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What Is Chronic Venous Insufficiency? Trump's Diagnosis, Explained
What Is Chronic Venous Insufficiency? Trump's Diagnosis, Explained

Time​ Magazine

time2 days ago

  • Health
  • Time​ Magazine

What Is Chronic Venous Insufficiency? Trump's Diagnosis, Explained

On July 17, the White House announced that President Donald Trump was diagnosed with a condition called chronic venous insufficiency after he noticed swelling in his legs. According to Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt, Trump, who is 79, was diagnosed following an ultrasound of his legs; he does not have complications of the condition, such as deep vein thrombosis, and an echocardiogram indicated that he has normal cardiac structure and function. We asked experts what to know about the condition, including what it feels like and how it's treated. What is chronic venous insufficiency? Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) affects more than 25 million adults in the U.S. It's one of the most common diagnoses that Dr. Ali Azizzadeh, professor and director of vascular surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and associate director of the Smidt Heart Institute, sees in his patients every day. CVI occurs when the valves in the legs don't work correctly, which causes blood to pool, putting increased pressure on the veins. It tends to affect both legs, though it can occur in just one. Read More: 7 Myths About Cardiomyopathy—Debunked 'We have blood vessels that take the blood from the heart to the rest of the body—those are arteries,' Azizzadeh says. 'Veins are responsible for returning the blood from the rest of the body back to the heart. When somebody has chronic venous insufficiency, that means the veins are not working properly, and because of that, the blood—instead of going up towards the heart from the legs—can pool in the leg.' That often leads to visible swelling in the ankles and feet. What causes the condition? There are a variety of risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency. The condition is most common in people who are middle-aged or older, since veins naturally weaken over time, says Dr. John Higgins, professor of cardiology at UTHealth Houston. Women are at heightened risk compared to men: 'It's about 2 to 1 for women, and the reason for that is pregnancy, as well as the effects of hormones like estrogen and progesterone on the the valves,' he says. Read More: 9 Weird Symptoms Cardiologists Say You Should Never Ignore Other risk factors include a family history of CVI, being overweight or obese, and having a history of blood clots in the legs. Standing for long periods of time can also play a role. 'When you stand up, there's more pressure on your veins than when you're sitting or laying down,' Higgins says. As for the president—who is not a patient of Higgins—'he's someone who's on his feet a lot.' What kind of symptoms and complications does it cause? The majority of the time, chronic venous insufficiency is little more than a 'nuisance,' according to Dr. Sean Lyden, department chair of vascular surgery at Cleveland Clinic. 'For most people, it's nothing except for some leg swelling,' he says. 'As the day goes on, their leg swells more and more, so it feels tight, heavy, and bursting.' By the time patients with CVI go to bed, they might notice the 'big sock lines' that indent skin where socks hit, a common thing among older adults, he adds. Some people also experience discoloration in their feet and ankles. When people have CVI for a long time—10 or 15 years—they can develop hardening and thickening in the skin, which can eventually cut off the blood supply and lead to venous ulcers, Lyden adds. Generally, however, most people are able to successfully manage the condition, and it does not affect life expectancy. 'It's a very common diagnosis, and it's not dangerous,' says Azizzadeh. 'It's more that it bothers the patient, with regards to the swelling and the pain and the discomfort." Azizzadeh, who does not treat Trump, adds that CVI "doesn't impact [Trump's] prognosis in terms of life expectancy or anything like that.' How is chronic venous insufficiency treated? The most common treatment for chronic venous insufficiency is wearing 20-30 mmHg medical-grade compression socks, which push blood back up to the heart. 'You put them on in the morning and you keep them on all day,' Lyden says. 'It stops the veins from dilating until they drain better.' Most people with CVI need to wear these socks forever, though Lyden acknowledges that, in the summer heat, the extra layer can be unpleasant. People often don't put them on when they're going outside on hot days, which causes their legs to swell up again. People with CVI also benefit from elevating their legs above their heart during the day, which can be done by lying down and resting the legs on pillows or cushions, or on top of, for example, a coffee table or desk. Simple exercises can also make a positive difference. 'Pumping your calf muscles helps,' Higgins says. For those who are overweight, losing weight can improve symptoms. Read More: The 1 Heart-Health Habit You Should Start When You're Young In advanced cases, when conservative treatment doesn't sufficiently improve symptoms, some people undergo a minimally invasive outpatient procedure called venous ablation. 'It's a very simple operation,' Azizzadeh says. 'It closes the leak,' so blood no longer flows in the wrong direction. 'It's very straightforward and successful." Still, for the majority of people, CVI doesn't reach the point of requiring surgical intervention. 'The bottom line is, it's very manageable,' Higgins says. 'Most people will do just fine with the conservative therapy.'

