat while supporting existing native species, guided by Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). Will be directed by Ngāi Tahu Research Centre experts in the development of cutting-edge conservation initiatives including genome sequencing and biobanking for taonga (treasured) species beyond the moa. This work will create a genetic repository of culturally significant plants and animals, safeguarding biodiversity while building indigenous capacity in conservation biotechnology. Will provide funding, resources, and expertise to whānau-led expeditions to locate and sample taonga species to be included in a regional biobank located within the ngai Tahu takiwā (domain). Will develop economic models for species preservation including ecotourism opportunities and carbon credit modeling to create sustainable sources of revenue for communities across Te Waipounamu/the South Island. Will work closely to ensure the work builds opportunities and capability in New Zealand – especially for Te Waipounamu/the South Island, and Māori youth. Will create educational programming and curricula highlighting these cutting-edge technologies to educate and inspire Ngāi Tahu youth to pursue careers in the STEM fields. Will develop capacity building opportunities for Ngāi Tahu whānau to work alongside Colossal scientists working on de-extinction, conservation sciences, and biobanking with the vision of standing up laboratories and science centers within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā (domain). Has already made steps to create Colossal Labs New Zealand, a subsidiary of the company and all data, technology, and research will be provided directly to the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre. Colossal scientists recently joined Ngāi Tahu archaeologist Kyle Davis on a visit to caves and other sites known to contain significant moa subfossil deposits within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā. Davis remarked, 'our earliest ancestors in this place lived alongside moa and our records, both archaeological and oral, contain knowledge about these birds and their environs. We relish the prospect of bringing that into dialogue with Colossal's cutting-edge science as part of a bold vision for ecological restoration.' Director of the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre, Professor Mike Stevens similarly notes that moa harvesting was one of the things that transformed tropical East Polynesian explorers into subtropical South Polynesia Māori. 'During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, moa provided meat for sustenance, and bones and feathers for tools and decoration, especially in Te Waipounamu. And the loss of moa, through over-harvesting and habitat modification, was a salutary lesson as to the New Zealand archipelago's 'fragile plenty'.' Stevens further comments that, 'we Ngāi Tahu have successfully partnered with the New Zealand government over many decades to protect and enhance endangered species, especially bird species. However, we are particularly excited by this project because of the extent to which it enables us to exercise our rangatiratanga (leadership) and tikanga (customs) and the potential to bring ecological and economic aspirations into a singular frame. We also see huge importance in this technology as we enter the Anthropocene.' Collaborating scientist Paul Scofield, Senior Curator Natural History at Canterbury Museum, and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Earth and Environment at the University of Canterbury says, 'The gigantic moa were a cornerstone of Aotearoa/New Zealand ecosystems. Colossal Biosciences and the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre are providing New Zealand conservationists with an unprecedented opportunity to recreate lost taonga (treasured) moa species. This Ngāi Tahu Research Centre-led initiative will drive new historical, ecological, and scientific discoveries on the path to recreating moa. The knowledge gained will be beneficial to all of New Zealand, to conservation, and the world.' Scofield has over thirty years of experience in conservation and avian palaeobiology in New Zealand, the Antarctic, Arctic, central Pacific and Caribbean and is one of the leading moa researchers and curator of the largest collection of moa bones in the world. Ben Lamm, CEO and co-founder of Colossal Biosciences, thanked Peter Jackson for bringing all the parties together and expressed enthusiasm about supporting the initiative: 'We are honored to contribute our advanced computational and genetic engineering capabilities under the direction of the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre. This partnership represents a new model where indigenous leadership guides scientific endeavors, recognizing that traditional ecological knowledge and cultural context are essential to responsible de-extinction and species preservation efforts. There is so much knowledge that will be unlocked and shared on the journey to bring back the iconic moa." 'I'm delighted to partner with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre and Colossal Biosciences on a mission to save some of our most precious taonga. Resources will be put into ensuring some of the most critically endangered species in Aotearoa/New Zealand are protected for future generations,' said Sir Peter Jackson, the acclaimed filmmaker and proud New Zealander who previously invested in Colossal's de-extinction projects. 'With the recent resurrection of the dire wolf, Colossal has also made real the possibility of bringing back lost species. There's a lot of science still to be done – but we can start looking forward to the day when birds like the moa or the huia are rescued from the darkness of extinction. Exciting times lay ahead! Even the journey will bring incredible insights about the history of this land and enrich discussions as to the potential nature of our future here.' About the Moa Moa were flightless birds endemic to New Zealand that went extinct approximately 600 years ago, approximately two centuries after Polynesian settlement. These remarkable birds, which consisted of nine distinct species, ranged from turkey-sized species to the South Island Giant Moa (Dinornis robustus) which stood up to 3.6 meters tall with neck outstretched and weighed approximately 230 kilograms. As large herbivores, moa played crucial ecological roles in New Zealand's forests and grasslands for millions of years. Their browsing habits shaped vegetation structure and composition, while their seed dispersal activities influenced plant distribution patterns. The extinction of moa resulted in significant changes to New Zealand's ecosystems, creating cascading effects still evident today. Recent research has shown that moa populations were stable until human arrival, with extinction occurring within a century of Polynesian settlement, primarily due to hunting and habitat change. This rapid extinction represents one of the most well-documented examples of human impact on megafauna. 