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Times
a day ago
- Science
- Times
Professor Sir Francis Graham-Smith obituary: Trailblazing astronomer royal
While thousands of skygazers stayed awake into the early hours of August 17, 1989, to observe the lunar eclipse, Francis Graham-Smith, the astronomer royal and doyen of British astronomy, was fast asleep. 'I've seen one before, so I didn't sit up into the small hours because it is not as exciting as a total solar eclipse when the sky goes black in the day,' he said. Graham-Smith, a pioneer of radio astronomy, first measured accurate positions of a type of distant galaxies, containing quasars, in the early 1950s. The research he undertook with Sir Martin Ryle, his predecessor as astronomer royal, demonstrated that the universe must have had a definite beginning, demolishing the then-favoured 'steady state' theory of Sir Fred Hoyle and others that the universe had always existed. In the 1970s he contributed to the understanding of pulsars, collapsed stars in which matter is so densely packed that five billion tonnes could be contained in a teaspoon. This was a time when astronomy was booming. 'There were no shortages of positions for young people trying to get into scientific research,' he recalled. By the middle of that decade Graham-Smith was the director of the Royal Observatory Greenwich at Herstmonceux, overseeing the construction of an observatory for British astronomers. 'We didn't have good optical telescopes and we had to go and ask for time on telescopes, mainly in America,' he said. 'I negotiated with Spanish astronomers and the Spanish government that we might build an observatory in the Canary Islands.' To play a better part in the work he learnt to speak Spanish and the resulting Northern Hemisphere Observatory on La Palma is still an important facility for his successors. He went on to be the director of Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire, part of the University of Manchester, and in 1982 was appointed astronomer royal, an office that had been created in 1675 by Charles II, who had a passion for science. 'I didn't have a particular job to do. In fact, by that time it was a purely honorary title,' he said, although he recalled enjoying the state occasions. Despite lacking a formal job description, Graham-Smith was thrust into a debate about astronomy funding after Margaret Thatcher, a scientist by training, decided it was a waste of money after being unimpressed by an over-ambitious live 1986 BBC programme in which he appeared — it was about the European spacecraft Giotto passing through the tail of Halley's comet. 'We have no shortage of excellent students, but they will probably work abroad,' he protested. 'The fact that we will go on populating the world with British astronomers is absolutely splendid, but wouldn't it be nicer to think that just a few would stay at home?' Indeed, Graham-Smith was a great champion of young people in astronomy. 'You can go and look at telescopes, you can go and look through telescopes, you can visit Jodrell Bank, you can read … But the main thing is to introduce school children to astronomy and make it look interesting, fascinating. Which it is,' he said. Rather than indulge in astrology, which he dismissed as a 'ridiculous piece of humbug', he suggested that every child be offered the opportunity to stare into space, adding: 'Like Gerard Manley Hopkins, I should direct them to the real thing. 'Look at the stars! Look up at the skies!'' Francis Graham Smith was born in Roehampton, Surrey, in 1923, the younger of two sons of Claud Smith, a civil servant and hospital administrator, and his wife Cicely (née Kingston); his brother, Derek, a civil nuclear engineer, predeceased him. He was known as Graham but started using Francis in adulthood; similarly, he only adopted the hyphenation after being knighted in 1986, changing his name by deed poll to Graham-Smith. He was educated at Epsom College, Surrey, and Rossall School, Lancashire, before reading physics at Downing College, Cambridge, where his course included a section on electronics and radio. He arrived with conventional beliefs about heavenly bodies, which were discarded 'when I started to think seriously about them', and was later a patron of Humanists UK. His studies were interrupted by service with the Home Guard in Blackpool and work on radar for the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern. Immediately after VE Day he was sent to Bombay, spending six months as part of a support group for the war in the east. 'VJ day came soon after I arrived, so there was nothing much to do,' he recalled. Nevertheless, his wartime experience proved invaluable. 'At the end of the war we went back to our universities and developed the subject of radio astronomy, which was really quite new,' he told Science Café on BBC Wales in 2023. His PhD studies involved research with Ryle at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, but there was little money and their radio telescopes were either homemade or requisitioned war items. Their early work involved examining radio waves from the outer parts of the sun. 'Then we discovered that among the signals which had been detected before from the Milky Way, there were individual spots,' he said. In 1949 he and Ryle used a pair of Würzburg radio telescopes to make accurate position measurements of Cygnus A and Cassiopeia A, the two brightest radio sources in the sky. These enabled the former to be associated with a distant galaxy and the latter with a supernova explosion that took place about 250 years earlier. 'I had the good luck to be the first to observe that and to measure its position,' he said. Another Cavendish researcher was Dorothy Palmer, known by her middle name Elizabeth. They were married in 1945 and she became a maths teacher, potter and tai-chi expert, writing fitness books for the over-fifties. Keeping radio astronomy in the family Elizabeth's sister, Rowena, and Ryle married in 1947. Gradually Graham-Smith's attention turned from radio waves to astronomy, though with no experience of finding his way around the sky he had to learn the basics by lying on his back on a starlit night. 