Common Childhood Virus Linked to Alzheimer's Development in Old Age
Common Childhood Virus Linked to Alzheimer's Development in Old Age

Yahoo

time10-06-2025

  • Health
  • Yahoo

Common Childhood Virus Linked to Alzheimer's Development in Old Age

A study published 30 years ago is striking up new conversation about the potential connection between the common cold sore and Alzheimer's disease. Published in The Lancet in 1997, researchers compared DNA extracted from the brains of elderly people with and without Alzheimer's, and in some of them, found herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)—an infection often contracted in childhood—dormant in the nerves. Ultimately, researchers predicted that those with HSV-1 and a specific gene, called the ApoE-e4 gene, had a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's. Meet the Experts: David Hunter, M.D., an assistant professor and neurologist with UTHealth Houston, Linda Yancey, M.D., an infectious disease doctor at Memorial Hermann Health System; and Mark Santos, Ph.D., an assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at Touro University Nevada. Study co-author Ruth Itzhaki, Ph.D., summarized her team's findings in a recent article for The Conversation and noted that, over the years, additional work has surfaced to support hers. But what does it all mean, exactly? If a cold sore pops up, should you be concerned about dementia? We reached out to experts who explained everything. 'HSV-1 is a common virus to which almost everyone is exposed early in life,' says David Hunter, M.D., an assistant professor and neurologist with UTHealth Houston. 'It is best known for causing cold sores and is closely related to chicken pox and mononucleosis.' What these viruses have in common is that they are neurotropic, meaning they linger in the nervous system long after the initial illness, explains Linda Yancey, M.D., an infectious disease doctor at Memorial Hermann Health System, and can be reactivated by stress or lowered immunity. That's how, for instance, chicken pox can manifest later in life as shingles, adds Dr. Hunter. The virus's ability to infiltrate the nerves is believed to get it past the blood-brain barrier, a membrane that shields the organ from infection via the bloodstream. Thanks to that entry point, Dr. Hunter says, HSV-1 is the most common cause of viral brain inflammation in the United States. 'There is no vaccine for HSV and almost everyone will get it by adulthood,' Dr. Hunter adds. Cold sores are a mild case of it, and symptoms can be treated with antiviral drugs. Dormant HSV-1 may be reactivated by illness and reach the brain, explains Mark Santos, Ph.D., an assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at Touro University Nevada. This can trigger brain inflammation over time, known as herpes encephalitis,and in people with genetic risk factors, like the ApoE-4 gene, contribute to Alzheimer's development, he adds. 'We don't entirely know why ApoE-4 is a risk factor for Alzheimer's,' adds Dr. Hunter. 'The link to HSV could be that ApoE-4 impacts the blood-brain barrier and makes it easier for HSV to enter.' And the inflammation caused by that entry may heighten Alzheimer's risk. 