'The first time I flew over New Zealand's South Island, I was captivated by the breathtaking landscapes,' said Robert Nelson, renowned biotechnology investor and Managing Director of ARCH Venture Partners, who has also provided financial support for the project. 'I remember hearing incredible stories about the moa – these extraordinary giant birds that once roamed these valleys. My immediate thought was simply, 'if the Māori people want them back, we should do everything in our power to support their wishes.' It just felt like one of those projects that needed the right collaboration to make happen. I'm excited to support this ambitious scientific endeavor that connects New Zealand's past with its future.' The Māori-Directed De-extinction Approach Dr. Beth Shapiro, Colossal's Chief Science Officer and renowned evolutionary biologist specializing in ancient DNA, emphasized the scientific and ecological value of the Māori-led approach: 'This partnership represents an unprecedented opportunity to combine indigenous ecological knowledge with genomic technology to better understand not just the moa, but the entire ecosystem they inhabited. By studying ancient DNA, we can gain insights into how these keystone species shaped New Zealand's unique biodiversity and apply these lessons to strengthen the resilience of modern ecosystems facing climate change and habitat loss.' The partnership will follow a deliberate, step-by-step methodology that respects scientific rigor while reflecting Māori values and traditional ecological knowledge. This phased approach begins with expeditions to recover ancient DNA and genomic analysis, followed by gene identification and functional characterization, biological inference from genomic data, and the development of reproductive technologies. Various advancements including deeper comparative genomics across multiple bird families, new PGC culture conditions, interspecies surrogacy, and artificial egg membranes will all advance the next generation conservation toolkits for species preservation of additional taonga (treasured) species. In parallel, the project will incorporate animal husbandry expertise focused on related avian species to better understand developmental requirements and behavioral patterns that would inform any future restoration efforts. Dr. Anna Keyte, Avian Species Director at Colossal Biosciences, shared her enthusiasm for the collaborative work ahead: 'Working with Ngāi Tahu experts to develop technologies that support moa restoration is an incredible scientific opportunity with profound cultural significance. The avian genomics team is particularly excited to apply our expertise in ways that honor Māori values while advancing conservation science. The technologies we develop together on the path to moa de-extinction will have immediate applications for conservation of existing threatened bird species across Aotearoa/New Zealand.' Educational and Economic Opportunities Beyond the scientific and ecological dimensions, the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre, along with the Canterbury Museum, both located in Christchurch, New Zealand, are looking to create sustainable economic opportunities to benefit Ngāi Tahu and the wider Te Waipounamu/South Island community. As part of its contribution to the overall project, the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre will explore how best to develop Ngāi Tahu-owned and operated ecotourism ventures and research facilities that showcase Māori leadership in conservation innovation. The project will also establish educational programs that critically engage with Ngāi Tahu knowledge systems and offer fresh thinking about their relationship with relevant scientific concepts. These programs will ensure that understandings of the moa, and its potential return to the Ngāi Tahu landscape, are grounded in Māori perspectives. These programs will be developed and delivered by Māori researchers and educators, with a view to creating sustainable employment pathways. For more information please visit ABOUT THE NGĀI TAHU RESEARCH CENTRE Established in 2011, the multi-disciplinary Ngāi Tahu Research Centre will gather relevant cultural and ecological knowledge pertaining to moa, and the landscapes they once roamed, as part of its offering to this partnership. The Centre's central role in this project will set a new global benchmark for indigenous leadership in scientific innovation and ecological restoration. ABOUT COLOSSAL BIOSCIENCES Colossal was founded by emerging technology and software entrepreneur Ben Lamm and world-renowned geneticist and serial biotech entrepreneur George Church, Ph.D., and is the first to apply CRISPR technology for the purposes of species de-extinction. Colossal creates innovative technologies for species restoration, critically endangered species protection and the repopulation of critical ecosystems that support the continuation of life on Earth. Colossal is accepting humanity's duty to restore Earth to a healthier state, while also solving for the future economies and biological necessities of the human condition through cutting-edge science and technologies. To follow along, please visit: ABOUT CANTERBURY MUSEUM Canterbury Museum is the largest museum in Te Waipounamu/the South Island of New Zealand. It holds the largest collection of moa remains in the world. The museum's founder, Sir Julius von Haast, was instrumental in building this collection, often exchanging moa bones with overseas museums to acquire other valuable artifacts and specimens. These exchanges, alongside extensive local excavations, made it the pivotal institution for understanding the biology of these gigantic extinct birds.
