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Japan Times
2 days ago
- Health
- Japan Times
Japan's top brands get tied up in the great sunscreen debate
If you're heading to Hawaii or another tropical destination abroad this summer, you may notice something unusual about the sunscreen on offer at the local pharmacy. With some jurisdictions choosing to ban certain sunscreens in the name of protecting marine life, more products are being rolled out with 'reef-safe' and 'ocean-friendly' claims. While some bans have been in place for several years, the debate over just how harmful these products are is far from settled. Japan doesn't have any such regulations in place. But Japanese cosmetic giants, whose sunscreens are proving to be immensely popular among foreign consumers looking for lightweight textures, are not entirely immune from the controversy. On one side are marine conservationists, environmentalists and some tourism authorities, who argue that a growing body of research linking certain sunscreen ingredients to coral bleaching is enough to take preventive action. On the other side, cosmetics companies and some scientists say the health benefits of sunscreen, especially in preventing skin cancer, must be weighed against the potential risk to marine life. They also argue that the level of risk that sunscreen poses to coral is minor compared to the broader threat of climate change and warming oceans. Regulatory moves Amid growing awareness of the importance of skin care, demand for sunscreen is on the rise worldwide. According to Fortune Business Insights, the global sun care market was valued at $14.9 billion in 2024, a figure that is projected to grow to $15.5 billion in 2025 and reach $22.3 billion by 2032. Most sunscreens are made from a mix of UV filters, which either absorb or scatter UV rays, as well as chemicals such as stabilizers, fragrances and preservatives. Sunbathers apply sunscreen at a beach in Sydney in April. Amid a debate over sunscreen regulations, some say that bans on ingredients that are hard to find alternatives for may restrict access to effective tools against skin disease. | Reuters In recent years, the potential harm caused by chemicals such as oxybenzone and octinoxate when they wash off the bodies of beachgoers and pollute the ocean has attracted significant attention, leading some jurisdictions to ban them. Instead, those jurisdictions recommend the use of 'mineral' sunscreen, which typically contains zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and is seen as less toxic to the environment. Palau, a Pacific island nation that relies heavily on tourism, led the way by introducing the world's first sunscreen regulations in 2020, banning 10 common ingredients. Hawaii followed suit in 2021, with the U.S. state banning the sale and distribution of any sunscreen containing oxybenzone or octinoxate. Beyond the state-level rules, Maui and the island of Hawaii have adopted stricter regulations, banning any sunscreen that uses an active ingredient other than titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. Similar bans on specific ingredients have been introduced in the U.S. Virgin Islands, parts of Mexico and within Thailand's marine national parks. Japanese authorities allow sunscreens sold and used in the country to contain oxybenzone and octinoxate as long as they are within certain limits. In Palau, discussions within the country's government began after the local Coral Reef Research Foundation published a report in 2017 about Jellyfish Lake, says Orion Cruz, a Washington-based attorney who helped draft Palau's sunscreen regulations. The lake, a World Heritage site, is a popular tourist destination where visitors can swim alongside a swarm of harmless, orange jellyfish. The report highlighted the presence of several sunscreen chemicals in the tissue of jellyfish, as well as a recent decline in the jellyfish population, he says. 'The report did not conclude that the sunscreen chemicals caused that collapse, but they expressed some concern because they found the chemicals in such high concentrations,' Cruz says, noting that the report gave impetus to the adoption of sunscreen regulations in the country. Bleached corals off Thailand's Trat province in May 2024. While bleached corals don't die immediately, they lose the nutrients provided by algae, and eventually die if bleaching continues. | Reuters Cruz says that, before enacting the Responsible Tourism Education Act of 2018, the country's government consulted numerous scientists, including Craig Downs, an ecotoxicologist at Haereticus Environmental Laboratory known for his longtime research on sunscreen pollution. A 2022 opinion paper co-written by Cruz and Downs outlined the harm that sunscreen pollution can cause to marine and freshwater ecosystems, and the need for governments to inspire industry innovations for safer products. 