Cape Town study brings hope to newborns left behind in HIV treatment advances
The new findings support, for the first time, the broader use of Dolutegravir in infants who are less than 28 days old.
Spotlight met with the passionate clinician-scientist behind the research at her office in Cape Town.
Two new ways of giving the important HIV medicine Dolutegravir to newborn babies have been found to be safe and effective, according to new research done in Cape Town. The new findings support, for the first time, the broader use of Dolutegravir in infants who are less than 28 days old.
Dolutegravir is recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for infants, children and adults and is the preferred HIV medicine in South Africa. It exists in a scored 10-milligram child-friendly dispersible tablet. But until now, there hasn't been any guidance on how to safely use it for newborns in their first four weeks of life.
A study called PETITE-DTG aimed to bridge this critical gap in neonatal HIV care.
Forty-one full-term babies, each weighing at least two kilogrammes and born to mothers receiving Dolutegravir-based HIV treatment, were enrolled in the study at Tygerberg Hospital to test two paediatric formulations of Dolutegravir.
The first method involved using a five-milligram dispersible tablet, dissolved in five millilitres of water and given every second day for the first 14 days of life, then once daily until the baby four weeks of age. This was administered with a syringe.
The second method involved using a novel five-milligram mint-flavoured film the size of a fingernail that dissolves on the tongue in seconds. It followed the same dosing schedule as the first method.
Findings showed that both formulations were safe and effective, achieving drug concentrations comparable to adults receiving 50 milligrams of Dolutegravir twice daily.
The study's findings were presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in March.
Researchers are writing up the final results of the study for publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal.
Professor Adrie Bekker, a neonatologist from the University of Stellenbosch is co-principal investigator of the PETITE-DTG study alongside Dr Tim Cressey, a clinical pharmacologist from the University of Chiang Mai in Thailand.
"The study results confirmed that the regimen (both five-milligram Dolutegravir formulations) was safe, effective, and highly acceptable to mothers, with the Dolutegravir film being particularly easy to administer," Bekker told Spotlight in her office at Stellenbosch University's medical campus next to Tygerberg Hospital.
In examining dosing safety and efficacy, she said the study found that both formulations "achieved target concentrations" in the neonates, without the newborn babies experiencing any adverse effects related to the medicine. All neonates were HIV negative at the end of the study.
Babies born to a mother living with HIV may need antiretroviral medicines for the prevention or treatment of HIV. According to Bekker, neonates are currently given an older type of liquid HIV medication that doesn't taste good, costs more than Dolutegravir, is harder to give properly, and can't be stored for long.
The novel film method was popular with mums in the study, who cited its simplicity of administering and dose accuracy as highly advantageous, with no risk of the medicine being spit out or other spillage.
"I wash and dry my hands and I cut the paper, it's quick. As soon as I put it on his tongue, it just dissolves in a few seconds, he enjoys it," said one mother, as quoted on a poster highlighting the results of the study.
Commenting on the film strip, Bekker noted it was one of the least disruptive ways to give medication.
"So what has been amazing to me is that the babies seem to be completely oblivious of what is happening when the mother puts the film in their mouth," she said, pointing out a video clip on her desktop of a film strip being placed in a tiny baby's mouth.
"If they were crying, they would just keep on crying. If they were sleeping, they would just keep on sleeping. If they were happy, they would just keep on being happy. It really is the most unintrusive way of administering medication."
According to Bekker, the colourless Dolutegravir film is made by the Indian multinational pharmaceutical company Laurus Labs. Previously, it had only been tested in adults and it is not yet commercially available. "It's actually never even been used in children…And so our study for the first time tested the Dolutegravir film in newborns to see what drug levels are found in a baby when you use it."
READ | Eight million people living with HIV in SA, according to latest estimates
She said the research findings were presented to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and they are expected to be included in the organisation's upcoming updated dosing guidelines for infants and children.
Commenting on Dolutegravir for neonates, Bekker said: "I think the first step is to actually get this recommendation into the WHO guidelines. As soon as the WHO releases their updated HIV guidelines, then countries can decide whether they want to adopt it or not."
Commenting on the availability and possible roll-out of Dolutegravir for neonates, she added: "The generic 10-milligram Dolutegravir scored dispersible tablet is already available and being used in children. What we've shown now is that five milligram of Dolutegravir with this dosing strategy is safe for neonates...The film is a bit more complicated because it is not yet commercially available. And we don't know the price of the drug; all of that will need to be discussed and negotiated with the company and relevant parties before it can become available."
The PETITE-DTG research has been welcomed by fellow scientists.
