
I worked in childcare, and these are the red flags parents can spot
My first thought, as a previous trainee doing work experience in childcare centres in Sydney, was how could an educator get away with this and go unnoticed?
Over a few days, I read more and reflected on my own experiences. I realised, actually it could be quite easy.
My experience is certainly not comprehensive - I completed 240 unpaid hours (about 30 days) in baby and toddler rooms across two centres. But, just from that, I can identify some measures which may help keep children safe.
There are also some red flags parents and carers can keep in mind when choosing a centre for their children.
The early childhood education workforce is highly casualised. Centres may have full-time educators as room leaders or managers, but rely on agency staff to fill in gaps rather than hire above ratios.
There is a massive shortage of educators, probably because it is low-paid and emotionally exhausting work. The teachers I worked with often spoke about leaving to "work private" - as a nanny - or retraining. I have not been in the sector for years, but constantly receive texts, emails and calls from recruiters.
(Brown is said to have worked at 11 centres from 2024 until he was charged in May 2025).
Having more permanent staff is better for children who can develop attachments and be cared for by people who know them and their idiosyncrasies.
More importantly, centre managers and educators get to know each other, develop and understand child safe policies and may be better at picking up on suspicious behaviour.
To be clear, trusted people do abuse children. We know that perpetrators will groom parents and communities, earning the trust to get away with abuse. Convicted paedophile and Brisbane educator Ashley Paul Griffith was invited into his victims' homes.
I am just suggesting that a casualised workforce is not an environment that prioritises child safety.
Permanent and experienced staff may be more likely to question unsafe practices, raise concerns about another educator's unusual behaviour or notice a child is acting out of character. It is easier to track offenders.
If you notice lots of unfamiliar faces at pick-up or drop-off, I would start asking questions.
More than once, I found myself alone with kids in a room out of sight of educators while working as a trainee at one centre.
There was a small room off the main area with dress-up clothes and books, and the toddlers liked to drag me in there. Sometimes they would even shut the door behind them.
This is obviously a massive red flag. Children should be well supervised, ideally not left alone with only one educator.
Sydney-based educator Nick Stephens told Triple J: "Anyone that works as a quality service has that question ... how was a male allowed one-on-one with a child for an extended period?
"Ratios need to change. The more adults you have in a room working with children, the less likely something like this can happen."
An open-plan environment increases visibility.
Children are very small, so the furniture and walls should be smaller.
It might not smell great, but nappy changes can be done in the public space. Toilets (for children, not staff), don't need doors, or frankly even walls. Big glass windows that let you see inside and out are great.
Can children (and educators) hide under forts or tunnels, or behind playground equipment?
There are some practicalities that are hard to address. Babies will probably need a quiet and dark room to sleep (and they need their sleep). You cannot have two teachers leave seven children to put one baby down.
Perhaps we can consider CCTV in areas like this, or even the entire premises. There are issues around the privacy of children and staff, but when weighing it against child safety, I think it is worth discussing.
Many parents feel guilty enough for leaving their children in care, but in a modern world, it is a necessary sacrifice to keep a roof over their heads. Research also shows disadvantaged children benefit from being in high-quality childcare (but poor quality care leads to deficits in language and cognitive function).
I encourage parents to ask questions like: How often are strangers looking after my baby? Are there any places for a predator to, literally, hide? But if you don't like the answer, there may not be much you can do.
Finding another centre can actually be impossible in some areas, and good ones often have long waitlists.
Nannies, au pairs and babysitters are expensive and subject to far less supervision or scrutiny than educators in a centre.
READ MORE:
The sickening thing is that predators will find a way to abuse children, including in front of others.
The Canberra Rape Crisis Centre reports that one in three girls and one in five boys are sexually abused, yet most cases do not occur in educational settings.
Perpetrators are fathers, step-fathers, uncles, grandfathers, brothers, cousins and friends of the family.
Those calling for male educators to be banned should perhaps also consider banning parents, especially fathers, from caring for their own children.
If a predator cannot work in a childcare centre, they will find another way. UNSW research from 2023 found one in six Australian men have sexual feelings towards children, and one in 10 have offended.
Banning phones might prevent an abuser from recording and sharing their abuse, but it will not stop them from doing it.
Protecting your child can feel almost impossible right now; and that is because if it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to protect them.
