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The Guardian
07-07-2025
- Entertainment
- The Guardian
The young Oscar Wilde's Russian revolutionary drama reveals a playwright divided
Who wrote the following: 'When private property is abolished, there will be no necessity for crime'? In one of his plays the same writer has a female revolutionary cry: 'How easy is it for a king to kill his people by thousands but we cannot rid ourselves of one crowned man in Europe.' If I reveal that the writer was a London-based Irishman, most people would assume it was Bernard Shaw. In fact, it was Oscar Wilde and, while the first quote comes from his essay The Soul of Man Under Socialism, the last is from his play Vera; or, The Nihilists which is to get a rare professional production at the Brockley Jack Studio theatre, south-east London, in September. The play itself is virtually unknown even to Wildean devotees. It was written in 1879 and loosely based on the story of a 22-year-old Russian revolutionary who had attempted to shoot the St Petersburg chief of police. Wilde's version is set in Moscow but his heroine, Vera Sabouroff, has a similar political ardour and leads a band of nihilists who plan to assassinate the tsar. That is only the starting-point for a robustly noisy melodrama that was intended for London production in 1881. But the actual assassination of Tsar Alexander II in March of that year and the fact that the Prince of Wales was married to the sister of the new tsarina killed it stone dead. When it was eventually produced in New York in 1883, it was greeted with sneery disdain and, aside from the odd amateur revival, has lain buried ever since. Yet, for all its obvious faults, the play has several points of interest and one is what it reveals about Wilde's own divided nature. We tend to think of that division in terms of his sexuality but there is a comparable split between his radical and aesthetic selves. The two achieve a perfect reconciliation in The Importance of Being Earnest which offers a running commentary on class, money, marriage, morals and the state of society while being an exquisite comic creation. But in an early work like Vera there is a deep, unhealed division between the earnest and the epigrammatic. The play is packed with diatribes against despotism and full of rhetorical hymns to liberty: at one point Vera apostrophises the concept as: 'O mighty mother of eternal time, thy robe is purple with the blood of those who have died for thee.' But the play's most intriguing character is Prince Paul, the Russian prime minister, tsarist apologist and devious word-spinner. He talks throughout in chiselled phrases such as 'Experience, the name men give to their mistakes,' and suggests that there is a link between making a good salad and being a brilliant diplomat: the art in both cases is 'to know exactly how much oil one must put with one's vinegar'. He is the prototype of Lord Henry Wotton in The Picture of Dorian Gray and all those languid aristocrats who pepper Wilde's society dramas with their potted witticisms. On the one hand, Wilde celebrates revolutionary ardour: on the other, a dandified cynic who claims 'life is much too important a thing ever to talk seriously about it'. But this conflict between ethics and aesthetics is not peculiar to Wilde. In 1885, Henry James pursued a similar bifurcation, admittedly with far more subtlety, in his novel The Princess Casamassima. Its hero, Hyacinth Robinson, is the illegitimate son of an English aristocrat and a French working-woman and his life is as divided as his name suggests. Through his meeting with the titular princess, he acquires a taste for the trappings of privilege. But he also has a passion for social justice that leads him to join a band of political conspirators very like those in Vera and to accept the duty of assassination. James had no great sympathy for Wilde, and in 1895 shamefully refused to sign a petition calling for mitigation of his prison sentence. Yet the two writers had more in common than one suspects and in The Princess Casamassima you find a strange echo of the dilemma posed by Vera: how do you reconcile the desire to change the world with a delight in its culture; or, to put it more simply, how do you achieve a perfect balance between socialism and style? Vera; or, The Nihilists is at Brockley Jack Studio theatre, London, 16-27 September.