'It is now universally accepted that inflammation in the brain is a key step in the development of Alzheimer's,' Dr. Hunter reiterates. In the three decades since the original study, doctors and researchers have learned much more about Alzheimer's disease and its connection to viral inflammation. For instance, several studies have found that being immunized for any disease (like COVID-19 or the flu) reduces Alzheimer's risk, says Dr. Hunter. 'Several other studies have shown that reducing inflammation in the brain helps prevent Alzheimer's,' he adds. Santos concurs. 'Since 1996, additional studies have found HSV-1 DNA in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's. Lab studies have also shown that HSV-1 infection can trigger the buildup of amyloid-beta and tau—proteins strongly associated with Alzheimer's pathology,' he explains. However, there are a few disclaimers to note. Firstly, the posed risk is associated with people who contract HSV-1 in early life, giving it time to progressively cause inflammation. The risk may be lower in adults, says Santos. 'That said, if someone has other risk factors (like a weakened immune system or APOE-e4), adult-onset HSV-1 could still have long-term consequences,' he adds. Still, neurotropic viruses are extremely common, Dr. Yancey reiterates. 'This makes it difficult to tease out whether they are causing neurologic problems or are simply common in the general population, including people with neurologic problems,' she adds. In other words, because most people end up with HSV-1 doesn't necessarily mean that most people will get Alzheimer's. 'Most cold sores aren't a cause for concern,' Santos adds. 'They're common and usually well-controlled by the immune system. But for people with frequent outbreaks, weakened immunity, or APOE-e4, it may be worth discussing with a healthcare provider. The concern is not a single cold sore, but long-term viral activity in the brain.' More research, including long-term studies, is needed to make any solid associations, Santos and Dr. Yancey conclude. 'The current data is based on population-level surveys. There is no way to predict on an individual patient's level whether this has a meaningful impact,' says Dr. Yancey. Future research will, hopefully, at least help experts understand how antiviral treatment affects Alzheimer's risk, as well as identify better ways to detect when HSV-1 is active in the brain. 'The hope is that understanding how infections contribute to Alzheimer's will open up new ways to prevent or treat it—especially before symptoms start,' says Santos. Being vaccinated, exercising, engaging in mental stimulation, and maintaining a heart-healthy diet are all known ways to lower dementia risk, our experts say. Avoiding smoking or nicotine use of any kind can also 'drastically' reduce the risk, says Dr. Yancey. All of these habits and choices work together to support both immune and brain health. You Might Also Like Can Apple Cider Vinegar Lead to Weight Loss? Bobbi Brown Shares Her Top Face-Transforming Makeup Tips for Women Over 50

