Latest news with #guselkumab
Medscape
26-06-2025
- Health
- Medscape
Guselkumab Clears Scalp Psoriasis Across Skin Tones
TOPLINE: In the VISIBLE trial, guselkumab led to significant and sustained improvements in scalp psoriasis severity and quality of life in patients with skin of color through 48 weeks. METHODOLOGY: Researchers evaluated outcomes in a cohort of patients in the phase 3b randomized VISIBLE trial, which included 102 adults with skin of color and scalp psoriasis (mean age, 42.5 years; Fitzpatrick skin type IV-VI, 62.7%; 56.9% men) at 45 sites in the US and Canada from September 2022 to June 2024. Participants self-identified as Asian (38.2%), non-White Hispanic or Latino (38.2%), Black (10.8%), and Middle Eastern (4.9%). Participants were randomly assigned 3:1 to receive guselkumab or placebo with crossover to guselkumab at week 16. Coprimary endpoints were scalp-specific Investigator's Global Assessment (ss-IGA) score of 0/1 and 90% improvement in Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index (PSSI) at week 16. Secondary outcomes were changes in PSSI, scalp surface area, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Scalp Itch Numeric Rating Scale, Psoriasis Symptoms and Signs Diary, and complete clearance. TAKEAWAY: At week 16, patients treated with guselkumab showed significantly higher response rates than those with placebo for ss-IGA 0/1 (68.4% vs 11.5%; P < .001) and PSSI 90 (65.8% vs 3.8%; P < .001). Complete scalp clearance was higher in the guselkumab group: ss-IGA 0 (57.9% vs 3.8%; P < .001) and PSSI 100 (59.2% vs 3.8%; P < .001). At week 16, guselkumab led to greater mean percentage improvements in PSSI (least squares mean [LSM] change, 87.6% vs 37.8%; P < .001) and scalp surface area (SSA; LSM change, 86.6% vs 33.4%; P < .001). Patients reported improved quality of life (DLQI: LSM change, -9.7 vs -2.2; P < .001), symptom relief (LSM change, -44.8 vs -8.3; P < .001), and improvements in itch scores (69.4% vs 24.0%; P < .001) with guselkumab vs placebo at week 16. Over 90% of patients achieved mean percentage improvements with guselkumab in PSSI and SSA by week 48, with 67.1% achieving complete scalp clearance (ss-IGA 0). One patient in the placebo group experienced at least one serious adverse event (SAE) at week 16 vs none in the guselkumab-treated group. From 0-48 weeks, at least one SAE was reported in 2.5% of patients on guselkumab; no adverse events resulted in drug discontinuation. IN PRACTICE: The findings showed that 'guselkumab is highly effective for the treatment of moderate-to-severe scalp psoriasis in individuals with skin of color across the spectrum of objectively measured skin tones,' the study authors concluded. SOURCE: This study was led by Amy McMichael, MD, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and was published online on June 25 in JAMA Dermatology. LIMITATIONS: Postinflammatory pigment alteration, a common concern in people with skin of color, was not fully captured. DISCLOSURES: Johnson & Johnson provided funding support for this study. McMichael reported receiving personal fees, nonfinancial support, and royalties from various organizations, including Johnson & Johnson. Several other authors also reported receiving personal fees, investigator fees, salary, stock, and stock options from Johnson & Johnson and multiple other companies. This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
Medscape
25-06-2025
- Health
- Medscape
Guselkumab Benefits Patients With Skin of Color, Psoriasis
TOPLINE: Guselkumab significantly improved skin clearance and quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis who self-identify as belonging to a racial or ethnic category other than White in a phase 3 trial. METHODOLOGY: Researchers conducted a phase 3b randomized study of a cohort in the VISIBLE trial, which included 103 adults with skin of color and moderate-to-severe psoriasis (mean age, 44.1 years; 28.2% women; Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI, 68.9%) at 39 sites in the United States and Canada from August 2022 to June 2024. More than 50% were non-White Hispanic, 23.3% were Asian, 10.7% were Black, and 7.8% were Middle Eastern individuals. Participants were randomly assigned 3:1 to receive guselkumab or placebo with crossover to guselkumab at week 16. Coprimary endpoints were Investigator's Global Assessment [IGA] score of 0 or 1 and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) improvement of ≥ 90% at week 16. Secondary outcomes included complete clearance (IGA 0, PASI 100), percentage changes in PASI and body surface area, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores. TAKEAWAY: At week 16, a significantly higher proportion of patients treated with guselkumab than those on placebo achieved IGA 0/1 (74.0% vs 0; P < .001) and PASI 90 (57.1% vs 3.8%; P < .001). No serious adverse events were reported at that time. Complete clearance was higher in the guselkumab group: IGA 0 (32.5% vs 0%; P < .001) and PASI 100 (29.9% vs 0%; P = .002). At week 16, guselkumab led to greater improvements in PASI (least-squares mean [LSM] change, 84.5% vs 8.3%; P < .001), body surface area (LSM change, 78.0% vs -0.4%; P < .001), and DLQI (LSM change, -12.1 vs -2.5; P < .001). By week 48, two patients experienced serious adverse events and more than 70% of participants had IGA 0/1 and PASI 90 in both treatment groups, with nearly 50% achieving complete clearance. IN PRACTICE: The findings showed that 'guselkumab is highly effective