A cloud seeding startup did not cause the Texas floods
There are many potential reasons why so many people were killed by the swiftly rising waters, but one that some people have settled on is a practice known as cloud seeding. They claim that a cloud seeding startup known as Rainmaker caused the storm to drop more rain than it otherwise would have. However, the data does not back up their concerns.
It's true that Rainmaker was operating in that area a few days before the storm, but despite the online chatter, 'cloud seeding had nothing to do' with the floods, said Katja Friedrich, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder.
'It's just a complete conspiracy theory. Somebody is looking for somebody to blame,' Bob Rauber, a professor of atmospheric sciences at the University of Illinois, told TechCrunch.
Cloud seeding is nothing new. It has been practiced since the 1950s, Rauber said. It works by spraying small particles into clouds, usually made of silver iodide.
Silver iodide particles mimic the shape of ice crystals, so when they bump into super-cooled water droplets — water that remains liquid below the freezing point — they trigger the droplets to freeze into ice. That freezing is important, Rauber said. Ice crystals grow in size faster than super-cooled water drops, meaning they are more likely to capture enough water vapor to become large enough to fall out of the cloud. If they had remained as super-cooled water, there's a good chance they would eventually evaporate.
Only clouds that have a sufficient amount of super-cooled water are good candidates for cloud seeding.
In the U.S., most cloud seeding occurs in the winter near mountain ranges in the West. There, clouds form as the mountains push the air higher, causing it to cool and the water vapor to condense. If properly seeded, such clouds will release some of that water as snow, which is then held captive as snowpack, forming a natural reservoir that, during spring melts, recharges artificial reservoirs held behind dams.
Though people have been seeding clouds for decades, its impact on precipitation is a newer area of study. 'We really didn't have the technologies to evaluate it until recently,' Rauber said.
In early 2017, Friedrich, Rauber, and their colleagues set up shop in Idaho to perform one of the most detailed studies of cloud seeding to date. On three occasions, they seeded clouds for a total of two hours and ten minutes. It was enough to add around 186 million gallons of additional precipitation.
That might sound like a lot, and for drought-stricken Western states, it can make a difference. Idaho Power seeds many clouds throughout the winter to boost the amount of water being collected behind their dams so they can generate electricity throughout the year. 'Their data shows that it's cost-effective for them,' Rauber said.
But compared with a big storm, 186 million gallons is peanuts. 'When we talk about that huge storm that occurred with the flooding [in Texas], we're literally talking about the atmosphere processing trillions of gallons of water,' he said.
If Rainmaker influenced the storm, it was so minuscule that it would barely have been a rounding error. But the reality is, it didn't.
For starters, the company was seeding nearby clouds days before the storm hit. 'The air that was over that area two days before was probably somewhere over Canada by the time that storm occurred,' Rauber said.
Second, it's not clear whether cloud seeding is as effective in the cumulus clouds that occur in Texas in the summer. They're distinct from the orographic clouds that form near mountain ranges, and they don't respond the same to cloud seeding. For one, they tend to be short-lived and don't produce a lot of precipitation.
Cloud seeders might try to coax more out of them anyway, but 'the amount of rain that comes out of those seeded clouds is small,' Rauber said.
Those that do last long enough? 'Clouds that are deep, like thunderstorms, the natural processes are just fine,' he said. 'Those clouds are very efficient. Seeding those clouds is not going to do anything.'
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Chicago Tribune
20 hours ago
- Chicago Tribune
Can artificial reefs in Lake Michigan slow erosion and boost fish population? Researchers aim to find out.