Scientifically Speaking: Why morning heart attacks are more dangerous
Scientifically Speaking: Why morning heart attacks are more dangerous

Hindustan Times

time29-04-2025

  • Health
  • Hindustan Times

Scientifically Speaking: Why morning heart attacks are more dangerous

It's a fact that has been observed by many doctors. Heart attacks that strike in the early morning are quite often the deadliest. Now, researchers finally think they know why. And their discovery could change the way heart attacks are treated. 'If you have a heart attack in the morning, you are more likely to have fatal arrhythmias, heart failure, and you're more likely to die from it. The question we asked is, 'Why?'' said Holger Eltzschig, senior author of the study and chair of anesthesiology at UTHealth Houston. In their new study published in Nature, scientists led by Dr. Eltzschig uncovered a molecular partnership inside the heart that makes morning heart attacks more severe. In essence, your heart has its own internal security system that's strongest during daylight hours but weakens overnight, leaving you more vulnerable when trouble strikes before dawn. This security system involves two key proteins with complicated names. BMAL1 is the body's internal timekeeper. It helps regulate our daily rhythms, influencing when we feel alert or sleepy. HIF2A, on the other hand, helps cells adapt to low-oxygen conditions by promoting survival mechanisms like new blood vessel growth and boosting cell protection. These two proteins team up to protect the heart from damage, but their teamwork is strongest during the day and weakest at night. The team found that during the daytime, BMAL1 and HIF2A work together to boost the production of a protective molecule called amphiregulin, which acts as a cellular first-aid kit, helping heart cells survive and begin repairing after oxygen deprivation. When a heart attack hits during the afternoon, this natural defense system is running at full strength. But at night and early morning, BMAL1 and HIF2A levels drop, and the heart is left dangerously exposed. The idea that heart damage could fluctuate across the day isn't entirely new. Blood pressure, heart rate, and hormone levels all follow daily cycles. But the discovery that BMAL1, a protein best known for controlling sleep-wake rhythms, physically reshapes itself to work with a hypoxia fighter like HIF2A, gives a molecular explanation for why timing matters so much. Using mice, the researchers showed that heart attacks inflicted at around 3 a.m. are much more injurious than those at 3 p.m. They also showed that if you remove either BMAL1 or HIF2A from heart cells, the natural rhythm of protection disappears. No matter what time the heart attack struck, the injuries were detrimental. The study even captured the moment these proteins join forces, using a specialized technique called cryo-electron microscopy, which is essentially a super-powerful microscope that freezes samples to near absolute zero temperatures, allowing scientists to see molecular structures in extraordinary detail. The team found ways to boost this protective system. A natural compound called nobiletin (found in citrus peels) boosted BMAL1 activity, while a drug called vadadustat stabilised HIF2A. Both reduced heart damage in mice but crucially, only when timed to match the heart's natural protective rhythms. Administered at the wrong time, the drugs didn't have the same protective effect. 'This discovery opens up new avenues for treating heart attacks by considering the timing of drug administration,' said Eltzschig. 'Our findings highlight the potential to use targeted drugs toward these proteins to reduce the severity of heart attacks when administered at specific times.' There's even a hint that the heart's immune response might be part of this rhythmic repair system. Some immune-related genes vary by time of day too, suggesting that timing therapies could one day mean protecting not just heart muscle, but also tuning the body's immune defences after injury. The next step is testing these ideas in clinical trials to see if humans can benefit from time-based treatments. It's an idea in an emerging field of science called 'chronotherapy,' designing treatments that work with our body's natural rhythms rather than ignoring them. With heart disease remaining the leading cause of death worldwide, these insights into the relationship between our body's clock and heart attack severity could ultimately lead to time-optimised treatments that save lives. -- (Anirban Mahapatra is a scientist and author, most recently of the popular science book, When the Drugs Don't Work: The Hidden Pandemic That Could End Medicine. The views expressed are personal.)

Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System
Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System