"Adrie Bekker and her colleagues at Tygerberg Hospital and in Thailand have done great work and are really moving the field forward for neonatal antiretroviral treatment," said Associate Professor James Nuttall, a paediatric infectious diseases sub-specialist at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and the University of Cape Town.
He said the research "provides really nice information about how we could use our existing drugs to treat neonates, potentially".
Nuttall described the new film as extraordinary, and suggested that it might eventually replace the current drug formulations.
For Nuttall though, making provision for use of a pill like the scored 10 milligram dispersible tablet that's already available and routinely used to treat children in South African hospitals is more immediately relevant.
"Using this five milligram dispersible tablet in neonates and working out the dosing schedule for that, that's the real advance of this study to me, the big win."
He anticipates these findings to be implemented in South Africa in the next few years. "From what I understand, she (Bekker)] has presented this to WHO already. And once it gets accepted and included into WHO guidelines, then countries tend to really take note and follow, that's when it makes its way into national guidelines…"
ALSO READ | Experts urge registration of new child-friendly ARV formulation
While the study focused on healthy full-term babies weighing at least two kilogrammes, Nuttall noted that many babies born to mothers living with HIV were either premature or had a low birth weight.
"So this dosing and safety information doesn't yet apply to those children," he said.
Bekker already has her eye set on assessing dosing safety for pre-term newborns.
"So, obviously, our dream is to extend this to pre-term babies," she said.
"And there is a possibility that a 2.5-milligram Dolutegravir film may be a good dose for pre-term neonates. Obviously, that will have to be studied very rigorously first."
Other research goals include the hope of being involved in studies assessing long-acting antiretroviral drugs in neonates.
Bekker noted that the WHO-led Paediatric Drug Optimisation group identified long-acting Cabotegravir injectables as a high research priority for HIV prevention in neonates.
She added that developing patches with tiny microneedles that deliver HIV medication could hold great promise for treating newborns in the future.
Commenting on the PETITE-DTG study, Dr Moherndran Archary, who has been at the forefront of South Africa's HIV response for children, said: "Professor Bekker's research has directly impacted access to life-saving HIV medication for newborn infants – the most vulnerable of populations who have not traditionally benefited from the significant advances in HIV treatment."
The PETITE-DTG study is one of many under the Unitaid-funded BENEFIT Kids project aiming to improve treatment for children with HIV or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
UNITAID is a global health initiative that, among others, funds research and helps facilitate the more rapid introduction of new health technologies.
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Business Insider
29 minutes ago
- Business Insider
The 8 best shoes for standing all day on concrete, slick floors, and other surfaces that cause achy feet
Best overall: Brooks Ghost 16 They have every feature our podiatrists want to see. Brooks' Ghost 16 sneakers have everything podiatrists say is ideal for the best shoes for standing all day: lightweight cushioning, heel stability, a rigid sole, and a breathable mesh upper. Its insoles are removable if you need to add more arch support. Importantly, they lace up. Priya Parthasarathy, DPM, Maryland-based podiatric surgeon with Foot Ankle Specialists of the Mid-Atlantic, says lace-up shoes offer better support for standing all day compared to slip-ons. They're comfortably cushioned, but firm enough for long shifts. Our chef tester wore these shoes over a dozen 10-hour kitchen shifts, and during long travel days. Its DNA Loft v3 foam footbeds felt lightweight and slightly springy, but also firm enough to prevent joints from feeling fatigued eight hours into a shift. He raved about how much support they offer for the knees and lower back. They're breathable, even in the waterproof version. Breathability is a key feature Dr. Oldani recommends for standing-all-day shoes. Heat and sweat puts you at and a greater risk for blisters, infections, or slipping around inside your shoe. Our tester wore the waterproof Ghost 16 GTX sneakers during messy restaurant shifts and in drizzly weather. Their well-designed Gore-Tex membranes were effective at keeping his feet dry amid spills and splashes. Best budget: Sorel Caribou Clogs They're surprisingly comfy and incredibly lightweight. Over the past three years, I've worn these clogs for long travel days, running errands, concerts, and standing for over five hours during volunteer shifts. Despite being only $60, the Sorel Caribou Clogs are remarkably supportive and easy to wear. They're made with injection-molded EVA in every part of the shoe, and the material is firm but structured — enough to keep my high-arched feet from aching after long days. They're waterproof with a grippy outsole. These clogs are my go-to shoes in the cold (aside from when I'm tromping through snow banks in winter boots) because they seal out moisture and are made with Sorel's Evertread, a high-traction rubber that delivers reliable grip on slippery surfaces. I wouldn't classify them as completely "non-slip," but they are definitely grabby enough for nurses who may