'Sunscreen pollution can be a symptom of unsustainable tourism and coastal development, impacting marine and aquatic resources,' they wrote, adding that it can impact primary production and hurt the viability of offspring. Cruz says that the regulations are 'precautionary' and flexible enough, as they allow chemicals scientifically proven to be harmless to the environment or human health to be removed from the list. In addition to the initial ban of 10 specific ingredients, Palau now bans their derivatives, which are slightly different chemicals in the same classes as the outlawed ones. The government confiscates all sunscreens deemed to be toxic to reefs from tourists upon entry, and retailers selling them can be fined. Industry response The series of regulatory moves has rattled the cosmetics industry, which broadly views the current bans as not backed by sufficient scientific evidence. The U.S. Personal Care Products Council, a powerful trade group for the cosmetics industry, has released statements opposing the bans, advocating instead for 'sound scientific research in policymaking to ensure consumer access to safe, effective sunscreens.' 'Hawaii's legislation banning oxybenzone and octinoxate in sunscreens has raised concerns over the lack of scientific evidence linking sunscreen ingredients to coral reef decline, with other environmental factors like climate change and pollution identified as more significant contributors,' the group says on its website. Tokyo-based Kao, a major cosmetic company that develops and markets sunscreen products, says that the company has complied with regulations in each region and has launched a nonchemical product as well. But Kenkichi Fujii, vice president of regulatory science with the global brand, recalls that the industry was 'stunned' when debate on sunscreen regulations arose in Hawaii around 2018. Kao is a member of the U.S. council as well as similar trade organizations in Japan and Europe. 'It is true that vacationers and sunbathers use sunscreens, which are shed into the ocean,' Fujii says, stressing that the firm's stance is in line with other global makers. 'But they become diluted as they are carried by the waves. So even though their concentrations may increase momentarily, they go down over time.' Coral reefs repeat the bleaching and recovery process according to seasonal changes in ocean temperatures, he says, noting that climate change and a warming ocean are most strongly associated with bleaching, which is happening earlier in the year around the world. 'Our basic stance is that we still have doubts about whether sunscreens cause coral bleaching,' he says. 'We would like to understand the reasoning behind these regulations accurately, explain to consumers the position of our products based on this understanding, and develop products that can be explained from such a position.' Shiseido and Kao are among the Japanese brands that have had to navigate changing regulations over sunscreen amid environmental concerns. | Reuters Shiseido, another major Japanese cosmetic brand, also says that the sunscreens it markets in Hawaii are in compliance with local rules and do not contain banned ingredients. It doesn't sell sunscreen in Palau. 'Shiseido not only complies with safety assurance guidelines and laws and regulations around the world, but has also established its own strict safety assurance standards to confirm the safety of all ingredients in its products and formulate them appropriately,' a spokesperson said. Others are raising concerns about the impact of anti-sunscreen messaging on human health. Kao's Fujii points to the vital role sunscreens have played in preventing severe sunburns and skin cancer, saying that bans on common ingredients that are hard to find alternatives for may restrict access to effective tools against a major public health threat. Compound effects Many Japanese cosmetics companies are conducting independent research to examine the toxicity of sunscreen ingredients on corals. Last year, Kao published findings of a joint study with the University of Tokyo in the journal Science of the Total Environment. In the study, the team exposed a coral species called Acropora tenuis collected from the reef off Sesoko Island in Okinawa to oxybenzone for 96 hours. All of the coral fragments were dead at the 24-hour mark when the chemical's concentration was 5.6 milligrams per liter, but none died at lower concentrations. Based on the results, the concentration that had harmful effects to 50% of the test corals — a benchmark used in toxicity tests — was calculated to be 2.0 mg per liter, more than 1,000 times the highest concentration reported in a 2013 study that sampled actual seawater in Okinawa. Also, through RNA sequencing, they found that corals showed different 'gene expression' patterns when responding to higher ocean temperatures and to higher concentrations of oxybenzone. 