Yahoo

time14-04-2025

  • Business
  • Yahoo

Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System

First use in gastric bypass at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center Trial will support submission for multiple procedures NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J., April 14, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Johnson & Johnson MedTech, a global leader in surgical technologies and solutions, today announced completion of the first cases in the clinical trial for the OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System. The cases mark the first clinical experience with the OTTAVA System. Dr. Erik Wilson*, Chief of Minimally Invasive and Elective General Surgery UT Health Houston and the lead investigator for the clinical study, performed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery using the OTTAVA Robotic Surgical System at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center. "Surgical robotics is at the forefront of innovation in minimally invasive surgery," Dr. Wilson said. "I am proud to have performed the first clinical study cases with OTTAVA and potentially help advance the standard in surgical robotics." OTTAVA is designed as a multi-specialty soft-tissue surgery robot, supporting a broad range of procedures across patient anatomy and surgical specialties, including the most complex surgeries that require a multi-quadrant approach. Data from this investigation aims to support the system's ability to perform a variety of procedures. Upon completion of the study, the company plans to submit the OTTAVA system for De Novo authorization in the United States, targeting an indication covering multiple procedures in general surgery within the upper abdomen, such as gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, small bowel resection and hiatal hernia repair. "We are proud to reach this important milestone in our robotic surgery program," said Hani Abouhalka, Company Group Chairman, Surgery, Johnson & Johnson MedTech. "OTTAVA is a key innovation in our portfolio of advanced surgical technologies – all of which are designed to transform the surgical experiences across all surgery. Our people work side-by-side with surgical teams in ORs around the world every day to raise the standard of care for patients and deliver what's next in surgery." Johnson & Johnson MedTech's OTTAVA system received investigational device exemption (IDE) approval from the U.S. FDA in late 2024. The system is designed to advance clinical innovation in general surgery, a stronghold for Johnson & Johnson MedTech's broader surgery business. OTTAVA is designed to address unmet needs that persist in robotic surgery today and support complex procedures. The system's unique unified architecture, surgical instrumentation powered by Ethicon expertise, and future connection to the Polyphonic™ digital ecosystem are designed to meet the needs of each patient's care and each surgeon's clinical approach. "As a company operating at the intersection of biology and technology, clinical evidence generation is the core of our innovation programs to advance surgical technology for patients," said Peter Schulam M.D., PhD, Chief Scientific Officer, Johnson & Johnson MedTech. "Through this clinical study, we are proud to be partnering with surgeons to gather evidence and support the ongoing pursuit of scientific study for the advancement of robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery." The OTTAVA robotic system is under development and is not authorized to be marketed or sold in any market. For more information, visit: Surgical Solutions from Johnson & Johnson MedTech Across Johnson & Johnson, we are tackling the world's most complex and pervasive health challenges. For over 100 years, we have helped advance surgical care through our innovative portfolio across wound closure, adjunctive hemostats, surgical stapling and instruments, robotics and digital solutions. Together, with clinicians and healthcare experts around the world we are progressing what's next in surgery to better solve patient needs in metabolic and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and aesthetics and reconstruction. About Johnson & Johnson At Johnson & Johnson, we believe health is everything. Our strength in healthcare innovation empowers us to build a world where complex diseases are prevented, treated, and cured, where treatments are smarter and less invasive, and solutions are personal. Through our expertise in Innovative Medicine and MedTech, we are uniquely positioned to innovate across the full spectrum of healthcare solutions today to deliver the breakthroughs of tomorrow, and profoundly impact health for humanity. Learn more about our MedTech sector's global scale and deep expertise in cardiovascular, orthopedics, surgery and vision solutions at Follow us at @JNJMedTech and on LinkedIn. Auris Health, Inc. is part of Johnson & Johnson MedTech. *Dr. Wilson is a paid consultant for Johnson & Johnson MedTech. NOTE TO INVESTORS CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS:This press release contains "forward-looking statements" as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding the OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System. The reader is cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations of future events. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from the expectations and projections of Johnson & Johnson. Risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to competition, including technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product research and development, including uncertainty of clinical success and obtaining regulatory approvals; uncertainty of commercial success for new and existing products; challenges to patents; the impact of patent expirations; manufacturing difficulties or delays, internally or within the supply chain; product efficacy or safety concerns resulting in product recalls or regulatory action; significant adverse litigation or government action, including related to product liability claims; changes to applicable laws and regulations; trends toward health care cost containment; changes in behavior and spending patterns of purchasers of health care products and services. A further list and descriptions of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in Johnson & Johnson's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections captioned "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Item 1A. Risk Factors," and in Johnson & Johnson's subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Copies of these filings are available online at or on request from Johnson & Johnson. Any forward-looking statement made in this release speaks only as of the date of this release. Johnson & Johnson does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement as a result of new information or future events or developments. © Johnson & Johnson and its affiliates 2025. US_SRG_RADS_399335 Media contact:Lindsey Diaz-MacInnisldiazmac@ Investor Relations:Tracy MenkowskiInvestor-relations@ View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Johnson & Johnson MedTech

Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System
Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System

Associated Press

time14-04-2025

  • Business
  • Associated Press

Johnson & Johnson MedTech Announces Completion of First Cases with OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System

