Latest news with #liverdisease
Health Line
12 hours ago
- Health
- Health Line
A Liver Ultrasound: What This Procedure Means
Your doctor may recommend a liver ultrasound to check for signs of liver disease, and knowing what to expect can help put you at ease. A liver ultrasound is one of a few tests your doctor can order if they want to check your liver. An ultrasound scan (also known as sonography) is a noninvasive procedure that captures live images of your organs using high-frequency sound waves. A liver ultrasound is an essential tool that helps doctors see your liver and its blood vessels in real time. It's a type of abdominal ultrasound. If your doctor has ordered a liver ultrasound, it might mean they want to confirm or rule out a liver condition. Keep reading to learn what conditions a liver ultrasound can detect, what to expect from the procedure, how accurate it is, how much you might need to pay for it, and other useful information. Why is an ultrasound needed to test for liver disease? Liver disease is a general term that refers to a group of conditions affecting your liver. These conditions may have different causes, but all of them can damage your liver and affect your general health. Some of the most common liver conditions are: hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver steatotic liver disease, formerly known as fatty liver disease, or a buildup of fat in the liver autoimmune liver disorders, which result from your immune system mistakenly attacking the cells in your liver liver cancer liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure, which involve scarring and damage from liver disease Doctors usually recommend liver ultrasounds for the following reasons: if you show symptoms of liver disease, such as jaundice or pain in the upper right portion of the abdomen (where the liver is located) if you have high liver enzymes on a blood test called the liver function test as a screening tool for liver conditions The purpose of a liver ultrasound is to visualize your liver and record its blood flow. This helps doctors confirm or rule out liver conditions. What should you see on an ultrasound for liver disease? Liver ultrasounds don't usually require special preparation, but your doctor may ask you not to eat or drink anything several hours before the procedure. During the scan, you'll lie still on a scanning table. An ultrasound technician will place a scanner in different spots around the upper right segment of your abdomen. The resulting images will show up on a computer screen in real time. After the ultrasound is done, a doctor will check the ultrasound images. They will look for the following signs of liver disease: liver inflammation, a sign of hepatitis a buildup of fat associated with steatotic liver disease masses or lesions, which can indicate liver cancer changes in the appearance of the liver, such as nodules, which can signify cirrhosis Is a liver ultrasound accurate? A liver ultrasound is a useful tool in identifying certain types of liver disease. It's often the first test your doctor will order if they suspect a liver condition. It's a quick, safe, painless, and relatively inexpensive test. In the past, doctors relied more heavily on liver biopsy to diagnose, stage, and grade liver disease. However, newer research indicates that new liver ultrasound technologies are able to accurately detect liver disease. What does an ultrasound cost for liver disease? On average, an abdominal liver scan can cost around $1,400. However, most health insurance providers cover this procedure. Liver ultrasound costs will vary based on: where you live whether you have medical insurance the type of ultrasound Frequently asked questions How do you diagnose fatty liver disease? A doctor can diagnose steatotic liver disease using a combination of the following tests: liver ultrasound X-ray, CT, or MRI scans of the abdomen transient elastography (also known as FibroScan), shear wave elastography, or acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, which assesses liver stiffness magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), which combines MRI with low frequency sound waves to create a visual map showing liver stiffness Can you get an ultrasound for alcohol liver disease? Long-term, excessive alcohol use can lead to a buildup of fat in the liver known as alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), or steatosis. Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD), a form of alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD), refers to liver damage due to alcohol use along with other risk factors, such as obesity or diabetes. It causes liver inflammation and scarring and can eventually lead to cirrhosis. Liver ultrasound is one of the tests used to diagnose fat in the liver. Other tests may include: a complete blood count (CBC) a liver function test CT or MRI scans a liver biopsy Is there an ultrasound for liver disease in dogs? Similar to humans, abdominal ultrasounds are commonly used in dogs and cats when a vet suspects a liver condition. Symptoms of liver disease in pets can be subtle but may include: appetite issues orange urine jaundice weight loss excessive drinking or excessive urinating light colored stool Can an abdominal ultrasound check for chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance? Certain types of liver disease can increase your risk of developing liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of that, doctors recommend regular screening for HCC in people with cirrhosis, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C every 6 months.