Time of India
06-07-2025
- Time of India
Lured on matrimonial portal, bank officialloses Rs 34 lakh in crypto investment scam
Bengaluru: A 33-year-old bank employee, who was searching for a match on a matrimonial website, fell prey to cybercrooks. He was tricked into investing money in crypto trading and was conned out of Rs 34 lakh. According to a complaint filed by Nirmal (name changed), a resident of Horamavu, with the East CEN Crime police, the fraud occurred between April and June 24. In April, he created a profile on a matrimonial website, and within a week, he received interest from a profile named 'Mahima Majji', who introduced herself as a finance professional working at a hospital in the UK. She claimed that she was from Andhra Pradesh. You Can Also Check: Bengaluru AQI | Weather in Bengaluru | Bank Holidays in Bengaluru | Public Holidays in Bengaluru She would make calls and send messages to him on WhatsApp. She even made a video call, the complaint said. On April 25, she talked about her hobbies and investing in cryptocurrencies. She explained how one could earn high returns by investing. She claimed she was one of the investors. She then asked him if he was interested in investing, which he initially declined. However, she continued to persuade him, stating they could build their future together and avoid financial problems before tying the knot. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like 2025년 가장 여유 넘치는 농장 게임. 설치 없음 Taonga: 아일랜드 팜 플레이하기 Undo Once she succeeded in convincing him, she introduced him to a cryptocurrency trading app. She guided him on how and when to make investment and assured him of her help at every step. After he registered on the app, she sent him a link and he registered on the trading platform. He started making investments in thousands and saw good returns on the app. His first investment was Rs 60,000 on May 12, the second payment was Rs 1 lakh on May 19, and the third investment of Rs 2 lakh was on May 21. He continued transferring money to the bank accounts provided by her, including Rs 9 lakh, Rs 5 lakh, and the last one on June 24 was Rs 4 lakh. By then, he had transferred Rs 34.4 lakh in total. During the fraud, Majji kept saying she was returning to India on July 18 and claimed they could have marriage discussions with their families. She also insisted he delete all the matrimony apps he had registered on, as she promised to marry him. The fraud came to light when Nirmal tried to withdraw his money from the platform, which was showing a fancy profit. Then someone, claiming to be a customer service executive of the platform, asked him to pay 5% of the total amount he had "invested", citing various charges, including income tax and processing fees, which amounted to around Rs 3.4 lakh. Nirmal realised it was a cybercrime and called the cyber helpline 1930. Later, he lodged a complaint with the police. A case has been registered under the Information Technology Act and BNS 318 (cheating). Efforts are being made to freeze the money from the fraudsters' accounts, police said.