for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in individuals with skin of color, inclusive of all objectively measured skin tones,' the authors wrote. The trial also demonstrated, they added, 'that achievement of diversity in randomized clinical trials is attainable, including in diseases like psoriasis, where prevalence is lower in those with skin of color.' SOURCE: The study was led by Andrew Alexis, MD, MPH, Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, and was published online on June 25 in JAMA Dermatology. LIMITATIONS: Use of handheld colorimeters introduced new measurement tools that lacked established reference data. DISCLOSURES: This study was supported by Johnson & Johnson. Alexis reported receiving personal fees and grants from multiple pharmaceutical companies, including Johnson & Johnson. Several other authors reported receiving personal fees, grants, advisory fees, research funding, and having stock options in multiple companies, including Johnson & Johnson. This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
Medscape
20-06-2025
- Health
- Medscape
IL-23 Inhibitors Appear Safe in Psoriasis With Cancer
TOPLINE: A study found low rates of cancer recurrence, progression, or new malignancy among patients with psoriasis and prior neoplasia receiving interleukin-23 (IL-23) inhibitors. METHODOLOGY: Researchers conducted a retrospective, observational, multicenter study across 16 dermatology centers in Italy, which included 198 adults (39.9% women; mean age, 65.5 years) with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and a personal history of cancer. Participants were being treated with anti-IL-23 agents (guselkumab, risankizumab, or tildrakizumab); 33.8% had a history of malignancy within the past 5 years, and 66.2% had been diagnosed with cancer before that time. Primary endpoints were neoplasia progression or recurrence or new neoplastic events, while secondary outcomes evaluated potential risk factors. TAKEAWAY: Progression or recurrence of existing neoplasia was reported in six patients (3.0%) during the study period; bladder cancer was the most common (50%), followed by individual cases of breast cancer, leiomyosarcoma, and pleural mesothelioma. No significant difference was seen between the therapies. Additionally, six patients (3.0%) developed new cancers during IL-23 treatment, including one case each of breast cancer, gastric cancer, cutaneous melanoma, renal cancer, uterine squamous cell carcinoma, and hepatic cholangiocarcinoma, with only two cases leading to treatment discontinuation. Despite a higher occurrence of new cancer development in patients receiving risankizumab (four patients, 67%) compared with guselkumab (one patient, 17%) and tildrakizumab (one patient, 17%), the difference was not statistically significant. No significant associations were found between the incidence of neoplastic progression or recurrence, or the development of a new neoplasia, with comorbidities or previous treatments. IN PRACTICE: 'To the best of our knowledge, our real-life experience is the largest study investigating the use of anti-IL-23 agents and the risk of cancer recurrence, progression, and development in patients with a history of cancer,' the study authors wrote. 'Despite the reassuring data, larger studies are needed to confirm these results.' SOURCE: The study was led by Francesca Satolli, Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, and was published online on June 16 in the Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. LIMITATIONS: Limitations included retrospective design, limited sample size, lack of a control group, and heterogeneity in cancer types and stages. DISCLOSURES: Almirall provided support for manuscript writing costs. The authors declared having no conflicts of interest. This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
Associated Press
11-06-2025
- Health
- Associated Press
New data show TREMFYA® (guselkumab) is the only IL-23 inhibitor proven to significantly inhibit progression of joint structural damage in active psoriatic arthritis
TREMFYA ® demonstrated two and a half times greater ability to inhibit joint structural damage versus placebo in the Phase 3b APEX study More than 40% of TREMFYA®-treated patients across both dose groups achieved ACR50 at Week 24 Improvement in both joint and skin symptoms reinforce TREMFYA® as a first-line treatment option with a proven safety profile for adults with active psoriatic arthritis BARCELONA, June 11, 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) today announced findings from the Phase 3b APEX study showing that TREMFYA® (guselkumab) significantly reduced both signs and symptoms of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and inhibited progression of joint structural damage at 24 weeks compared to placebo.1 These data from a late-breaking abstract are among the 30 oral and poster presentations Johnson & Johnson is highlighting at the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) 2025 Congress. In the Phase 3b APEX study, TREMFYA® significantly inhibited progression of joint structural damage, including joint erosions and space narrowing, in patients with active PsA at Week 24 as assessed by the PsA modified van der Heijde-Sharp (vdH-S) score. The mean change from baseline to Week 24 in the modified van der Heijde-Sharp (vdH-S) score was 0.55 and 0.54 for patients receiving TREMFYA® every four weeks (Q4W) and every eight weeks (Q8W) respectively, compared with 