Medscape
21 hours ago
- Health
- Medscape
Adding a Pinch of Salt Can Affect Liver Health
TOPLINE: Adding salt to foods with a higher frequency was associated with increased risks for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The associations were stronger among nonsmokers, current alcohol drinkers, and individuals without diabetes or with a lower BMI and were partly mediated by adiposity. METHODOLOGY: Previous studies have shown that added salt in foods is linked to adverse health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality, but its role in liver-related disorders is still underexplored. Researchers conducted a prospective cohort study with 492,265 participants (mean age, 56.5 years; 45.3% men) from the UK Biobank who had no prevalent liver diseases or alcohol/drug use disorders at baseline. Participants' frequency of adding salt to foods was self-reported, with responses categorized as never/rarely, sometimes, usually, and always. The primary outcome was incident MASLD, with secondary outcomes including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, identified using diagnostic codes through electronic health records. The association between frequency of adding salt and risks for liver-related disorders was assessed using models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, personal history of diseases, and diet factors, and linear trends were calculated on the basis of frequency of adding salt to foods. TAKEAWAY: Adding salt more frequently was associated with an increased risk for incident MASLD, with adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of 1.08 for sometimes, 1.22 for usually, and 1.40 for always, compared with never/rarely (P for trend < .0001). A higher frequency of adding salt was also associated with increased risks for cirrhosis (aHRs, 1.11 for sometimes, 1.09 for usually, and 1.32 for always) and hepatocellular carcinoma (aHRs, 1.26 for sometimes, 1.45 for usually, and 2.25 for always) compared with never/rarely (P for trend < .0001 for both). The association between adding salt frequency and the risk for MASLD was stronger among nonsmokers, current alcohol drinkers, and individuals without diabetes or with a lower BMI (P for interaction < .05 for all). Adiposity measures, including BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, mediated over 20% of the associations between frequency of adding salt and the risk for incident MASLD. Similar factors mediated the effects for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma along with alcohol intake. IN PRACTICE: 'These findings suggest that reducing salt/sodium intake could be a promising strategy for preventing liver-related disorders,' the study authors wrote. SOURCE: The study was led by Shunming Zhang, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center in Xi'an, China, and Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. It was published online in the European Journal of Nutrition. LIMITATIONS: The single baseline measurement of frequency of adding salt to food does not account for changes over time, potentially underestimating associations. The reliance on self-reported data for salt addition frequency and some covariates may lead to recall bias and measurement errors. The study's observational design limits causal inference, and the predominantly European ancestry of participants may affect generalizability to other populations. DISCLOSURES: This study was supported by an open access funding provided by Lund University and grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, Shaanxi Province Postdoctoral Science Foundation, and Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST. The authors declared having no conflicts of interest. This article was created using several editorial tools, including AI, as part of the process. Human editors reviewed this content before publication.
The Sun
4 days ago
- Health
- The Sun
Urgent paracetamol warning as world's most common painkiller is linked to disease that kills 30 Brits every day
A PHARMACIST has issued a warning about the world's most used painkiller paracetamol, warning it could be "quietly harming" your liver. The pill is safe to take for headaches, muscle pain and fever, as long as you're sticking to recommended amounts. But "taking too much – even slightly exceeding the recommended dose – can be extremely dangerous for your liver", warned Dipa Kamdar, a senior lecturer in pharmacy practice at Kingston University. It's easy to assume that alcohol is the main culprit of liver damage. "In fact, many everyday habits, often overlooked, can slowly cause damage that may eventually lead to serious conditions such as cirrhosis - permanent scarring of the liver - or liver failure," the pharmacist wrote in The Conversation. This can include eating foods high in saturated fat or sugar, as well as smoking or not exercising enough - as well as taking too much paracetamol. "Despite its remarkable resilience – and even its ability to regenerate – the liver is not indestructible," Dipa said. "One of the challenges with liver disease is that it can be a silent threat. In its early stages, it may cause only vague symptoms like constant fatigue or nausea. "As damage progresses, more obvious signs may emerge. One of the most recognisable is jaundice, where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow." Liver disease kills more than 11,000 people in the UK each year, according to The British Liver Trust. That amounts to more than 31 deaths a day, the charity said. It warned that liver disease deaths in the UK have quadrupled in the last 50 years, at the same time as deaths from other major diseases have fallen. Scientists discover that even really low doses of paracetamol could damage your heart Dipa explained paracetamol could be dangerous to the liver due to the way the organ processes the painkiller. As it breaks down the drug, it produces a toxic by-product called NAPQI. Normally, the body neutralises this by producing a protective substance known as glutathione. But in high doses, the liver can become overwhelmed, potentially leading to potentially life-threatening damage. "In an overdose, glutathione stores become depleted, allowing NAPQI to accumulate and attack liver cells," Dipa warned. "This can result in acute liver failure, which can be fatal. "Even small overdoses, or combining paracetamol with alcohol, can increase the risk of serious harm," the pharmacist went on. "Always stick to the recommended dose and speak to a doctor if you find yourself needing pain relief regularly." 