Floating about 500 feet offshore of Illinois Beach State Park, Hillary Glandon tightened her scuba goggles, grabbed a small masonite plate from a nearby kayak and dove beneath the Lake Michigan surface. The masonite plate, called a Hester-Dendy sampler, helps biologists like Glandon scrape algae off underwater rocks. Just a few feet below the surface, she reached a huge underwater ridge made of limestone and other rocks piled into 750-foot rows parallel to the coast. On this dive in late June, a crew of four scuba divers ferried equipment back and forth between the kayaks and the underwater ridges, collecting sediment samples near the boulders and dropping off underwater cameras on the bottom of the lake. As the divers continued their work, a thick morning fog began to fade, giving way to clear blue waters. From the surface, schools of juvenile fish could be spotted drifting between patches of sunlight at the bottom of the ridges. These structures, called 'rubble ridges,' aren't just typical rocky reefs found on the bottom of the Great Lakes — they're entirely man-made. 'We just want to see, are these reefs impacting aquatic biodiversity as well as sediment retention?' Glandon said. 'We're trying to get the whole picture of the aquatic community, and in order to do that, we need to sample in a lot of different ways. It allows us to not only look at the sediment … but also the critters that are living in there.' Man-made reefs have become a popular way to provide a habitat for fish in coastal communities. The rubble ridges, however, are also designed as a cost-effective tool to prevent erosion. Each ridge sits about 3 to 5 feet beneath the lake's surface, which allows them to block some of the energy and sediments carried by waves during intense winter storms. When these waves reach the coast, they don't hit the shoreline as hard, which slows the process of erosion. And the gaps between each ridge help to retain some sediment without fully stopping the natural flow of sand. 'The designers call it passive sand management, just to slow erosion down when it's the worst,' said Steve Brown, the Illinois state geologist. 'That was part of the idea — a lower-cost offshore breakwater system. And we're trying to see, does it work like the designers thought it would work?' Glandon and her team of biologists and geologists at the Lake Michigan Biological Station, a research station in Zion run by the University of Illinois, are studying the rubble ridges as part of a federally funded pilot project through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. The initiative is a collaborative effort that provides funding to over a dozen federal agencies to protect the Great Lakes through infrastructure and lake monitoring projects. Installed at Illinois Beach State Park in 2021 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the ridges are being monitored along with another artificial reef at Fort Sheridan in Highland Park, as well as two control sites, about 2 miles south of each respective reef. In this part of Lake Michigan, just 3 miles south of the Illinois-Wisconsin state line, the lake bottom consists of a flat layer of sand, which doesn't usually attract invertebrates and smaller fish. But as Glandon descended onto the rocky ridge, she saw hundreds of fish, from species that tend to stay near the reef year-round like the round goby, to schools of younger migratory species like alewife that were using the ridge as a nursery habitat. By analyzing both biodiversity and shoreline changes at the reef, researchers are hoping to see whether this new kind of infrastructure could be scaled up as a tool for cities across the Great Lakes. 'Lake Michigan is a very dynamic place. It is always changing, and it always wants to change, and it always will change,' said Philip Willink, a biologist with the Illinois Natural History Survey and an expert on natural reefs in Chicago. 'People don't like that change and are trying to hold the shoreline in stasis, when, in reality, nature wants to erode some shoreline … But how do we put that into city planning?' As Glandon and a crew of three other scuba divers and two kayakers ventured out to sample algae and sediments at the ridges, a few other researchers remained onshore to help handle equipment. It was the research team's first dive of the year, and biologist Scot Peterson could already spot the traces of erosion from the winter's storms. Where a wooden boardwalk had once extended out over the beach, only a small chunk of wood remained, poking out from under a sand dune on a nearby roadbed. Strong waves had gradually weakened the structure over the past few years, and last year, the state park decided to remove it altogether. Related Articles A dry, mild start to winter led to below-average ice cover on Lake Michigan and a big drop in water levels We don't know what's at the bottom of the Great Lakes. Climate change demands we find out. Just off Chicago in Lake Michigan sits an oasis of diversity — Morgan Shoal 'Every time I come back, it feels like something has changed,' Peterson said. Sights like these are common across the Great Lakes, and Lake Michigan in particular can be especially 'unpredictable,' said Liz Spitzer, a coastal geologist with the Illinois State Geological Survey. The lake's levels tend to fluctuate from low to high in 10- to 30-year cycles, with levels usually reaching their annual peak during the summer. However, climate change is speeding up these fluctuations, experts say. In January 2013, Lake Michigan was at a record low. Just 3 ½ years later, the lake had risen 4 feet and by July 2020, it nearly broke the record high. Lake levels have always fluctuated, but that has been over a period of decades. Now these shifts are happening within a few years. That variability is attributed to multiple factors, but