Yahoo
12-05-2025
- Politics
- Yahoo
Trump's push to control Greenland echoes US purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867
President-elect Donald Trump is again signaling his interest in Greenland through a series of provocative statements in which he's mused about the prospect of the U.S. taking ownership – perhaps by force or economic coersion – of the world's largest island by of a takeover of Greenland may seem fanciful. But it wouldn't be the first time the U.S. was able to procure a piece of the Arctic. The U.S. bought Alaska from Russia in 1867. To mark the 150th anniversary of the sale in 2017, we asked William L. Iggiagruk Hensley, a visiting professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage, to write about that historic sale. This is the article "The Conversation" published then, with minor updates. William L. Iggiagruk HensleyThe ConversationOn March 30, 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and Russian envoy Baron Edouard de Stoeckl signed the Treaty of Cession. With a stroke of a pen, Tsar Alexander II had ceded Alaska, his country's last remaining foothold in North America, to the United States for US$7.2 sum, amounting to just $138 million in today's dollars, brought to an end Russia's 125-year odyssey in Alaska and its expansion across the treacherous Bering Sea, which at one point extended the Russian Empire as far south as Fort Ross, California, 90 miles from San Francisco Alaska is one of the richest U.S. states thanks to its abundance of natural resources, such as petroleum, gold and fish, as well as its vast expanse of pristine wilderness and strategic location as a window on Russia and gateway to the what prompted Russia to withdraw from its American beachhead? And how did it come to possess it in the first place?As a descendant of Inupiaq Eskimos, I have been living and studying this history all my life. In a way, there are two histories of how Alaska came to be American – and two perspectives. One concerns how the Russians took 'possession' of Alaska and eventually ceded it to the U.S. The other is from the perspective of my people, who have lived in Alaska for thousands of years, and for whom the anniversary of the cession brings mixed emotions, including immense loss but also looks eastThe lust for new lands that brought Russia to Alaska and eventually California began in the 16th century, when the country was a fraction of its current began to change in 1581, when Russia overran a Siberian territory known as the Khanate of Sibir, which was controlled by a grandson of Genghis Khan. This key victory opened up Siberia, and within 60 years the Russians were at the Russian advance across Siberia was fueled in part by the lucrative fur trade, a desire to expand the Russian Orthodox Christian faith to the 'heathen' populations in the east and the addition of new taxpayers and resources to the the early 18th century, Peter the Great – who created Russia's first navy – wanted to know how far the Asian landmass extended to the east. The Siberian city of Okhotsk became the staging point for two explorations he ordered. And in 1741, Vitus Bering successfully crossed the strait that bears his name and sighted Mt. Saint Elias, near what is now the village of Yakutat, Bering's second Kamchatka expedition brought disaster for him personally when adverse weather on the return journey led to a shipwreck on one of the westernmost Aleutian Islands and his eventual death from scurvy in December 1741, it was an incredible success for Russia. The surviving crew fixed the ship, stocked it full of hundreds of the sea otters, foxes and fur seals that were abundant there, and returned to Siberia, impressing Russian fur hunters with their valuable cargo. This prompted something akin to the Klondike gold rush 150 years emergeBut maintaining these settlements wasn't easy. Russians in Alaska, who numbered no more than 800 at their peak, faced the reality of being half a globe away from Saint Petersburg, then the capital of the empire, making communications a key Alaska was too far north to allow for significant agriculture and therefore unfavorable as a place to send large numbers of settlers. So they began exploring lands farther south, at first looking only for people to trade with so they could import the foods that wouldn't grow in Alaska's harsh climate. They sent ships to what is now California, established trade relations with the Spaniards there and eventually set up their own settlement at Fort Ross in years later, however, the entity set up to handle Russia's American explorations failed and sold what remained. Not long after, the Russians began to seriously question whether they could continue their Alaskan colony as starters, the colony was no longer profitable after the sea otter population was decimated. Then there was the fact that Alaska was difficult to defend, and Russia was short on cash due to the costs of the war in eager for a dealSo, clearly, the Russians were ready to sell, but what motivated the Americans to want to buy?In the 1840s, the United States had expanded its interests to Oregon, annexed Texas, fought a war with Mexico and acquired California. Afterward, Secretary of State Seward wrote in March 1848: 'Our population is destined to roll resistless