This was originally published on Substack.
I was horrified and shocked to read that an early childhood educator, Joshua Brown, had been charged with more than 70 offences against children aged between five months and two years old.
My first thought, as a previous trainee doing work experience in childcare centres in Sydney, was how could an educator get away with this and go unnoticed?
Over a few days, I read more and reflected on my own experiences. I realised, actually it could be quite easy.
My experience is certainly not comprehensive - I completed 240 unpaid hours (about 30 days) in baby and toddler rooms across two centres. But, just from that, I can identify some measures which may help keep children safe.
There are also some red flags parents and carers can keep in mind when choosing a centre for their children.
The early childhood education workforce is highly casualised. Centres may have full-time educators as room leaders or managers, but rely on agency staff to fill in gaps rather than hire above ratios.
There is a massive shortage of educators, probably because it is low-paid and emotionally exhausting work. The teachers I worked with often spoke about leaving to "work private" - as a nanny - or retraining. I have not been in the sector for years, but constantly receive texts, emails and calls from recruiters.
(Brown is said to have worked at 11 centres from 2024 until he was charged in May 2025).
Having more permanent staff is better for children who can develop attachments and be cared for by people who know them and their idiosyncrasies.
More importantly, centre managers and educators get to know each other, develop and understand child safe policies and may be better at picking up on suspicious behaviour.
To be clear, trusted people do abuse children. We know that perpetrators will groom parents and communities, earning the trust to get away with abuse. Convicted paedophile and Brisbane educator Ashley Paul Griffith was invited into his victims' homes.
I am just suggesting that a casualised workforce is not an environment that prioritises child safety.
Permanent and experienced staff may be more likely to question unsafe practices, raise concerns about another educator's unusual behaviour or notice a child is acting out of character. It is easier to track offenders.
If you notice lots of unfamiliar faces at pick-up or drop-off, I would start asking questions.
More than once, I found myself alone with kids in a room out of sight of educators while working as a trainee at one centre.
There was a small room off the main area with dress-up clothes and books, and the toddlers liked to drag me in there. Sometimes they would even shut the door behind them.
This is obviously a massive red flag. Children should be well supervised, ideally not left alone with only one educator.
Sydney-based educator Nick Stephens told Triple J: "Anyone that works as a quality service has that question ... how was a male allowed one-on-one with a child for an extended period?
"Ratios need to change. The more adults you have in a room working with children, the less likely something like this can happen."
An open-plan environment increases visibility.
Children are very small, so the furniture and walls should be smaller.
It might not smell great, but nappy changes can be done in the public space. Toilets (for children, not staff), don't need doors, or frankly even walls. Big glass windows that let you see inside and out are great.
Can children (and educators) hide under forts or tunnels, or behind playground equipment?
There are some practicalities that are hard to address. Babies will probably need a quiet and dark room to sleep (and they need their sleep). You cannot have two teachers leave seven children to put one baby down.
Perhaps we can consider CCTV in areas like this, or even the entire premises. There are issues around the privacy of children and staff, but when weighing it against child safety, I think it is worth discussing.
Many parents feel guilty enough for leaving their children in care, but in a modern world, it is a necessary sacrifice to keep a roof over their heads. Research also shows disadvantaged children benefit from being in high-quality childcare (but poor quality care leads to deficits in language and cognitive function).
I encourage parents to ask questions like: How often are strangers looking after my baby? Are there any places for a predator to, literally, hide? But if you don't like the answer, there may not be much you can do.
Finding another centre can actually be impossible in some areas, and good ones often have long waitlists.
Nannies, au pairs and babysitters are expensive and subject to far less supervision or scrutiny than educators in a centre.
READ MORE:
The sickening thing is that predators will find a way to abuse children, including in front of others.
The Canberra Rape Crisis Centre reports that one in three girls and one in five boys are sexually abused, yet most cases do not occur in educational settings.
Perpetrators are fathers, step-fathers, uncles, grandfathers, brothers, cousins and friends of the family.
Those calling for male educators to be banned should perhaps also consider banning parents, especially fathers, from caring for their own children.
If a predator cannot work in a childcare centre, they will find another way. UNSW research from 2023 found one in six Australian men have sexual feelings towards children, and one in 10 have offended.