need stability on slick hospital floors. They're stylish. The nearly 2-inch platform on these clogs gives you a height boost and, while they are basically a huge block of rubber color, I get compliments on these clogs all the time when I wear them — to the point that I've had multiple people stop to ask what they are and say they're going to go buy them after I sing all of the above praises. There's even a luxury leather version designed by Proenza Schouler, though the collab is widely sold out. They're not great in the heat. The one downside to these shoes is that they aren't breathable. Being clogs, they're very easy to slip your feet in and out of to catch a little air, but they do build up heat during humid summers to the point where I don't wear them from May to September. Best non-slip: Crocs On the Clock Work Sneaker They're made for spills and easy to clean. Our chef tester wore these on multiple 10+ hour standing kitchen shifts — including one at a very messy oyster station — and only had good things to report. These sneakers, which are part of the Crocs At Work collection, have a synthetic Nubuck overlay that's good at preventing spills from seeping inside, and it's very easy to wipe clean. They're actually slip-resistant. Testing confirms: The Crocs Lock outsole is reliable at preventing a wipe out on slick kitchen floors. They're comfortable and breathable. These sneakers are built with Croc's premium LiteRide footbed, which is why they're beloved among cooks, nurses, and other professionals who are on their feet all day. Our tester reported that his feet felt well-supported and free of aches after long shifts on hard kitchen floors. The lace-up sneakers are ideal for most restaurant workers who need ankle security as they pivot during busy shifts. Our tester also appreciated how breathable the upper material of these sneakers are, especially with their waterproofing overlay. They're well-priced. I hear so many cooks complain about how the expensive, orthopedic non-slip shoes may be worth the price once, but with the stink and stains that come with months of service, they need cheaper shoes that can be easily replaced once they're trashed. The Crocs On the Clock Work Sneaker is easy to clean and rewear for longer, and at $70, they aren't too painful to replace when the time comes. They're polished enough for front-of-house service. We decided to rank these sneakers just above the Crocs Bistro Work Clogs (which are worth an honorable mention) because they offer a more clean, understated look for servers and bartenders. Best cushioning: Asics GEL-Nimbus 27 They have pillow-soft cushioning, yet with a more rigid structure. As someone whose knees become strained from hours of standing, I found the GEL-Nimbus 27s more nurturing than something like the Brooks Ghost 16s. That said, the GEL-Nimbus 27 have a firmer midsole (which helps to keep your foot from sliding around), and are rigid enough that they can't fold in half. They don't get squishy after a few hours of wear. High-cushion shoes aren't always ideal for standing all day because the foam compresses over time, creating a sinking or muddy feeling. But the joint relief is worth it for some, and after testing the Asics GEL-Nimbus 27s for 100+ cumulative hours across international travel days, I can confirm this is a high-cushion sneaker that maintains its structure. They're highly breathable, even in the heat. The jacquard mesh upper is both roomy and breathable, with plush sock liners that feel soft around the ankles. The ventilation and expandable space made these sneakers comfortable and cool after they'd been on my feet for 20+ hours on a long summer travel day to Copenhagen. Best for walking: On Cloudtilt Their soft-but-rigid cushioning stays springy after standing all day. I've tested a lot of different walking shoes, and the On Cloudtilts strikes a perfect balance between cushioned and supportive. On's signature technology, CloudTec, builds the midsole out of firm foam cutouts, or "clouds," to provide structured support. These clouds are organized in a sequential collapse pattern, so they compress gradually in away that offers just the right amount of give. This allows for better balance and disperses the impact of walking all day, thereby reducing fatigue in your legs. The uppers feel super stretchy and breathable. The Cloudtilts use a knit upper made from 100% recycled polyester that feels more elastic and forgiving — especially if your feet tend to swell. It hugs your foot like a sock without trapping heat. One downside: The sock-like upper means you lose some structure and lateral stability, so it's not ideal if you pivot a lot on the job. The secure laces are easy to slip on and off. Dr. Parthasarathy says she finds lace up shoes are more supportive for standing and walking all day compared to one-size-fits-all slip ons. That said, sometimes you want a shoe that slips on and off easily. I love that this lace system lets you tighten across the top of the foot as needed, but has enough stretch and a simple stopper knot so you can slip them off without having to untie and re-tie every time. Best for working outdoors: Wolverine Overpass CarbonMax 6" Boot They're proper work boots — durable, weather-ready, and grippy. Wolverine has been making work gear since the early 1900s, with a long-standing reputation for quality and durability. While my husband has torn through other boots within half a landscaping or construction season, this pair showed no wear-and-tear (besides dirt stains) after two and a half months of heavy use. These boots are made with premium waterproof leather, an abrasion-resistant toe, and