Time of India
04-07-2025
- Health
- Time of India
Majority of Germans want stricter rules on teenage drinking
AI - Generated Image A recent survey published on Thursday showed that almost two thirds of Germans think 14 year olds should be barred from drinking alcohol. In Germany, 14-year-old teenagers are allowed to buy and drink a beer or glass of wine. if they're with a legal guardian. In the survey run by Forsa agency and commissioned by the German health insurance company Kaufmännische Krankenkasse (KKH), individuals were asked questions on young people and alcohol. In total, 1000 people aged 18-70 from all over Germany were surveyed. The survey found that just over half of Germans also want the legal age for purchasing beer and wine to rise from 16 to 18. In Germany, the sale of hard alcohol is currently only permitted from the age of 18. Advertising alcohol is a topic that has come up in German politics before, and of those Germans surveyed, 35 percent would prefer a complete ban. A further third of respondents wanted more restrictions. Drinking in Germany, a risky habit? Across Germany, bars, pubs and restaurants are considered important for socializing, often with the involvement of alcohol. Though overall alcohol consumption has fallen in recent years, there are reportedly 1.6 million people living in Germany who have an alcohol addiction. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like 2025년 가장 여유 넘치는 농장 게임. 설치 없음 Taonga: 아일랜드 팜 플레이하기 Undo In a survey by Germany's Centre for Health Education (BZgA) in 2024, excessive drinking among children aged 12-17 also slightly increased. Doctors Associations in Germany have long been calling for health policies to reduce alcohol consumption in Germany. Even in moderation, alcohol is not healthy, according to The German Nutrition Society (DGE). They recommend abstaining completely from alcoholic beverages, adding that alcohol increases the risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular diseases and liver conditions. For teenagers whose bodies are still developing, the risks can be greater. "The earlier young people drink alcohol, the greater the health risks," KKH psychologist Franziska Klemm explained. What are politicians saying? The health ministers of Germany's federal states have been pushing for a ban on the supervised drinking rule. Katharina Schenk, the health minister for the east German state of Thuringia said recently at a meeting "Alcohol, as a widely consumed drug, poses a significant problem for children and teenagers" The German Federal Health Minister Nina Warken has voiced support for this initiative.
Time of India
01-07-2025
- Politics
- Time of India
Assam schools may return to Jan-Dec academic year
Guwahati: Assam might revert to a Jan-Dec academic year for schools, moving away from the current Apr-March schedule. This change is being considered due to the disruptions caused by festivals and adverse weather conditions at the start of the academic year in Apr. A three-member committee of senior govt officials has been formed to explore this possibility. The committee is led by Krishna Baruah, additional secretary of the state education department, and includes Mamata Hojai and Suranjana Senapati, directors of secondary and elementary education, respectively. "The committee will propose the names of 10 academicians, and consultations will be held with them before making a decision on changing the academic calendar. Student organisations, teachers' bodies, and other stakeholders will also be invited to discussions," a source from the education department said. The initial reason for changing the academic session during the Covid pandemic was to align it with competitive examinations and higher education application timelines. Previously, the academic year ran from Jan to Dec, but Class X and XII state board exams were still conducted in Feb-Mar, similar to the CBSE schedule. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like 45세 이상이신가요? 느긋하게 쉬려면 이 게임을 플레이해 보세요 (지금 플레이해 보기) Taonga: 아일랜드 팜 플레이하기 Undo In 2021, following the Covid-19 pandemic, the academic session was shifted to April-March, a decision that did not sit well with groups like the All Assam Students' Union (Aasu). "We did not want the change in academic session timing earlier. January to December is the best timing for the academic session if we keep in mind floods, festivities, and the paddy harvesting season, etc. in Assam," said Tutumoni Kalita, education secretary of Aasu, on Tuesday. Ratul Chandra Goswami, secretary general of Assam State Primary Teachers' Association, said while the academic year was altered due to Covid, Assam's geographical and climatic conditions have negatively impacted students' education. "According to the academic calendar prepared by SCERT, students are having to sit for evaluations without acquiring the necessary knowledge because the curriculum could not be advanced as planned. It is noteworthy that due to the April-March academic year, students have had to participate in the first and second evaluations without acquiring knowledge because of Rongali Bihu, Eid, floods, and soaring heat," he lamented. He said significant academic loss has been observed in Dec-Jan due to winter. Get the latest lifestyle updates on Times of India, along with Doctor's Day 2025 , messages and quotes!