Banning phones might prevent an abuser from recording and sharing their abuse, but it will not stop them from doing it.
Protecting your child can feel almost impossible right now; and that is because if it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to protect them.
This was originally published on Substack.
I was horrified and shocked to read that an early childhood educator, Joshua Brown, had been charged with more than 70 offences against children aged between five months and two years old.
My first thought, as a previous trainee doing work experience in childcare centres in Sydney, was how could an educator get away with this and go unnoticed?
Over a few days, I read more and reflected on my own experiences. I realised, actually it could be quite easy.
My experience is certainly not comprehensive - I completed 240 unpaid hours (about 30 days) in baby and toddler rooms across two centres. But, just from that, I can identify some measures which may help keep children safe.
There are also some red flags parents and carers can keep in mind when choosing a centre for their children.
The early childhood education workforce is highly casualised. Centres may have full-time educators as room leaders or managers, but rely on agency staff to fill in gaps rather than hire above ratios.
There is a massive shortage of educators, probably because it is low-paid and emotionally exhausting work. The teachers I worked with often spoke about leaving to "work private" - as a nanny - or retraining. I have not been in the sector for years, but constantly receive texts, emails and calls from recruiters.
(Brown is said to have worked at 11 centres from 2024 until he was charged in May 2025).
Having more permanent staff is better for children who can develop attachments and be cared for by people who know them and their idiosyncrasies.
More importantly, centre managers and educators get to know each other, develop and understand child safe policies and may be better at picking up on suspicious behaviour.
To be clear, trusted people do abuse children. We know that perpetrators will groom parents and communities, earning the trust to get away with abuse. Convicted paedophile and Brisbane educator Ashley Paul Griffith was invited into his victims' homes.
I am just suggesting that a casualised workforce is not an environment that prioritises child safety.
Permanent and experienced staff may be more likely to question unsafe practices, raise concerns about another educator's unusual behaviour or notice a child is acting out of character. It is easier to track offenders.
If you notice lots of unfamiliar faces at pick-up or drop-off, I would start asking questions.
More than once, I found myself alone with kids in a room out of sight of educators while working as a trainee at one centre.
There was a small room off the main area with dress-up clothes and books, and the toddlers liked to drag me in there. Sometimes they would even shut the door behind them.
This is obviously a massive red flag. Children should be well supervised, ideally not left alone with only one educator.
Sydney-based educator Nick Stephens told Triple J: "Anyone that works as a quality service has that question ... how was a male allowed one-on-one with a child for an extended period?
"Ratios need to change. The more adults you have in a room working with children, the less likely something like this can happen."
An open-plan environment increases visibility.
Children are very small, so the furniture and walls should be smaller.
It might not smell great, but nappy changes can be done in the public space. Toilets (for children, not staff), don't need doors, or frankly even walls. Big glass windows that let you see inside and out are great.
Can children (and educators) hide under forts or tunnels, or behind playground equipment?
There are some practicalities that are hard to address. Babies will probably need a quiet and dark room to sleep (and they need their sleep). You cannot have two teachers leave seven children to put one baby down.
Perhaps we can consider CCTV in areas like this, or even the entire premises. There are issues around the privacy of children and staff, but when weighing it against child safety, I think it is worth discussing.
Many parents feel guilty enough for leaving their children in care, but in a modern world, it is a necessary sacrifice to keep a roof over their heads. Research also shows disadvantaged children benefit from being in high-quality childcare (but poor quality care leads to deficits in language and cognitive function).
I encourage parents to ask questions like: How often are strangers looking after my baby? Are there any places for a predator to, literally, hide? But if you don't like the answer, there may not be much you can do.
Finding another centre can actually be impossible in some areas, and good ones often have long waitlists.
Nannies, au pairs and babysitters are expensive and subject to far less supervision or scrutiny than educators in a centre.
READ MORE:
The sickening thing is that predators will find a way to abuse children, including in front of others.
The Canberra Rape Crisis Centre reports that one in three girls and one in five boys are sexually abused, yet most cases do not occur in educational settings.
Perpetrators are fathers, step-fathers, uncles, grandfathers, brothers, cousins and friends of the family.
Those calling for male educators to be banned should perhaps also consider banning parents, especially fathers, from caring for their own children.