increased precipitation from climate change is the driving force. Today, lake levels are hovering at about 579 feet, close to the lake's average. At Illinois Beach State Park, these fluctuations have taken a toll, causing extreme erosion along the coastline. Kellogg Creek, located just south of the rubble ridges, has flooded several times over the past few years, damaging one of the buildings that researchers at the Lake Michigan Biological Station used to store samples. The lake bed at the northern part of the beach has eroded away, leaving grass roots exposed as windswept dunes pile up behind the shore. In response, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources approved a massive breakwater installation project in 2019 for the state park. The state spent $73 million to install 22 breakwaters along a 2.2-mile stretch of the state park's shoreline, making it the largest capital project in IDNR history. According to a 2023 release about the breakwaters, the state intended the structures to 'guide and direct the movement of the sand instead of simply trying to prevent its movement.' The breakwaters, made of stone, are angled slightly to the northwest to block storms that typically come from that direction. IDNR officials did not respond to requests for comment. The breakwaters, along with 430,000 cubic feet of sand that was added to bolster the beach, have helped rehabilitate the beach since construction finished in August 2024. The first chain of breakwaters ends just a few hundred feet north of the rubble ridges. With extreme erosion and other construction projects unfolding at the state park, Glandon said her team has had to deal with several 'confounding factors' at this reef site. 'The rubble was actually supposed to be built a little bit north of where it currently is, and that's because the large breakwater project was in the process of being designed when the rubble was being implemented,' Glandon said. 'They moved (the rubble) further south to accommodate those breakwaters.' The monitoring project at Illinois Beach State Park began in 2021 and is set to wrap up next year. The other artificial reef site at Fort Sheridan has been monitored since 2023 under a different project funded by the Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant. Researchers are comparing the results between the two sites, hoping to explain how reef systems function along different types of shorelines. The shoreline at Fort Sheridan consists mostly of rocky bluffs, and the lake bottom in that area is dotted with small boulders. Each spring, geologists have used drones to map the elevation of the bottom of the lake, allowing them to compare any changes in the lake's topography that happened during the winter storm season and see if the reefs are helping retain sediment. According to the research team's preliminary results, the Fort Sheridan reef has successfully helped to build up some sand. At Illinois Beach State Park, though, erosion has overall increased. Most of this erosion occurred between 2022 and 2024, with very little change happening at the site during the 2025 winter season. 'The sediment dynamics, that part of it is going to be very hard to make any conclusions without a huge asterisk, since they built these big breakwaters,' Glandon said. 'But what we're hoping to do is kind of zoom out with the geology story, and tell it from the perspective of before they built these big breakwaters and after. We're just trying to be nimble with the way we're sampling.' Illinois Beach State Park, which boasts the state's longest continuous stretch of natural shoreline, is somewhat of an anomaly. The park takes up 6.5 of Illinois' 63 miles of coastline along Lake Michigan, and the majority of this coastline consists of man-made structures, such as breakwaters or seawalls. This infrastructure is meant to help protect the urban coastline from eroding. However, it's not how the shoreline naturally functions, according to Spitzer. 'Along this stretch of the coast, the dominant current is generally coming from the north, going southward,' she said. 'Over the past couple thousand years, with the direction of the dominant current, we've been seeing the sand moving southward over time. And then human activity adds an extra layer of complexity to that, because that compartmentalizes where the sand can go.' The goal of most coastal protection structures, like seawalls, is to retain sand that's flowing through the lake. This helps build up extra sand along lakefront beaches and harbors, and lessens the impacts of erosion. Sand was already a scarce resource in southern Lake Michigan before humans began to build coastal infrastructure, according to a 2020 study conducted by Brown and other geological survey researchers, making sand retention in the area particularly vital. But man-made structures, which often run perpendicular to the shore, can also block the natural southward flow of sand. So while seawalls can build up sand in one location, a beach directly downstream of that seawall might face worse erosion as a result. 'Every time we create a structure, it stops the sand movement, and you get erosion downstream,' said Brown. 'And so the real question is that we haven't sorted out how to live along the lake.' The rubble ridges were designed to be an 'actively moving system,' Glandon said — as waves crash against the ridges over several years, researchers expect that some of the boulders will tumble to the bottom, flattening out over time. Since reef structures like the rubble ridges run parallel to the coast, they serve as somewhat of a middle ground — they retain some sand near the coastline but still allow most of it to pass through. So as the sand moves downstream, it leaves more for lakefront properties to the south to use as they build up their own shorelines, helping distribute sediments more evenly across the lake. That's part of the reasoning behind government investments in this project, Glandon said. Currently, most municipalities along the North Shore run their own coastal management programs and tend to build shoreline infrastructure like seawalls without consulting their neighbors. When one town builds a seawall, it creates a so-called domino effect — that can starve neighbors of sand directly to the south, and usually the only solution is to build their own seawalls. 