'I was always interested in radios and so physics seemed the path to follow. But during my research into radio science it became clear that what we were actually doing was astronomy,' he said. He soon became one of the leading figures in the field, publishing scientific papers and his first book, Radio Astronomy (1960, with JH Thomson). In 1964 he was appointed professor of radio astronomy at the University of Manchester under Sir Bernard Lovell (obituary, August 8, 2012), the founder of Jodrell Bank. A decade later he moved to Greenwich, his tenure coinciding with both the observatory's tercentenary in 1975 and his presidency of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1975 to 1977. In 1981 he returned to Manchester, succeeding Lovell at Jodrell Bank where he helped to develop a visitor centre. For many years Graham-Smith lived in Henbury, Cheshire, where he was among the founders of the village's Millennium Green. Home was the Old School House, an eccentric series of adaptable open spaces with a large, galleried lounge linked to other parts of the complex through an extension built by the astronomer royal himself. The family also had a cottage in the hills behind Caernarfon in north Wales, from where they enjoyed walking and sailing. Elizabeth died in 2021 and Graham-Smith is survived by their three sons: David, a geologist; Andrew, an engineer; and Piers who studied crystallography; and by their daughter, Helen, an artist. A favourite activity for the children when they were young was climbing inside the giant bowl of the Jodrell Bank radio telescope and rolling pennies around inside it. Some years later slots were added to the bowl, meaning future coin-rollers' pennies fell to the ground. Graham-Smith retired in 1990, the same year he lent his name to a campaign for darker skies. He remained active in his own field and in the wider academic world, serving as pro vice-chancellor of the University of Manchester and as physical secretary of the Royal Society. He continued to publish into his nineties. Among his later works is Eyes on the Sky (2016), a remarkable exploration of how technology can give an in-depth picture of the nature of the universe. At its core is the message to keep looking up: you just never know what you might discover. For someone whose eyes were fixed on the stars, Graham-Smith was a down-to-earth character, passionate about bricklaying, furniture-making and tending to his bees. His other interests included the music of Shostakovich and the biography of Primo Levi. The secret to a long life, he said, was 'keeping busy'. He never lost his schoolboy-like enthusiasm and in 1986 was seen giving Anneka Rice a piggy-back in an episode of Channel 4's Treasure Hunt, which was filmed at Jodrell Bank and which his family dug out for his 100th birthday celebrations. 'I've always been interested in publicity, particularly for educational activities,' he said. Although a radio astronomer, Graham-Smith specialised in studying stars that could not be seen by the naked eye. He claimed to know so little about visible stars that he would never be able to find his way home by them. 'I certainly couldn't navigate my dinghy by the stars,' he said. As for getting physically closer to them, he was having none of it. 'Space travel is far too dangerous,' he added. 'Stars are like fireworks. You stand clear and study them from afar.' Professor Sir Francis Graham-Smith FRS, astronomer royal 1982-90, was born on April 25, 1923. He died on June 20, 2025, aged 102
BBC News
7 days ago
- Science
- BBC News
Jodrell Bank: 'Towering figure' in radio astronomy dies at 102
Tributes have been paid to a "towering figure in British astronomy" who has died aged 102. Sir Francis Graham-Smith was believed to be the world's oldest active radio astronomer, according to Jodrell Bank Observatory in Cheshire. Known to his friends as Graham, he served as the observatory's second director and was the Astronomer Royal - a title bestowed upon the UK's most eminent astronomer - between 1982 and 1990. In a tribute shared on social media, Jodrell Bank said Sir Francis had an article published only a few months ago in the Royal Astronomical Society's magazine, Astronomy & Geophysics. Andrew Lyne, emeritus professor of radio astronomy at The University of Manchester, said: "Sir Francis was a towering figure in British astronomy, whose career spanned much of the history of radio astronomy itself, and as a teacher and mentor he enhanced the lives of many scientists, myself included."Sir Francis was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society and was a former President of the Royal Astronomical Society before being knighted in 1986. He made "foundational contributions to the understanding of the interstellar medium, pulsars, and the development of radio telescopes", Jodrell Bank said. The University of Manchester said Sir Francis interrupted his university studies in Cambridge during World War Two to work on the development of radar. At the end of the war, he returned to Cambridge and began working alongside Martin Ryle, another wartime radar expert. Sir Francis played a key role in pioneering the new science of radio astronomy, providing some of the most accurate positions for the newly discovered sources of cosmic radio waves using devices called 1964, he was appointed as a professor of radio astronomy at the University of Manchester and moved to Jodrell Bank. 'Immeasurable contribution' In 1982 he succeeded Sir Bernard Lovell, who founded Jodrell Bank, as its observatory said Sir Francis's leadership had ensured its "continued international scientific excellence". "His contribution to the field was immeasurable," it added. Sir Francis technically retired in 1988 but continued to be an "active member" of Jodrell Bank's pulsar research group until very recently. The University of Manchester said Sir Francis and Elizabeth, his wife of 76 years who died in 2021, had four from astronomy, he was a keen gardener and an "avid" bee-keeper, a hobby which he enjoyed well into his 90s. Read more stories from Cheshire on the BBC, watch BBC North West Tonight on BBC iPlayer and follow BBC North West on X. You can also send story ideas via Whatsapp to 0808 100 2230.