If a predator cannot work in a childcare centre, they will find another way. UNSW research from 2023 found one in six Australian men have sexual feelings towards children, and one in 10 have offended.
Banning phones might prevent an abuser from recording and sharing their abuse, but it will not stop them from doing it.
Protecting your child can feel almost impossible right now; and that is because if it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to protect them.
This was originally published on Substack.
I was horrified and shocked to read that an early childhood educator, Joshua Brown, had been charged with more than 70 offences against children aged between five months and two years old.
My first thought, as a previous trainee doing work experience in childcare centres in Sydney, was how could an educator get away with this and go unnoticed?
Over a few days, I read more and reflected on my own experiences. I realised, actually it could be quite easy.
My experience is certainly not comprehensive - I completed 240 unpaid hours (about 30 days) in baby and toddler rooms across two centres. But, just from that, I can identify some measures which may help keep children safe.
There are also some red flags parents and carers can keep in mind when choosing a centre for their children.
The early childhood education workforce is highly casualised. Centres may have full-time educators as room leaders or managers, but rely on agency staff to fill in gaps rather than hire above ratios.
There is a massive shortage of educators, probably because it is low-paid and emotionally exhausting work. The teachers I worked with often spoke about leaving to "work private" - as a nanny - or retraining. I have not been in the sector for years, but constantly receive texts, emails and calls from recruiters.
(Brown is said to have worked at 11 centres from 2024 until he was charged in May 2025).
Having more permanent staff is better for children who can develop attachments and be cared for by people who know them and their idiosyncrasies.
More importantly, centre managers and educators get to know each other, develop and understand child safe policies and may be better at picking up on suspicious behaviour.
To be clear, trusted people do abuse children. We know that perpetrators will groom parents and communities, earning the trust to get away with abuse. Convicted paedophile and Brisbane educator Ashley Paul Griffith was invited into his victims' homes.
I am just suggesting that a casualised workforce is not an environment that prioritises child safety.
Permanent and experienced staff may be more likely to question unsafe practices, raise concerns about another educator's unusual behaviour or notice a child is acting out of character. It is easier to track offenders.
If you notice lots of unfamiliar faces at pick-up or drop-off, I would start asking questions.
More than once, I found myself alone with kids in a room out of sight of educators while working as a trainee at one centre.
There was a small room off the main area with dress-up clothes and books, and the toddlers liked to drag me in there. Sometimes they would even shut the door behind them.
This is obviously a massive red flag. Children should be well supervised, ideally not left alone with only one educator.
Sydney-based educator Nick Stephens told Triple J: "Anyone that works as a quality service has that question ... how was a male allowed one-on-one with a child for an extended period?
"Ratios need to change. The more adults you have in a room working with children, the less likely something like this can happen."
An open-plan environment increases visibility.
Children are very small, so the furniture and walls should be smaller.
It might not smell great, but nappy changes can be done in the public space. Toilets (for children, not staff), don't need doors, or frankly even walls. Big glass windows that let you see inside and out are great.
Can children (and educators) hide under forts or tunnels, or behind playground equipment?
There are some practicalities that are hard to address. Babies will probably need a quiet and dark room to sleep (and they need their sleep). You cannot have two teachers leave seven children to put one baby down.
Perhaps we can consider CCTV in areas like this, or even the entire premises. There are issues around the privacy of children and staff, but when weighing it against child safety, I think it is worth discussing.
Many parents feel guilty enough for leaving their children in care, but in a modern world, it is a necessary sacrifice to keep a roof over their heads. Research also shows disadvantaged children benefit from being in high-quality childcare (but poor quality care leads to deficits in language and cognitive function).
I encourage parents to ask questions like: How often are strangers looking after my baby? Are there any places for a predator to, literally, hide? But if you don't like the answer, there may not be much you can do.
Finding another centre can actually be impossible in some areas, and good ones often have long waitlists.
Nannies, au pairs and babysitters are expensive and subject to far less supervision or scrutiny than educators in a centre.
READ MORE:
The sickening thing is that predators will find a way to abuse children, including in front of others.
The Canberra Rape Crisis Centre reports that one in three girls and one in five boys are sexually abused, yet most cases do not occur in educational settings.
Perpetrators are fathers, step-fathers, uncles, grandfathers, brothers, cousins and friends of the family.