'When we have private land ownership, it can be tricky to manage sediment movement that occurs outside of those human-created bounds,' Glandon said. Using infrastructure like artificial reefs, or other more natural designs, could help alleviate the need to build seawall after seawall. It also presents a relatively low-cost option — installing the rubble ridges cost just over $1.4 million. 'One of the hopes of our program is to try to provide this quantitative data on the effects of these structures … to give towns and local managers options for ways that they could potentially retain some sand in their areas without impacting their neighbors as much,' Glandon said. From the shores of Fort Sheridan and Illinois Beach State Park, the artificial reefs are invisible, hovering just beneath the surface. For aquatic creatures, though, these rocky reefs are a landmark, rising distinctly above the lake bottom. 'Most of the bottom of Lake Michigan is pretty flat. It's either sand or mud, with no real features,' Willink said. 'But every once in a while, there are natural reefs out there, and these can be in shallow water, in deeper water, they can be from a variety of sources as well.' Willink, the biologist who now works with the Illinois Natural History Survey at the University of Illinois, worked for many years at Chicago's Field Museum and Shedd Aquarium. There, he studied one of Chicago's most iconic underwater landmarks. Morgan Shoal, located just off the coast of Promontory Point by 53rd Street, is one of a handful of naturally occurring rocky reefs in Lake Michigan. This reef is actually a remnant of Chicago's ancient past, Willink said — about 425 million years ago, the modern-day Great Lakes region was located south of the equator, submerged in a tropical sea that was home to several coral reefs. Though the region's latitude has shifted, traces like the rocky reefs remain on the bottom of the lake, providing an ideal habitat for fish. Morgan Shoal features a wide variety of 'nooks and crannies,' Willink said, which provide habitats for a range of animals from large migratory fish to small invertebrates and worms. 'In the smaller spaces, that's where we found a lot of the aquatic insects and worms — things which may not sound super exciting, but that is the bottom of the food chain,' Willink said. 'This is the key, to have a variety of different habitats. When you do that, you create more of a larger variety of living spaces for a larger variety of species. And then ultimately, you end up with a higher biodiversity on the site.' While natural reefs often provide more appealing habitats for fish, artificial reefs are also widely used for the same purpose, and have been shown to boost biodiversity. This has been shown at the rubble ridges, too. Both the Illinois Beach State Park and Fort Sheridan reefs showed a significant increase in fish populations and biodiversity when compared against the control site for each reef, according to preliminary data from the Lake Michigan Biological Station research team. The team tracks fish diversity with a number of different measures. During the June dive at Illinois Beach State Park, kayakers carried large aluminum frames, each with an underwater camera mounted in the middle, out to the reefs. Scuba divers carried these frames down to the reefs, where they'll remain for the rest of the summer season. The cameras are programmed to take a picture every five minutes, which helps scientists track the density and mass of the fish living on the reef. 'We see at the control sites, biomass is high, but abundance is low, versus at the reef sites, we have much smaller fish,' Glandon said. 'We think it's because this is showing that the reefs are nursery habitats for these fish.' They also take samples of algae living on the underwater boulders that make up the reef, and collect sediments to see what types of invertebrates are living at the site. These invertebrates are the core of the food chain, attracting smaller fish in search of food sources. While fish and invertebrates do sometimes seek shelter around man-made breakwaters, Willink said they're most attracted to natural structures that don't totally stop the flow of sand. 'Part of the key is that it isn't a dam to the sand, it doesn't hold the sand there,' Willink said. 'If there's too much sediment, that would smother all these small places.' As the reef monitoring project continues, so does the constant movement of sand. Despite humans' best efforts to counter this, the currents of the lake are ever-changing and ever-powerful, scientists say. As lakefront communities have built containment structures along their waterfronts, this trend has remained the same — even at established places like Illinois Beach State Park, waves surge above boardwalks, benches sink beneath sand, roadways are left to crumble in the face of encroaching shorelines. 'A lot of what we're facing right now in the 21st century is, how do we deal with nature in urban areas? How do we live with nature next to us and allow nature to do its thing, and yet still maintain the infrastructure of a city?' Willink said. 'And I think that's sort of an emerging field, trying to figure out how to deal with this sort of struggle between the two. It's not just restricted to Lake Michigan — it's everywhere.'