2 Studies have looked into the potential dangers of taking paracetamol. Research published in 2013 showed a link between liver failure and low doses of paracetamol. As Andrew Moore, an honorary senior research fellow at the University of Oxford, wrote in The Conversation: "Paracetamol is known to cause liver failure in overdose, but it also causes liver failure in people taking standard doses for pain relief. "The risk is only about one in a million, but it is a risk." Other habits damaging your liver Dipa shared other habits that may be silently damaging your liver. Drinking too much alcohol is the obvious one. When you drink, your liver works to break down the alcohol and clear it from your system, but having too much of it at once overwhelms this process and causes toxic by products to build up and damage liver cells. This can cause fat to accumulate in the liver and continued drinking can progress it to alcoholic hepatitis and then cirrhosis. Experts recommend sticking to no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, and including alcohol-free days to give your liver time to recover. It's also worth taking a look at your diet to protect your liver, as foods high in saturated fat - like red meat, fried foods and processed snacks - can raise cholesterol levels and contribute to liver fat accumulation. Sugary foods and drinks are also a major risk factor, the pharmacist said. Not exercising enough can contribute to weight gain, which ups the risk of liver disease. But exercising can benefit your liver even in you don't lose weight, Dipa noted. Finally, the chemicals from cigarette smoke can make your liver work harder and contribute to cirrhosis. The British Liver Trust says 90 per cent of liver disease cases can be prevented by lifestyle changes. "You can protect [your liver] by drinking alcohol in moderation, quitting smoking, taking medications responsibly, eating a balanced diet, staying active and keeping hydrated," Dipa said.
Medscape
20-06-2025
- Health
- Medscape
EMA Recommends Rezdiffra for MASH Liver Fibrosis
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) has recommended conditional marketing authorization for Rezdiffra (resmetirom) for adults with noncirrhotic metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis. MASH was formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NASH). There are currently no authorized treatments for MASH in the EU, making Rezdiffra a potential first. MASH is a serious liver disease that occurs when fat accumulates in the liver, causing inflammation. Left untreated, it can lead to cirrhosis and cancer. Symptoms may only present in more advanced stages of the condition, at which point they may include discomfort or pain in the upper right abdomen, muscle weakness or loss, and swelling in the abdomen or legs. Estimates suggest that up to 5% of people in Europe have MASH and that around 25% have metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), the condition that precedes MASH. MASLD was previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The active substance of Rezdiffra is resmetirom, which is a partial agonist of the thyroid hormone receptor-beta. It works by promoting lipophagy and hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation to reduce liver fat, inflammation, and liver fibrosis. The EMA's decision comes after interim results from a pivotal, ongoing phase 3 trial including 966 adults with biopsy-confirmed MASH with varying stages of fibrosis. Patients were randomly assigned treatment on a 1:1:1 ratio to receive once-daily resmetirom at 80 mg or 100 mg, or a placebo. The primary endpoints were MASH resolution at week 52 with no worsening of fibrosis, and a reduction in fibrosis by at least one stage alongside no worsening of NAFLD activity score. MASH resolution included a reduction in the NAFLD activity score by ≥ 2 points. Scores range from 0 to 8; higher scores indicate more severe disease. After 12 months, 30% of patients in the 100 mg resmetirom group and 26% of those in the 80 mg group achieved MASH resolution with no worsening fibrosis compared with 10% in the placebo group. Meanwhile, 26% of patients in the 100 mg resmetirom group and 24% of patients in the 80 mg group experienced fibrosis improvement by at least one stage with no worsening of NAFLD activity score compared with 14% in the placebo group. The most frequent side effects were diarrhea, nausea, itching, and pruritus. Diarrhea and nausea were more frequent among those taking resmetirom than those taking the placebo. The rate of serious adverse events was similar across all groups and ranged from 10.9% to 12.7%. Rezdiffra will be available as 60 mg, 80 mg, and 100 mg film-coated tablets. It should be taken alongside diet and exercise. The opinion adopted by the EMA will now go to the European Commission to await a decision on EU-wide marketing authorization. In the meantime, the EMA has required Rezdiffra's applicant to complete both the pivotal and another ongoing trial to provide further data regarding the drug's efficacy. This conditional approval comes as the EMA perceives that the benefits to patients from immediate availability outweigh the risk inherent in incomplete data. Detailed recommendations for using Rezdiffra will be described in the summary of product characteristics, which will be published on the EMA website in all official European Union languages.