Those calling for male educators to be banned should perhaps also consider banning parents, especially fathers, from caring for their own children.
If a predator cannot work in a childcare centre, they will find another way. UNSW research from 2023 found one in six Australian men have sexual feelings towards children, and one in 10 have offended.
Banning phones might prevent an abuser from recording and sharing their abuse, but it will not stop them from doing it.
Protecting your child can feel almost impossible right now; and that is because if it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to protect them.
This was originally published on Substack.

Try Our AI Features
Explore what Daily8 AI can do for you:
Comments
No comments yet...
Related Articles

News.com.au
2 hours ago
- News.com.au
Irishman escapes detention tying bedsheets together and scaling down building in Australia
An Irishman allegedly tied bedsheets together and scaled down the side of a building to escape detention in Australia after he was caught entering the country using a fake passport. Australian Federal Police allege the 26-year-old unlawfully entered Australia in March this year and was detained when he refused to undertake biometric checks. Police claim the man escaped detention by tying bedsheets together and scaled down the side of a building in April. He was arrested by police at Box Hill, in Sydney's northwest on Thursday. The Irishman appeared in the Parramatta Magistrates Court on Friday and was extradited to Queensland that afternoon. He faces charges for using a fake document and escaping detention.

News.com.au
4 hours ago
- News.com.au
22yo mum charged over critical baby injuries
A young mum is accused of seriously injuring her baby after she took her to a Sydney hospital with critical injuries. State Crime Command's Child Abuse Squad detectives commenced an investigation following reports the two-month-old girl had presented in critical condition at Mt Druitt Hospital in Sydney's west on Friday, June 27. Following inquiries, police arrested a 22-year-old woman in Greystanes on Thursday. She was taken to Granville Police Station and charged with two counts of reckless grievous bodily harm - DV and assault occasioning actual bodily harm - DV. The woman was granted conditional bail to appear before Parramatta Local Court next month. Sources told the woman arrived at the hospital with a male who is not accused of any wrongdoing. The child, who needed to be resuscitated, was then stabilised and transferred to Westmead Children's Hospital where she remains. It is believed the baby has suffered a brain injury.

News.com.au
7 hours ago
- News.com.au
‘Terrified': Vulnerable public housing tenants living in fear of violent ex-prisoners
Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore has been accused of brushing aside locals' concerns about violent and anti-social public housing tenants being moved in next to vulnerable residents, with one elderly woman left nearly 'shaking with anger' after being 'shut down' at a community forum this week. Cr Moore hosted the 'Your Housing, Your Say' event at Glebe Town Hall on Thursday, billed as an opportunity for social housing tenants to raise issues including 'preventing anti-social behaviour'. One elderly Glebe resident confronted the Lord Mayor and Margaret Macrae from Homes NSW about a recent incident at her building on July 5. 'To tell you the truth, I've had not even an inadequate response from Homes NSW and indeed the police that were called,' she said. 'Homes NSW has not been in contact with any of the tenants. It was one particular tenant with a strong prison history of violence and drug-related raging. It's a really bad situation. He terrified the building.' The woman said while the man was eventually arrested a few days later, there had been 'a succession of three tenants for that one unit who come from priority housing listing'. 'And each of them has relapsed into their anti-social behaviour really quite quickly,' she said. 'They weren't accurately assessed for suitability, they were inappropriately placed. And there are how many people who would be peaceful and not drug dealing and all the other stuff, prostitution, whatever.' Cr Moore's response was that 'housing is providing homes for as many people as possible'. Sydney Lord Mayor Clover Moore hosts a 'Your House, Your Say' community forum. Picture: Supplied 'And if someone behaves really badly and they're moved, they have to be moved somewhere else or they could end up as homeless people on the street,' she said. 'So it's a really challenging situation to house everyone that needs it, even people that have, you know, bad behaviours.' 'There's a need for supported accommodation, more of it, a lot more of it — there are models of success,' the woman replied. Cr Moore said the she agreed that there needed to be more supported accommodation in the model of Common Ground at Camperdown, which caters for 'adults with complex needs that require personalised case management and psychosocial supports'. 'We keep saying that we need more Common Grounds so that people can have support services, because there are a lot of very troubled people,' Cr Moore said. 