Yahoo
2 days ago
- Yahoo
Some Tomatoes Are Evolving Backwards in Real Time
"Hearst Magazines and Yahoo may earn commission or revenue on some items through these links." Here's what you'll learn when you read this story: Evolution is often portrayed as stepping toward ever-greater complexity, but the natural world is filled with examples of organisms actually reverting back to a previous evolutionary state. A new study examines this process in progress with tomato plants in Galápagos, finding that plants on the newer, western islands have developed alkaloids similar to eggplant relatives millions of years ago compared to modern tomato plants. It's possible these plants developed this strategy because the newer islands are barren and less biologically diverse, so the ancient molecule might provide better protection in such a harsh environment. The famous ape-to-man illustration, known as The March of Progress, depicts evolution as a one-way street toward evolutionary perfection—but nature isn't always so simple. Many organisms have displayed what appears to be 'reverse evolution,' or regression, where ancient attributes of past ancestors seem to reappear down the evolutionary line. Cave fish, for example, will lose eyesight and return to a state similar to a previous ancestor that lacked this visual organ, but the argument remains whether this is reverse evolution or simply the ending of an evolutionary pathway that creates a vestigial organ. Of course, complex animals are not the only ones that appear to rewind the evolutionary clock. A new study in Nature Communications, led by scientists at University of California (UC) Riverside, analyzed species of tomato in the Solanaceae family, comparing populations from both eastern and western islands of the Galápagos—that famous Pacific island chain that inspired Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory nearly 200 years ago. The team specifically analyzed the tomato's alkaloids, a bitter molecule that acts as a kind of pesticide to deter would-be predators and fungi. On the eastern islands, the tomatoes exhibited alkaloids similar to modern tomatoes, but on the western islands—which are geologically younger than the eastern ones—the tomatoes exhibited changes in four amino acids in the enzyme that makes these alkaloid molecules. They found this simple change caused the tomatoes to create alkaloids more similar to eggplant relatives from millions of years ago, seemingly reversing evolution. 'It's not something we usually expect, but here it is, happening in real time, on a volcanic island,' UC Riverside's Adam Jozwiak, lead author of the study, said in a press statement. 'Our group has been working hard to characterize the steps involved in alkaloid synthesis, so that we can try and control it.' However, this 'reverse' wasn't a spontaneous event. The researchers theorize that the cause of this evolutionary quirk could be traced to the new, western islands themselves. While the eastern islands are millions of years old, the western ones are only hundreds of thousands of years old and are still forming today. This means these islands contain less biological diversity as well as more barren soil. This more ancient landscape may have pushed the tomato to then adopt a more ancient survival strategy. 'It could be that the ancestral molecule provides better defense in the harsher western conditions,' Jozwiak says. 'Some people don't believe in this, but the genetic and chemical evidence points to a return to an ancestral state. The mechanism is there. It happened.' Whether organisms experience 'reverse' evolution could largely be chalked up to semantics. With both cave fish and Galápagos tomatoes, evolution did its usual work of making life fit for the conditions at hand. Usually that means improving into ever greater complexity, and at other, less often times, it means reverting back to a golden oldie. You Might Also Like Can Apple Cider Vinegar Lead to Weight Loss? Bobbi Brown Shares Her Top Face-Transforming Makeup Tips for Women Over 50
Yahoo
2 days ago
- Yahoo
‘It's really been a lifelong mission;' U of I professor speaks on trailblazing career
URBANA, Ill. (WCIA) — A retired University of Illinois professor was recently recognized with a top honor for decades of research into photosynthesis. The World Food Prize Foundation recognized Stephen Long as a 2025 Top Agri-Food Pioneer. The honor recognizes people who drive change in agriculture and global food security. 'I've been working with photosynthesis for 50 years,' Long said. 'It's really been a lifelong mission.' From the Farm: U of I professor named World Food Prize recipient He spent his career working on improving the productivity of crops through photosynthesis. He said it hasn't always been easy. 'Nobody really believed you could make photosynthesis more efficient, because the argument was nature would have already done it,' Long said. But his research was moving in a different direction. Organizations became interested in his work and wanted to fund it. ''How about we put our money where your mouth is, and you show us this can actually be done in a crop,'' Long said. 'And so that started the RIPE project.' RIPE stands for Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency, and it started in 2012. Long was the director from its founding until his retirement earlier this year. The RIPE project improved crop resilience. 'We were getting more photosynthesis and higher productivity,' Long said. Long's research is making an impact globally. He said almost 10% of the world's population is starving, a number approaching one billion people. He said he has the answer to help solve the gap between food supply and the world's growing population. 'If we can up photosynthesis, then we can get more seed, more food,' Long said. U of I researcher honored for his work in making crops more resilient But it's what's in the Energy Farm in Urbana that makes their work feel truly special. 'Right next door to these laboratories, we have six square miles of experimental farm,' Long said. 'So when we develop something new in the crop world, we can test it in the real world.' But it's not just Long who works in the lab. He has technicians like Noga Adar helping him 'I especially like the hands-on of seeing the plants out in the field,' Adar said. 'I feel like you can almost see visually the plants get bigger, and that's really exciting, knowing that downstream, that is going to help so many people.' Long said an important aspect of his work is that he has been able to train many scientists in this field of study, and they've been able to take what they learned all over the world. People he's trained are now working in places like Canada, the Netherlands and his native England. 'I have reached the end of my career, but this work is going to become much bigger and better beyond me,' he said. Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