'Corals themselves know the difference between heat stress and chemical stress, which I found to be very interesting,' says Toshiyuki Takagi, a coral researcher at the University of Tokyo who was involved in the study. 'At present, we cannot tell from looking at corals what has caused their bleaching, but we may be able to develop a method to identify the cause from gene expression.' Toshiyuki Takagi, a coral researcher at the University of Tokyo's Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, looks over corals cultured at the institute in Kashiwa, Chiba Prefecture, earlier this month. | Tomoko Otake Yutaka Tashiro, a professor at Meio University in Okinawa Prefecture, conducted a sampling survey of ocean water at an Okinawa beach in the early 2010s. His team's conclusion at the time was that, while concentrations of sunscreen chemicals varied by location, time of day and the number of people, they were not high enough to have a clear impact on coral or other marine life, he says. But the negative impact of sunscreen cannot be entirely ruled out, given the increasingly harsh conditions for coral reefs, which are bearing the brunt of climate change, he says. Coral reefs provide food, shelter and spawning grounds for many marine species. They are called the 'rainforests of the sea' due to their ability to support abundant life. Coral bleaching is a phenomenon in which corals drive out the symbiotic algae living inside their tissues. While bleached corals don't die immediately, they lose the nutrients provided by such algae, and eventually die if bleaching continues. 'Corals can be reborn or nurtured after bleaching,' Tashiro says. 'One big concern is that chemical pollution (including that brought on by sunscreens) may hinder this recovery process.' Tashiro adds that mineral sunscreens — some of which use nanoparticles to remove a noticeable white cast with them — haven't proven to be completely safe for the environment, either. "Now, researchers (worldwide) are studying how zinc oxide and titanium dioxide impact the environment and organisms," he says. "It's probably less gray than chemical sunscreens, but no definitive conclusion has been drawn." While research on the environmental impact of sunscreens has been limited in Japan, some institutes affiliated with municipal governments have recently started analyzing water quality in the ocean and rivers, says Yutaka Kameda, an environmental chemistry professor at the Chiba Institute of Technology. His team also started sampling surveys of waters off an Okinawa beach last year in partnership with researchers from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. He echoes Tashiro's view that the impact of chronic chemical stress on corals remains unclear at this point. Unlike industry representatives, however, Kameda considers moves by Hawaii to target oxybenzone and octinoxate 'reasonable,' citing a growing number of studies on their toxicity and endocrine-disrupting quality, mostly to humans. Meanwhile, some products with 'reef-friendly' labeling have recently come under heavy scrutiny. In March, the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office in California sued the maker of the Hawaiian Tropic and Banana Boat sunscreens, saying it engaged in false advertising by calling some of its products 'reef-friendly' without scientific support. In March, the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office in California sued the maker of the Hawaiian Tropic and Banana Boat sunscreens, saying it engaged in false advertising by calling some of its products 'reef-friendly' without scientific support. | Reuters The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission also sued the owner of the popular sunscreens for alleged greenwashing last month. The consumer watchdog alleges that, while the sunscreens do not contain oxybenzone or octinoxate, they contain other ingredients that either cause or risk causing harm to coral and marine life, such as octocrylene and homosalate. While there are no easy answers, Tashiro says the best approach to protecting yourself from the sun varies among people. Those engaged in outdoor work, whether in construction or marine tourism, should do everything they can to protect themselves from UV rays, including by using sunscreens, he says. For others, seeking shade and covering their bodies with breathable, long-sleeved shirts, as well as hats and sunglasses, would be a viable option. 'The idea that reducing exposure to the sun and wearing protective clothing is an environmentally friendly option should spread more widely,' he says.