'I've doorknocked some of those troubled people and it's been quite scary. But, you know, if they're not in those homes, they could be on the street. And that's a problem for the rest of the community and also very unsafe for them, too. So it's about being a compassionate government and a compassionate community and trying to look after everyone, and that's a challenge.' Ms Macrae added that 'often the house, the home is the crux of what gets everything else right in someone's life that's been in crisis'. 'Without a stable address, without stable accommodation, none of those other services can really come on-board and wrap around and start working with that client,' she said. 'Some are more successful than others but it doesn't mean that we don't try. I'm sorry that your examples in this particular block haven't been good but broadly we've got thousands of tenants in our district and we work very hard to wrap our services around and support those tenants.' Another local, however, spoke up to praise the city's response to 'helping people with mental illness'. 'There's a lot of people in housing with mental illness … I think they need a lot of support,' she said. The elderly resident said tenants were not being 'accurately assessed for suitability'. Picture: Supplied 'You can hear them carrying on. There's a lot of screaming and swearing and things. I've even seen a man riding a scooter fully naked — he didn't have a stitch on.' Speaking to after the meeting, the elderly resident — who asked not to be identified — said she was 'almost shaking with anger' at the response from the Lord Mayor and Homes NSW. 'It says 'Your Housing, Your Say', and we're shut down,' she said. 'They just don't want to hear it.' The woman said it was inexplicable why 'people with a strong history of violent, anti-social behaviour are given priority public housing, endangering peaceful, law-abiding tenants'. 'That man told me personally not long after he moved in that he had been in prison for cutting someone's fingers off,' she said. Cr Moore declined to be interviewed after the meeting, directing questions to Homes NSW. Housing Minister Rose Jackson and Homes NSW have been contacted for comment. As of June 30, there were 65,569 households waiting for social housing — up from 56,332 in June 2024 — including 11,525 priority approved, according to the latest NSW government figures. The median wait time for general applicants has decreased to 14.4 months, from 20.1 months a year earlier, while the priority wait time increased slightly from 3.5 months to four months in the same period. Under Homes NSW's recently implemented Local Allocation Strategy (LAS), people with drug-related convictions in the past five years are barred from applying for social housing in certain inner-city suburbs. NSW Housing Minister Rose Jackson. Picture: Gaye Gerard/NCA NewsWire The LAS currently takes in the suburbs of Redfern, Waterloo, Surry Hills and Glebe. In nearby Paddington, residents of the troubled Lawson Street housing complex have previously pleaded with the Housing Minister to add their suburb to the LAS. One resident told life in the 59-unit block had been 'made hell on earth on a daily basis by people who constantly break the law' and engage in anti-social behaviour. He said Homes NSW had shown 'total disregard' in placing people with severe mental health issues and drug problems 'in amongst units of mainly single elderly women, people with chronic illnesses and other health conditions'. 'We have been told that prisoners being released from NSW jails are at the top of the list when it comes to housing,' he said. 'The system is utterly broken.' Alex Greenwich, the Greens state MP for the Sydney electorate, joined Ms Jackson in April last year to meet with Lawson Street residents and listen to their concerns. In a letter to the Minister this May, Mr Greenwich urged Ms Jackson to add Paddington to the LAS. 'During your visit, Eastern Suburbs Police Area Command reported a significant increase in criminal activity and call outs over the previous three years,' he wrote. 'Police cited issues of squatters and unauthorised occupants, tenant incarceration and recidivism, drug dealing and use, theft, damage to property, threatening behaviour and assault. Police investigations also identified vehicles frequently visiting the site as known persons in the drug trade.' Mr Greenwich said one year on, 'criminal activity and anti-social behaviour remains a daily concern that is terrifying for your tenants, my constituents'. 'Lawson Street residents have approached me to ask for the Inner City Local Allocation Strategy to be applied to Paddington in order to give them reprieve from continuing drug-related harm, disturbance and threat to personal safety,' he wrote. Ms Jackson responded last month by noting Paddington was outside the LAS, but that the scheme was under review. 'Homes NSW continues to investigate all reported anti-social behaviour incidents and, where allegations are substantiated, takes appropriate action including formal warnings, strike notices or issuing notices of termination in accordance with police,' she wrote. In 2021, a study by the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) found ex-prisoners with complex support needs who received public housing had better criminal justice outcomes than those who received rental assistance only.