Time of India
30-06-2025
- Business
- Time of India
Wockhardt activates Zaynich push, eyes global licensing deals
Mumbai: Wockhardt is working on ambitious plans for Zaynich , a combination of zidebactam and cefepime that was found to be effective during clinical trials to fight superbugs or bacterial infections that show resistance to a range of existing antibiotic treatments. The drug maker has hired merchant bankers to identify possible out-licensing deals for the novel product, chairman Habil Khorakiwala told ET in an exclusive interview. Wockhardt in March sought regulatory approval for Zaynich in India and expects its commercial launch in the first half of '26. In the US, it plans to file for regulatory clearance in August.'We will get into the US market by the end of FY26 or latest by the second half of 2026 and Europe will be a year later,' Khorakiwala said. Zaynich is seen as a game-changing drug against drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. Play Video Pause Skip Backward Skip Forward Unmute Current Time 0:00 / Duration 0:00 Loaded : 0% 0:00 Stream Type LIVE Seek to live, currently behind live LIVE Remaining Time - 0:00 1x Playback Rate Chapters Chapters Descriptions descriptions off , selected Captions captions settings , opens captions settings dialog captions off , selected Audio Track default , selected Picture-in-Picture Fullscreen This is a modal window. Beginning of dialog window. Escape will cancel and close the window. Text Color White Black Red Green Blue Yellow Magenta Cyan Opacity Opaque Semi-Transparent Text Background Color Black White Red Green Blue Yellow Magenta Cyan Opacity Opaque Semi-Transparent Transparent Caption Area Background Color Black White Red Green Blue Yellow Magenta Cyan Opacity Transparent Semi-Transparent Opaque Font Size 50% 75% 100% 125% 150% 175% 200% 300% 400% Text Edge Style None Raised Depressed Uniform Drop shadow Font Family Proportional Sans-Serif Monospace Sans-Serif Proportional Serif Monospace Serif Casual Script Small Caps Reset restore all settings to the default values Done Close Modal Dialog End of dialog window. by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links You May Like 2025년 가장 여유 넘치는 농장 게임. 설치 없음 Taonga: 아일랜드 팜 플레이하기 Undo These pathogens are difficult to kill. Zaynich is estimated to have a market opportunity of about $9 billion. Around a million people die due to multidrug resistance in India every year, while worldwide, the number is 5 million, Khorakiwala said. Currently there are very few effective treatments available for these infections. Mumbai-based Wockhardt completed the Phase-3 clinical trials for Zaynich earlier this year. In January it announced that the drug demonstrated more than 97% clinical efficacy in treating serious infections of bacteria resistant to carbapenem antibiotics, which are often used as a last resort to treat severe infections. Live Events The company is prepared to go solo to market Zaynich in India, the US and other markets if the licensing proposals do not meet its expectations on valuation, Khorakiwala said without revealing the valuation he is looking for. 'We will evaluate how to go about and take an appropriate call, so we are keeping two options fully alive,' Khorakiwala said. 'One option is licensing out, the other is in some markets like in India we are doing ourselves,' he said. 'The US is another market where we are thinking of the possibility (of marketing on its own); you don't need too much marketing cost and you have talent available.' Wockhardt also plans to fully outsource manufacturing for the Western markets to eliminate issues related to the US Food and Drug Administration, and channel its focus on the clinical and research part. 'For manufacturing, plenty of options are available in Europe and the US, so I am not getting into FDA-related manufacturing problems,' said Khorakiwala. 'Zaynich — we are manufacturing everything in Europe.' It will adopt the same strategy to outsource most of the manufacturing for all its other new products. The company had in the past faced some issues with the US FDA over alleged violations of good manufacturing practices. 'That (FDA-elated manufacturing problems) was our weakness, and I am eliminating that completely from my western markets to only focus on the clinical and research part,' he said. COMPANY TURNAROUND Wockhardt has seen a remarkable turnaround in its stock price in the past year and a half with renewed confidence from investors, with developments on Zaynich being among the key drivers. Its stock price more than doubled in the last 12 months and increased over three-and-a-half times since January 2024. The shares closed at `1,713.20, up 4.5%, on BSE Monday. 'We have revisited what are the strengths and what are the opportunities — one obviously is our new drug discovery — in India and worldwide,' said Khorakiwala. He also stressed on the company's focus on biologics as another key growth driver. 'Within biologics we will stay in insulin and GLP1; we are not going to touch the rest of the biologics like monoclonal antibodies and others. Because we feel it is important to be focused,' he said. Wockhardt does not see itself as a generic company, he said. 'In fact, in the US we are exiting generics … we will be focused on the biological area and NCE (new chemical entities) and strictly on antibiotics,' he said. The chairman said his research pipeline has a range of antibiotics under development, including early-stage work on an oral version of Zaynich. PRICING STRATEGY Khorakiwala said the treatment cost with most new products including antimicrobials launched in the last 10 years in the US has been in the range of $10,000-15,000 per treatment. Zaynich will also hover in that range in the US but in India, the price will be significantly lower, he said.