1.35 in the placebo group (p=0.002 for Q4W and p<0.001 for Q8W dosing versus placebo, respectively). In the two TREMFYA® dose groups, 67% (Q4W) and 63% (Q8W) of patients experienced no radiographic progression, versus 53% in the placebo group.a,1 'In psoriatic arthritis, joint damage can begin early and progress quickly if left untreated, significantly impacting a patient's ability to move, work and maintain independence,' said Philip J. Mease, MD, Director of Rheumatology Research at the Swedish Medical Center and study investigator.b 'The results of the APEX study are promising as the data show guselkumab to be the only IL-23 inhibitor in its class that has inhibited the progression of structural damage in patients, providing new clinical insights for the psoriatic community and underscoring the need for safe, effective options that address the full burden of disease.' TREMFYA® also improved both joint and skin symptoms in patients with active PsA. The data from the APEX study were consistent with the well-established safety profile of TREMFYA®, with no new safety signals identified.1 'With these results from the APEX study, TREMFYA has set a new bar for joint preservation as the only IL-23 inhibitor proven to significantly inhibit structural damage in active psoriatic arthritis, an inflammatory arthritis that can develop in up to 30% of people living with psoriasis,' said Terence Rooney, Vice President, Rheumatology Disease Area Leader, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine. 'The efficacy and safety profile of TREMFYA offers psoriatic healthcare providers and patients an innovative option for disease control.' TREMFYA® is the first and only fully-human, dual-acting monoclonal antibody approved to treat PsA that blocks IL-23 while also binding to CD64, a receptor on cells that produce IL-23. IL-23 is a cytokine secreted by activated monocyte/macrophages and dendritic cells that is known to be a driver of immune-mediated diseases including active psoriatic arthritis.2,3,4,5,6 Editor's notes: a. TREMFYA is not approved for Q4W dosing in the U.S. b. Dr. Philip J. Mease is a paid consultant for Johnson & Johnson. He has not been compensated for any media work. c. ACR20/50 response is defined as both at least 20/50 percent improvement from baseline in the number of tender and number of swollen joints, and a 20/50 percent improvement from baseline in three of the following five criteria: patient GA, physician GA, functional ability measure (HAQ-DI), patient-reported pain using a visual analog scale, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein.7 d. The IGA is a five-point scale with a severity score ranging from 0 to 4, where 0 indicates clear, 1 is minimal, 2 is mild, 3 is moderate and 4 indicates severe disease.8 ABOUT THE APEX STUDY ( NCT04882098 ) APEX is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with active PsA who are biologic naïve and have had an inadequate response to standard therapies (e.g., csDMARDs, apremilast, and/or NSAIDs). The treatment duration includes a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled period, followed by a 24-week active treatment period, followed by a 12-week safety follow-up period. For patients who agree to enter the long-term extension, an additional 2 years of active treatment period is scheduled prior to the final safety follow-up.9 ABOUT PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease characterized by peripheral joint inflammation, enthesitis (pain where the bone, tendon and ligament meet), dactylitis (a type of inflammation in the fingers and toes that can result in a swollen, sausage-like appearance), axial disease and the skin lesions associated with plaque psoriasis (PsO).10,11,12 The disease causes pain, stiffness and swelling in and around the joints; it commonly appears between the ages of 30 and 50, but can develop at any age.13 Nearly half of patients with PsA experience moderate fatigue and about one-third suffer from severe fatigue as measured by the modified fatigue severity scale.14 In patients with PsA, comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, anxiety and depression are often present.15 Studies show up to 30% of people with plaque PsO also develop PsA.11 ABOUT TREMFYA® (guselkumab) Developed by Johnson & Johnson, TREMFYA® is the first approved fully-human, dual-acting monoclonal antibody designed to neutralize inflammation at the cellular source by blocking IL-23 and binding to CD64 (a receptor on cells that produce IL-23). Findings for dual-acting are limited to in vitro studies that demonstrate guselkumab binds to CD64, which is expressed on the surface of IL-23 producing cells in an inflammatory monocyte model. The clinical significance of this finding is not known. TREMFYA® is a prescription medicine approved in the U.S. to treat: TREMFYA® is approved in Europe, Canada, Japan, and a number of other countries for the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and for the treatment of adults with active psoriatic arthritis. Johnson & Johnson maintains exclusive worldwide marketing rights to TREMFYA®. For more information, visit: IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION What is the most important information I should know about TREMFYA®? TREMFYA® is a prescription medicine that may cause serious side effects, including: Tell your healthcare provider right away if you have an infection or have symptoms of an infection, including: Do not use TREMFYA® if you have had a serious allergic reaction to guselkumab or any of the ingredients in TREMFYA®. Before using TREMFYA®, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. What are the possible side effects of TREMFYA®? TREMFYA® may cause serious side effects. See 'What is the most important information I should know about TREMFYA®?' The most common side effects of TREMFYA® include: respiratory tract infections, headache, injection site reactions, joint pain (arthralgia), diarrhea, stomach flu (gastroenteritis), fungal skin infections, herpes simplex infections, stomach pain, and bronchitis. These are not all the possible side effects of TREMFYA®. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Use TREMFYA® exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to use it. Please read the full Prescribing Information, including Medication Guide, for TREMFYA® and discuss any questions that you have with your doctor. You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Dosage Forms and Strengths: TREMFYA® is available as 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/2mL for subcutaneous injection and as a 200 mg/20 mL (10 mg/mL) single dose vial for intravenous infusion. ABOUT JOHNSON & JOHNSON At Johnson & Johnson, we believe health is everything. Our strength in healthcare innovation empowers us to build a world where complex diseases are prevented, treated, and cured, where treatments are smarter and less invasive, and solutions are personal. Through our expertise in Innovative Medicine and MedTech, we are uniquely positioned to innovate across the full spectrum of healthcare solutions today to deliver the breakthroughs of tomorrow and profoundly impact health for humanity. Learn more at or at Follow us at @JNJInnovMed. Janssen Research & Development, LLC and Janssen Biotech, Inc. are Johnson & Johnson companies. CAUTIONS CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This press release contains 'forward-looking statements' as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 regarding product development and the potential benefits and treatment impact of nipocalimab. The reader is cautioned not to rely on these forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations of future events. If underlying assumptions prove inaccurate or known or unknown risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results could vary materially from the expectations and projections of Johnson & Johnson. Risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: challenges and uncertainties inherent in product research and development, including the uncertainty of clinical success and of obtaining regulatory approvals; uncertainty of commercial success; manufacturing difficulties and delays; competition, including technological advances, new products and patents attained by competitors; challenges to patents; product efficacy or safety concerns resulting in product recalls or regulatory action; changes in behavior and spending patterns of purchasers of health care products and services; changes to applicable laws and regulations, including global health care reforms; and trends toward health care cost containment. A further list and descriptions of these risks, uncertainties and other factors can be found in Johnson & Johnson's most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections captioned 'Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements' and 'Item 1A. Risk Factors,' and in Johnson & Johnson's subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Copies of these filings are available online at or on request from Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson does not undertake to update any forward-looking statement as a result of new information or future events or developments. REFERENCES 1 Mease PJ, et al. Inhibition of structural damage progression with guselkumab, a selective IL-23i, in participants with active PsA: Results through Week 24 of the phase 3b, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled APEX study. Presented at EULAR 2025, June 11-14. LB0010. 2 Atreya R, Abreu MT, Krueger JG, et al. Guselkumab, an IL-23p19 subunit-specific monoclonal antibody, binds CD64+ myeloid cells and potentially neutralizes IL-23 produced from the same cells. Poster presented at: 18th Congress of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO); March 1-4, 2023; Copenhagen, Denmark. Poster P504. 3 Kreuger JG, Eyerich K, Kuchroo VK. Il-23 past, present, and future: a roadmap to advancing IL-23 science and therapy. Front Immunol. 2024; 15:1331217. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1331217. 4 TREMFYA® [Prescribing Information]. Horsham, PA: Janssen Biotech, Inc. 5 Skyrizi® [Prescribing Information]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie, Inc. 6 Omvoh™ [Prescribing Information]. Indianapolis, IN: Eli Lilly and Company. 7 Felson, D. T., & LaValley, M. P. The ACR20 and defining a threshold for response in rheumatic diseases: too much of a good thing. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2014:16(1), 101. 8 Simpson E, Bissonnette R, Eichenfield LF, et al. The validated Investigator Global Assessment for Atopic Dermatitis (vIGA-AD™): The development and reliability testing of a novel clinical outcome measurement instrument for the severity of atopic dermatitis [published online April 25, 2020]. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi: 10.1016/ Accessed April 2025. 9 A Study of Guselkumab in Participants With Active Psoriatic Arthritis (APEX). Identifier: NCT04882098. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 10 Donvito T., CreakyJoints: What Is Dactylitis? The 'Sausage Finger' Swelling You Should Know About. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 11 Belasco J., Wei N. Psoriatic Arthritis: What is Happening at the Joint? Rheumatol Ther. 2019 Sep;6(3):305-315. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 12 Gower, T. Enthesitis and PsA. Arthritis Foundation. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 13 National Psoriasis Foundation. About Psoriatic Arthritis. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 14 Husted J.A., et al. Occurrence and correlates of fatigue in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis, 2008:68(10), 1553–1558. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 15 Haddad A., Zisman D. Comorbidities in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2017 Jan 30;8(1):e0004. Available at: Accessed March 2025. 16 TREMFYA® Prescribing Information. Available at: Accessed March 2025. View original content to download multimedia: SOURCE Johnson & Johnson
Medical News Today
10-06-2025
- Health
- Medical News Today
How Tremfya works: Mechanism of action explained
How it works How long it takes to work Tremfya (guselkumab) is a prescription drug that treats psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis. Its mechanism of action is binding to interleukin-23 that's overactive. Tremfya belongs to a class of medications called interleukin-23 blockers. It's a type of biologic called a monoclonal antibody, which is a protein that attaches to substances in the body. Tremfya works by binding to interleukin-23 (a protein in the body) that's overactive. By binding to this protein, Tremfya decreases how active your immune system is to ease inflammation and decrease symptoms of your condition. The way a drug works is known medically as its mechanism of action. The mechanism of action for Tremfya may vary depending on the condition it's being used to treat. Tremfya is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat certain conditions, including psoriatic arthritis. When you have psoriatic arthritis, your immune system (your body's defense against infections) is overactive. It attacks healthy tissues and cells, causing joint pain and inflammation. It also causes your body to make too many skin cells, leading to a buildup of cells and areas called plaques. These plaques are flushed, itchy patches on your skin. Tremfya is FDA-approved to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. This condition is one of many types of psoriasis. When you have plaque psoriasis, your immune system is overactive. It causes your body to make too many skin cells, leading to a buildup of cells and areas called plaques. These plaques are itchy patches on your skin. They may look pink or be darker than your skin color. Sometimes, they may look white and scaly. Tremfya may be an option for plaque psoriasis treatment if you can receive either: systemic therapy (treatment that affects your whole body), or phototherapy (treatment with light) Tremfya is FDA approved to treat moderate to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults. When UC is active, it's causing symptoms. Tremfya is prescribed to help put UC in remission and keep it there. With remission, you have few or no symptoms of the condition. Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the colon and rectum. It's thought to result from overactivity in a person's immune system. With UC, you have inflammation in your colon, rectum, or both. In severe cases, ulcers can also form in these areas. Symptoms of this condition include blood in your stool, diarrhea, abdominal pain or cramps, and weight loss. For this condition, Tremfya is typically prescribed alone. Your doctor may also prescribe nonbiologics to treat an ulcerative colitis flare-up. Tremfya is FDA approved to treat Crohn's disease. Like UC, Crohn's disease is a type of IBD. Unlike UC, which affects the colon and rectum, Crohn's disease can affect your entire digestive system, including your stomach, intestines, and colon. To find out more about Crohn's disease, visit our IBD hub. In clinical trials, people with plaque psoriasis often experienced a reduction in symptoms after receiving three doses of Tremfya over 16 weeks. Also, more than half of the people receiving Tremfya for psoriatic arthritis in clinical trials experienced a decrease in symptoms after 16 weeks of treatment. In a clinical trial of Tremfya for UC, more than half of the people receiving the drug experienced a decrease in symptoms after 12 weeks. Some people also experienced remission (few or no symptoms of UC). If you have more questions about how long it takes for Tremfya to work, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. Disclaimer: Medical News Today has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up to date. However, this article should not be used as a substitute for the knowledge and expertise of a licensed healthcare professional. You should always consult your doctor or another healthcare professional before taking any medication. The drug information contained herein is subject to change and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. The absence of warnings or other information for a given drug does not indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for all patients or all specific uses. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.