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Travel + Leisure
09-06-2025
- Travel + Leisure
I've Been Diving for 22 Years—These Are the 8 Best Reef-safe Sunscreens I've Tried
I was 13 the first time I saw a coral reef. The endless blue of the ocean gave way to an explosion of color unlike anything I'd seen before. Colorful schools of fish moved around vibrant corals while the sun shone through, glittering like a stained glass window set aflame by the sun. In the 22 years since that moment, I've been fortunate enough to go snorkeling and diving all over the world, from the cold waters of Jeju Island in Korea to the warmth of the Indian Ocean in Seychelles and numerous places in the Caribbean. Although coral reefs are still magical, there is an uncomfortable truth anyone who knows the ocean has to painfully acknowledge: Corals are dying. According to the National Park Service, swimmers leech an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 tons of sunscreen into the ocean every year, and sunscreen has been linked to coral bleaching—a phenomenon wherein coral loses its vibrant pigment and turns white over time, becoming weak and susceptible to starvation and death. It's been a long time since I've seen a truly thriving reef; even the one I visited in middle school is mostly bleached now. Though we may not individually have the power to reverse climate change, there are smaller—albeit very significant—actions that we can take, like switching to reef-safe sunscreens. Since terms like 'reef-safe' are unregulated, consumers should look out for specific ingredients when choosing an eco-conscious sunscreen, especially oxybenzone and octinoxate. Now banned in places like Hawaii, Mexico, and Aruba, these ingredients aren't just harmful for marine life, but have also been linked to hormone disruption in humans. Other toxic ingredients to avoid include non-nano-sized zinc or titanium, parabens, and triclosan. To keep coral reefs as healthy as possible while diving, I've tested out several reef-safe sunscreens. Keep scrolling for eight travel-friendly, reef-safe sunscreens I recommend that are perfectly sized for stowing in your carry-on luggage. Thrive's Mineral Face SPF is the only reef-safe facial sunscreen I found that was able to replace my regular one. The formula states that it's made for sensitive skin, and it delivers on its promise. It's lightweight and soothing for my rosacea and acne-prone face. It also leaves no white cast. As a bonus, all Thrive products are plastic negative, meaning that the company recovers more plastic from the ocean than it uses to package its products. My only qualm with it is that the SPF is lower than I would like, and that the body sunscreen is too large to pack in a carry-on. Since it costs nearly $30 for 2 ounces, I wouldn't use this product when I'm at the beach and need to reapply sunscreen around the clock. Instead, I'd use this for daily life and SPF touch-ups, and opt for longer-lasting options when I plan to be outside in the sun all day. It's important to remember that using reef-safe sunscreen is still important for protecting aquatic environments, even if you're not near the ocean—harmful chemicals from non-reef-safe sunscreens can seep into local water sources when you shower. SurfDurt Mineral SPF is now one of my favorite facial sunscreens, especially because of its impressively short list of 10 ingredients, including organic cocoa butter, organic coconut oil, and natural iron oxide pigment. There is nothing on the list that I don't recognize, so I feel comfortable diving while wearing it, knowing I'm not harming the very reefs that I'm swimming next to. I've also found that this product is perfect for kids. My three-year-old niece, who usually hates putting on sunscreen, loves it so much to the point where I have to tell her to save some for later. Since it's not a messy, runny liquid, she's able to put it on herself, making the SPF application process feel more like a game than an annoying pre-pool requirement. Since I have mixed skin, this sunscreen is a bit too greasy for me to use every day. But when I made my brother, another sunscreen hater, try it, he said that it worked well for his dry skin. I love that you don't have to ever worry about the sunscreen spilling all over your suitcase or purse, and that you can reuse the cool bamboo and tin packaging to pack things like jewelry and pills once you're run out of product. If you've never used tin sunscreen before, try it out for yourself; you'll probably end up appreciating how nice and smooth it feels without leaving your hands gooey or greasy. Hawaiian-based Kokua Sun Care contains natural, locally-grown ingredients like spirulina, noni, flower extracts, and seed oils; however, its formula also includes chemical ingredients. Despite being the most