First use in gastric bypass at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center Trial will support submission for multiple procedures NEW BRUNSWICK, N.J., April 14, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Johnson & Johnson MedTech, a global leader in surgical technologies and solutions, today announced completion of the first cases in the clinical trial for the OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System. The cases mark the first clinical experience with the OTTAVA System. Dr. Erik Wilson*, Chief of Minimally Invasive and Elective General Surgery UT Health Houston and the lead investigator for the clinical study, performed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery using the OTTAVA Robotic Surgical System at Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center. 'Surgical robotics is at the forefront of innovation in minimally invasive surgery,' Dr. Wilson said. 'I am proud to have performed the first clinical study cases with OTTAVA and potentially help advance the standard in surgical robotics.' OTTAVA is designed as a multi-specialty soft-tissue surgery robot, supporting a broad range of procedures across patient anatomy and surgical specialties, including the most complex surgeries that require a multi-quadrant approach. Data from this investigation aims to support the system's ability to perform a variety of procedures. Upon completion of the study, the company plans to submit the OTTAVA system for De Novo authorization in the United States, targeting an indication covering multiple procedures in general surgery within the upper abdomen, such as gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, small bowel resection and hiatal hernia repair. 'We are proud to reach this important milestone in our robotic surgery program,' said Hani Abouhalka, Company Group Chairman, Surgery, Johnson & Johnson MedTech. 'OTTAVA is a key innovation in our portfolio of advanced surgical technologies – all of which are designed to transform the surgical experiences across all surgery. Our people work side-by-side with surgical teams in ORs around the world every day to raise the standard of care for patients and deliver what's next in surgery.' Johnson & Johnson MedTech's OTTAVA system received investigational device exemption (IDE) approval from the U.S. FDA in late 2024. The system is designed to advance clinical innovation in general surgery, a stronghold for Johnson & Johnson MedTech's broader surgery business. OTTAVA is designed to address unmet needs that persist in robotic surgery today and support complex procedures. The system's unique unified architecture, surgical instrumentation powered by Ethicon expertise, and future connection to the Polyphonic™ digital ecosystem are designed to meet the needs of each patient's care and each surgeon's clinical approach. 'As a company operating at the intersection of biology and technology, clinical evidence generation is the core of our innovation programs to advance surgical technology for patients,' said Peter Schulam M.D., PhD, Chief Scientific Officer, Johnson & Johnson MedTech. 'Through this clinical study, we are proud to be partnering with surgeons to gather evidence and support the ongoing pursuit of scientific study for the advancement of robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery.' The OTTAVA robotic system is under development and is not authorized to be marketed or sold in any market. For more information, visit: Surgical Solutions from Johnson & Johnson MedTech Across Johnson & Johnson, we are tackling the world's most complex and pervasive health challenges. For over 100 years, we have helped advance surgical care through our innovative portfolio across wound closure, adjunctive hemostats, surgical stapling and instruments, robotics and digital solutions. Together, with clinicians and healthcare experts around the world we are progressing what's next in surgery to better solve patient needs in metabolic and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and aesthetics and reconstruction. About Johnson & Johnson At Johnson & Johnson, we believe health is everything. Our strength in healthcare innovation empowers us to build a world where complex diseases are prevented, treated, and cured, where treatments are smarter and less invasive, and solutions are personal. Through our expertise in Innovative Medicine and MedTech, we are uniquely positioned to innovate across the full spectrum of healthcare solutions today to deliver the breakthroughs of tomorrow, and profoundly impact health for humanity. Learn more about our MedTech sector's global scale and deep expertise in cardiovascular, orthopedics, surgery and vision solutions at Follow us at @JNJMedTech and on LinkedIn. Auris Health, Inc. is part of Johnson & Johnson MedTech. *Dr. Wilson is a paid consultant for Johnson & Johnson MedTech. NOTE TO INVESTORS CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS: This press release contains 'forward-looking statements' as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding the OTTAVA™ Robotic Surgical System. The reader is cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations of future events. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from the expectations and projections of Johnson & Johnson. Risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to competition, including technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges inherent in new product research and development, including uncertainty of clinical success and obtaining regulatory approvals; uncertainty of commercial success for new and existing products; challenges to patents; the impact of patent expirations; manufacturing difficulties or delays, internally or within the supply chain; product efficacy or safety concerns resulting in product recalls or regulatory action; significant adverse litigation or government action, including related to product liability claims; changes to applicable laws and regulations; trends toward health care cost containment; changes in behavior and spending patterns of purchasers of health care products and services. A further list and descriptions of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in Johnson & Johnson's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections captioned 'Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements' and 'Item 1A. Risk Factors,' and in Johnson & Johnson's subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Copies of these filings are available online at or on request from Johnson & Johnson. Any forward-looking statement made in this release speaks only as of the date of this release. Johnson & Johnson does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement as a result of new information or future events or developments. © Johnson & Johnson and its affiliates 2025. US_SRG_RADS_399335 Media contact: Lindsey Diaz-MacInnis [email protected] Investor Relations: Tracy Menkowski [email protected] View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Johnson & Johnson MedTech

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