Yahoo
20-06-2025
- Business
- Yahoo
Madrigal Receives Positive CHMP Opinion for Resmetirom (Rezdiffra™) for the Treatment of MASH with Moderate to Advanced Liver Fibrosis
Positive recommendation based on resmetirom's favorable profile including positive results from the pivotal Phase 3 MAESTRO-NASH trial European Commission decision expected in August 2025; if approved, resmetirom will be the first medication for people living with MASH in the E.U. CONSHOHOCKEN, Pa., June 20, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: MDGL), a biopharmaceutical company focused on delivering novel therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), today announced that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has adopted a positive opinion recommending approval of resmetirom (Rezdiffra) for the treatment of adults with noncirrhotic MASH with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis. The European Commission decision is anticipated in August. Bill Sibold, Chief Executive Officer of Madrigal, stated, 'Madrigal is singularly focused on leading the fight against MASH globally. Resmetirom was the first medication to achieve fibrosis improvement and MASH resolution in a Phase 3 trial, the first medication to receive FDA-approval for MASH, and today's positive CHMP opinion represents another historic first for the global MASH community. MASH is the fastest-growing indication for liver transplantation in Europe, and we believe resmetirom has the potential to address the urgent unmet need for a foundational, liver-directed therapy to treat patients with this serious disease.' MASH is a leading cause of liver-related mortality and an increasing burden on healthcare systems globally. Resmetirom is a once-daily, oral, liver-directed THR-β agonist designed to target key underlying causes of MASH. The CHMP opinion was based on resmetirom's favorable profile including the positive results from the pivotal Phase 3 MAESTRO-NASH trial, which achieved both fibrosis reduction and MASH resolution primary endpoints. Jörn M. Schattenberg, M.D., Professor of Medicine and Director of the Department of Medicine at the University Medical Center Homburg and University of the Saarland in Germany, stated, 'I'm encouraged by the CHMP's positive opinion recommending approval of resmetirom. After years of clinical research and growing appreciation of the burden of MASH on patients and health systems across Europe, we are finally on the cusp of having an approved therapy that targets the underlying disease. Importantly, resmetirom is already included in European clinical practice guidelines, which provide a framework for identifying and monitoring patients with noninvasive tests. If approved, I believe the medication has the potential to transform care for my patients with MASH.' The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval in March 2024 for Rezdiffra in conjunction with diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with noncirrhotic MASH with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis (consistent with stages F2 to F3 fibrosis). Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in ongoing confirmatory trials. About MASHMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), is a serious liver disease that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer, need for liver transplantation, and premature mortality. MASH is the leading cause of liver transplantation in women and the second leading cause of all liver transplantation in the U.S., and the fastest-growing indication for liver transplantation in Europe. Once patients progress to MASH with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis (consistent with stages F2 to F3 fibrosis), the risk of adverse liver outcomes increases dramatically: these patients have a 10-17 times higher risk of liver-related mortality as compared to patients without fibrosis. Those who progress to cirrhosis face a 42 times higher risk of liver-related mortality, underscoring the need to treat MASH before complications of cirrhosis develop. MASH is also an independent driver of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality for patients. As MASH disease awareness improves and disease prevalence increases, the number of diagnosed patients with MASH with moderate to advanced fibrosis or compensated MASH cirrhosis (F2-F4c) is expected to grow. About RezdiffraRezdiffra is a once-daily, oral, liver-directed THR-β agonist designed to target key underlying causes of MASH. It is the first approved medication for the treatment of MASH in the U.S. In the pivotal Phase 3 MAESTRO-NASH biopsy trial, Rezdiffra achieved both fibrosis improvement and MASH resolution primary endpoints, and 91% of patients treated with Rezdiffra 100 mg experienced improvement or stabilization of liver stiffness. In the U.S., Rezdiffra is indicated in conjunction with diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with noncirrhotic MASH with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis (consistent with stages F2 to F3 fibrosis). Continued approval for this indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in ongoing confirmatory trials. Rezdiffra is not approved in Europe for the treatment of patients with MASH with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis and not approved in any geography for the treatment of patients with cirrhosis. The ongoing, fully enrolled MAESTRO-NASH OUTCOMES trial is evaluating progression to liver decompensation events in patients with compensated MASH cirrhosis treated with Rezdiffra versus placebo. What is Rezdiffra?Rezdiffra is a prescribed medicine used along with diet and exercise to treat adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with moderate to advanced liver scarring (fibrosis), but not with cirrhosis of the liver. It is not known if Rezdiffra is safe and effective in children (under 18 years old).This indication is approved based on improvement of NASH and liver scarring (fibrosis). There are ongoing studies to confirm the clinical benefit of Rezdiffra. Before you take Rezdiffra, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you: have any liver problems other than NASH. have gallbladder problems or have been told you have gallbladder problems, including gallstones. are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if Rezdiffra will harm your unborn baby. are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if Rezdiffra passes into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take Rezdiffra. Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Rezdiffra and other medicines may affect each other, causing side effects. Rezdiffra may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how Rezdiffra works. Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take medicines that contain gemfibrozil to help lower your triglycerides, or cyclosporine to suppress your immune system, because Rezdiffra is not recommended in patients taking these medicines. Tell your healthcare provider if you are taking medicines such as clopidogrel to thin your blood or statin medicines to help lower your cholesterol. Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. What are the possible side effects of Rezdiffra?Rezdiffra may cause serious side effects, including: liver injury (hepatotoxicity). Stop taking Rezdiffra and call your healthcare provider right away if you develop the following signs or symptoms of hepatotoxicity: tiredness, nausea, vomiting, fever, rash, your skin or the white part of your eyes turns yellow (jaundice), pain or tenderness in the upper middle or upper right area of your stomach (abdomen). gallbladder problems. Gallbladder problems such as gallstones, inflammation of the gallbladder, or inflammation of the pancreas from gallstones can occur with NASH and may occur if you take Rezdiffra. Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop any signs or symptoms of these conditions including nausea, vomiting, fever, or pain in your stomach area (abdomen) that is severe and will not go away. The pain may be felt going from your abdomen to your back and the pain may happen with or without vomiting. The most common side effects of Rezdiffra include: diarrhea, nausea, itching, stomach (abdominal) pain, vomiting, dizziness, constipation. These are not all the possible side effects of Rezdiffra. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or You may also report side effects to Madrigal at 1-800-905-0324. Please see the full Prescribing Information, including Patient Information, for Rezdiffra. About Madrigal Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: MDGL) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on delivering novel therapeutics for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a liver disease with high unmet medical need. Madrigal's medication, Rezdiffra (resmetirom), is a once-daily, oral, liver-directed THR-β agonist designed to target key underlying causes of MASH. Rezdiffra is the first and only medication approved by the FDA for the treatment of MASH with moderate to advanced fibrosis (consistent with stages F2 to F3). An ongoing Phase 3 outcomes trial is evaluating Rezdiffra for the treatment of compensated MASH cirrhosis (consistent with stage F4c). For more information, visit Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release includes 'forward-looking statements' made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended, including statements related to the expected timing for a decision for marketing authorization by the European Commission and resmetirom's role as a potential foundational therapy for the treatment of MASH in Europe. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to: the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements; risks of obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals, including, but not limited to, potential regulatory delays or rejections; the challenges with the commercial launch of a new product, particularly for a company that did not have commercial experience prior to 2024; our history of operating losses and the possibility that we may never achieve or maintain profitability; risks associated with meeting the objectives of Madrigal's clinical trials, including, but not limited to Madrigal's ability to achieve enrollment objectives concerning patient numbers (including an adequate safety database), outcomes objectives and/or timing objectives for Madrigal's trials; any delays or failures in enrollment, and the occurrence of adverse safety events; risks related to the effects of Rezdiffra's (resmetirom's) mechanism of action; market demand for and acceptance of Rezdiffra; the potential inability to raise sufficient capital to fund ongoing operations as currently planned or to obtain financing on acceptable terms; our ability to service indebtedness and otherwise comply with debt covenants; outcomes or trends from competitive trials; future topline data timing or results; our ability to prevent and/or mitigate cyber-attacks; the uncertainties inherent in clinical testing; uncertainties concerning analyses or assessments outside of a controlled clinical trial; and changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business and our ability to comply with such laws and regulations. Undue reliance should not be placed on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Madrigal undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect new information, events, or circumstances after the date they are made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Please refer to Madrigal's submissions filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission('SEC'), for more detailed information regarding these risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied. Madrigal specifically discusses these risks and uncertainties in greater detail in the sections appearing in Part I, Item 1A of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2025, and as updated from time to time by Madrigal's other filings with the SEC. Investor ContactTina Ventura, IR@ Media ContactChristopher Frates, media@ while retrieving data Sign in to access your portfolio Error while retrieving data Error while retrieving data Error while retrieving data Error while retrieving data