expensive sunscreen on the list, its texture isn't very smooth, so you'll have to thoroughly rub it in. That said, it has a high SPF, and it doesn't leave a white cast or have a strong smell, which are two factors that I believe justify the high price. For the packaging, the company uses bio-based sugar cane that is chemically identical to polyethylene, making it easy to recycle. Because sugar cane absorbs more CO2 while growing than the amount that is released when making the packaging, this is considered a carbon-negative packaging solution, giving this sunscreen option bonus points for eco-friendliness. Badger sunscreen is dermatologist-approved, and it's not hard to see why. The product is fairly lightweight and doesn't leave a white cast, which means you can reapply it multiple times without overwhelming your skin. It wins bonus points for its high SPF and relatively low price. The brand's facial sunscreen is great as well, and it doesn't make my sensitive skin react. I could definitely see this becoming my to-go product for daily protection if I couldn't shell out $30 for the Thrive restock. I use the tin version in order to reduce plastic waste, but the company has a tube sunscreen with 50 percent recycled plastic packaging, and all products are made in solar-powered facilities within the U.S. The thing I love the most about Raw Elements' SPF is that you can recognize everything on the ingredient list. Besides non-nano zinc oxide, you'll find ingredients like sunflower, organic beeswax, mango, green tea leaf extract, rosemary, and coffee. This gives the product a strong smell, but it's not a chemical one, so I actually prefer its scent to that of most 'regular' sunscreens. Other positives are that it doesn't leave a white cast, and that it feels nourishing, especially if you have dry skin. While the product is supposed to be used on both the body and face, my sensitive face immediately started itching when I put it on. The rest of my body reacts well to it, though, so I'd recommend this as an affordable body sunscreen made with natural ingredients. Besides having the coolest logo out of all the sunscreens on this list, Raw Love SPF earns points for being the smoothest tin sunscreen I've ever tried. Its ingredient list is short and mostly made up of organic ingredients, like coconut oil and shea butter, and it has a fresh, minty smell. This Maui-based brand was founded by a marine biologist, which explains its commitment and dedication to keeping things natural and healthy for both humans and sea life. Unfortunately for me, this product is a bit too oily to put daily on my mixed-type skin, though Amazon reviews claim it works well with other skin types—some people even use it as a makeup primer. While the product's consistency is fantastic, it only comes in a 2-ounce or 4-ounce packaging, so if you need to keep it TSA-friendly, you'll have to opt for the smaller of the two. There is a minimal white cast that wasn't very noticeable on my pale skin, though it might be more obvious on darker skin tones. Stream2Sea's sunscreen is not greasy and doesn't make my rosacea flare up—this alone immediately earned it a spot on this list. I also like that the product is biodegradable and packaged in recycled materials. The only downside is that it leaves a noticeable white cast, even after rubbing intensely. If this is a non-negotiable for you, I've found that the tinned balm version doesn't have this issue, so I'll certainly be making it my go-to for dive days when I mostly reapply to my hands and face. Besides foregoing the use of harmful chemicals, the company claims to have developed a sunscreen product that actually helps corals—aptly named Coral Care—by providing nutrients that naturally exist in sea water, though this study is still being peer reviewed. Although the Coral Care sunscreen line isn't available on Amazon yet, you can purchase it on Stream2Sea's website. While Blue Lizard's products are Hawaiian Act 104-compliant—meaning that they contain no octinoxate or oxybenzone—they do have more chemical ingredients than the other options on this list. Still, this sunscreen has a high SPF, works well for sensitive skin, and beats out the competition in terms of affordability. It was also the only reef-safe sunscreen that I could find at my local drugstore, making it more easily accessible than brands that you have to order online. It is worth noting that it rubs clear when you first put it on, but then turns slightly white when you go into the water. Overall, I'd keep this as a last-minute or low-budget option for when you can't get any of the other recommended sunscreens—and despite this shortcoming, I'd definitely still choose it over products made with chemicals that are harming the ocean. Love a great deal? 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