UK-India trade deal sparks fears over access to cheap medicines for millions
Civil society groups and health experts say the UK-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA), finalised between two countries, tilts the balance in favour of multinational pharmaceutical corporations and threatens to erode long-standing protections that have allowed India to produce low-cost generic drugs.
'This is not just about trade. It's about whether a person living on ₹200 (£2) a day can afford cancer treatment or survive tuberculosis,' said Jyotsna Singh, co-convenor of the Working Group on Access to Medicines and Treatments.
At the heart of the controversy are the agreement's intellectual property (IP) provisions, which activists say may restrict the Indian government's ability to issue compulsory licences—legal tools that allow domestic companies to manufacture patented drugs at reduced prices during public health emergencies.
India used this provision in 2012 to dramatically cut the price of sorafenib, a cancer drug sold by Bayer under the brand Nexavar.
Generic versions slashed the monthly cost by nearly 97%, from ₹2.8 lakh (£2,600) to around ₹8,800 (£80), making it affordable to thousands.
'By discouraging compulsory licensing and promoting voluntary licences, the deal hands over control of access to medicines to the market,' said Prof Biswajit Dhar, a trade expert and former professor at New Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru University.
'Voluntary licences often come with strings attached and don't bring the same price reductions.'
Weakening India's Patent Safeguards
Under the FTA, companies will no longer need to report annually how their patents are being 'worked'—or used—in India.
Instead, disclosures can be made every three years, and some information can be kept confidential.
Activists say this undermines transparency and makes it harder to prove that a drug isn't available to the public, a key step in applying for a compulsory licence.
There are also concerns the deal could open the door to 'evergreening'—a tactic in which companies make minor changes to existing drugs and claim new patents.
Indian law currently limits this practice under Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, but experts warn the FTA's emphasis on 'harmonisation' of IP standards with Western countries could override such protections.
'This is effectively a backdoor entry for TRIPS-plus provisions,' said K.M. Gopakumar, co-convenor of the Working Group.
'It would push India to grant unnecessary patents, prolonging monopolies and delaying cheaper alternatives.'
The Indian pharmaceutical industry supplies more than 60% of global vaccines and a significant share of affordable generics to low- and middle-income countries.
Critics say the FTA may limit this capacity and ultimately have consequences well beyond India's borders.
Government response
The Indian government has promoted the FTA as a landmark deal that will boost exports and attract UK investment in manufacturing, services, and digital trade.
Officials insist that India has preserved its ability to protect public health.
But rights groups remain unconvinced.
'You cannot negotiate away access to life-saving drugs in the name of free trade,' said Gargeya Telakapalli, a public health campaigner based in Hyderabad.
'The poorest Indians—those with cancer, HIV, diabetes, or TB—are being quietly sacrificed.'
Broader implications
The deal follows a similar agreement India signed last year with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which also faced criticism for diluting IP safeguards.
Observers say the trend may reflect a shift in India's trade policy as it seeks closer ties with Western economies.
But for many in India's healthcare and legal communities, the question remains: how much access to medicine is the country willing to give up for a better trade balance?
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