waves to the ice barriers of the north, and to encounter oriental civilization on the shores of the Pacific.' Almost 20 years after expressing his thoughts about expansion into the Arctic, Seward accomplished his Alaska, the Americans foresaw a potential for gold, fur and fisheries, as well as more trade with China and Japan. The Americans worried that England might try to establish a presence in the territory, and the acquisition of Alaska, it was believed, would help the U.S. become a Pacific power. And overall the government was in an expansionist mode backed by the then-popular idea of 'manifest destiny.'So a deal with incalculable geopolitical consequences was struck, and the Americans seemed to get quite a bargain for their $7.2 in terms of wealth, the U.S. gained about 370 million acres of mostly pristine wilderness, including 220 million acres of what are now federal parks and wildlife refuges. Hundreds of billions of dollars in whale oil, fur, copper, gold, timber, fish, platinum, zinc, lead and petroleum have been produced in Alaska over the years – allowing the state to do without a sales or income tax and give every resident an annual stipend. Alaska still likely has billions of barrels of oil state is also a key part of the United States defense system, with military bases located in Anchorage and Fairbanks, and it is the country's only connection to the Arctic, which ensures it has a seat at the table as melting glaciers allow the exploration of the region's significant on Alaska NativesBut there's an alternate version of this Bering finally located Alaska in 1741, Alaska was home to about 100,000 people, including Inuit, Athabascan, Yupik, Unangan and Tlingit. There were 17,000 alone on the Aleutian the relatively small number of Russians who at any one time lived at one of their settlements – mostly on the Aleutians Islands, Kodiak, Kenai Peninsula and Sitka – they ruled over the Native populations in their areas with an iron hand, taking children of the leaders as hostages, destroying kayaks and other hunting equipment to control the men and showing extreme force when Russians brought with them weaponry such as firearms, swords, cannons and gunpowder, which helped them secure a foothold in Alaska along the southern coast. They used firepower, spies and secured forts to maintain security, and they selected Christianized local leaders to carry out their wishes. They also met resistance, however, such as from the Tlingits, who were capable warriors, ensuring their hold on territory was the time of the cession, only 50,000 Indigenous people were estimated to be left, as well as 483 Russians and 1,421 Creoles (descendants of Russian men and Indigenous women).On the Aleutian Islands alone, the Russians enslaved or killed thousands of Aleuts. Their population plummeted to 1,500 in the first 50 years of Russian occupation due to a combination of warfare, disease and the Americans took over, the United States was still engaged in its Indian wars, so they looked at Alaska and its Indigenous inhabitants as potential adversaries. Alaska was made a military district by Gen. Ulysses S. their part, Alaska Natives claimed that they still had title to the territory as its original inhabitants and having not lost the land in war or ceded it to any country – including the U.S., which technically didn't buy it from the Russians but bought the right to negotiate with the Indigenous populations. Still, Natives were denied U.S. citizenship until 1924, when the Indian Citizenship Act was that time, Alaska Natives had no rights as citizens and could not vote, own property or file for mining claims. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, in conjunction with missionary societies, in the 1860s began a campaign to eradicate Indigenous languages, religion, art, music, dance, ceremonies and was only in 1936 that the Indian Reorganization Act authorized tribal governments to form, and only nine years later overt discrimination was outlawed by Alaska's Anti-Discrimination Act of 1945. The law banned signs such as 'No Natives Need Apply' and 'No Dogs or Natives Allowed,' which were common at the and a disclaimerEventually, however, the situation improved markedly for finally became a state in 1959, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act, allotting it 104 million acres of the territory. And in an unprecedented nod to the rights of Alaska's Indigenous populations, the act contained a clause emphasizing that citizens of the new state were declining any right to land subject to Native title – which by itself was a very thorny topic because they claimed the entire territory.A result of this clause was that in 1971 President Richard Nixon ceded 44 million acres of federal land, along with $1 billion, to Alaska's Native populations, which numbered about 75,000 at the time. That came after a Land Claims Task Force that I chaired gave the state ideas about how to resolve the Alaska has a population of 740,000, of which 120,000 are the United States celebrates the signing of the Treaty of Cession, we all – Alaskans, Natives and Americans of the lower 48 – should salute Secretary of State William H. Seward, the man who eventually brought democracy and the rule of law to article was first published on March 29, 2017.