a ContourWelt construction that feels both flexible and secure. They have a composite safety toe. Wolverine's Overpass CarbonMax boots are made with a composite safety toe made from lightweight carbon fiber. This meets the ASTM standards for impact and compression, and feels more lightweight than steel-toed boots. Unlike steel, it also won't conduct heat or cold, making it a better choice for extreme weather. It's also thinner than traditional steel toes, giving your toes more wiggle room without sacrificing protection. They're comfortable for standing on soil or concrete. These boots required zero break in time and were comfortable for an all-day shift right out the shock-absorbing midsoles and removable Ortholite footbeds minimized foot fatigue, even after standing on concrete or uneven ground for 8+ hours. They also have a slight lift in the heel to take the pressure off your foot tendons. They're lightweight and breathable. Despite being incredibly durable and having that protective composite toe, these boots weigh just 1.63 pounds. And even though they're waterproof, they're still quite breathable thanks to a moisture-wicking mesh liner. They're backed by a 30-day comfort guarantee. Wolverine offers a 30-day money-back guarantee if you don't find these boots comfortable once you've worn them on the job. Best sandal: Fitflop RELIEFF Recovery Toe-Post Sandals These combine the ease of flip flops with orthotic-level support. These look like your average poolside flip-flops, but they're secretly built like a recovery shoe. They combine a firm, supportive sole with a plush recovery foam footbed that absorbs shock and relieves pressure at key points like your heel, arch, and ball of the foot. The wide toe box also lets your foot spread naturally, and the slight 1-inch heel takes pressure off your plantar fascia — a feature recommended by our podiatrists. I've worn the Fitflop RELIEFF Recovery Sandals for over 8+ hours walking and standing in museums and shops around Spain, as well as over four straight days out and about in New York City, and my feet felt as comfortable as if I were wearing sneakers. They're surprisingly stylish for orthotics. With their slight heels and regular-width straps, these flip flops blend in perfectly with a casual summer outfit without screaming "sensible footwear." They do rub a little in the humidity. I don't think this is a deal breaker because no blisters formed, and they felt fine when I wore them for shorter stints in drier West Coast climates. But after two days of standing on subways, in line at museums, and walking around a humid late-June New York, the straps caused some friction between my toes and outer edge of my foot. I wore preventative Band-Aids, which fixed the issue. Best clogs: Dansko Platform Pro Their legendary support earns them podiatrists' praise. There's a reason "Dansko" is pretty much synonymous with "supportive clogs": The brand's shoes are built with a footbed like no other — contoured specifically to reduce strain on the feet, ankles, and lower leg and made with memory foam to learn your foot's curves the more you wear them. I wore the Platform Pro clogs during six-plus hours of standing at an outdoor concert, as well as many all-day stints at my standing desk. They offer me incredible arch support and strategic cushioning on certain areas where I want it most, like the ball of the foot. The heel counter is very firm, and there's a slight 0.5-inch heel-drop wedge — two features podiatrists recommend for lessening foot fatigue. They're slip-resistant. Designed with an outsole that grips on wet, dry, and oily surfaces, the Platform Pro is ideal for kitchens, hospitals, or anywhere with slick floors. The chrome-free, breathable lining keeps your feet from overheating through long shifts. The leather is super versatile and ages well. I particularly love how chic and versatile the leather Platform Pros are over any other Danskos. They pair nicely with jeans or slacks, so they're great for any dress code. They're not too clunky — though they're a bit loud, and not the most lightweight. The platform on these clogs gives them a bit of an elevated look, but they're also designed with Dansko's signature rocker sole to promote natural movement as you walk. This helps to minimize the clunkiness. That said, they aren't quite as lightweight as, say, the Sorel Caribou Clogs. They're also a little noisy to clomp around in on hardwood or concrete floors, so if you work in a quiet office, these might not be the best pick. Other shoes we tested Honorable mention: Crocs Bistro Work Clogs Many cooks and chefs prefer shoes that slip off easily in case of hot liquid spills. The Crocs Bistro Work Clogs do just that — and kept our kitchen tester's feet supported on countless 10+ hour shifts — while still offering Crocs Lock slip-resistant tread, toe protection, and a heel strap to keep your foot secure as you move around the kitchen. Dansko Bridget: With a double strap to hold your toes in place and Dansko's supportive contoured footbed, we found these sandals to be supportive. However, the heel cup was very narrow. Hey Dude Wally Work CE Classic Slip Resistant: These non-slip shoes are lightweight, have removable insoles, and are overall pretty comfortable, but they aren't breathable enough. : While we like the sleek and versatile aesthetic of these double-strap FitFlop sandals, they didn't provide enough arch support after three hours of standing. Consider them only if you have flat feet. Hoka Gaviota 5: While these are our favorite walking shoes for arch support, the Gaviota (and most Hokas, for that matter) aren't rigid enough to off-set the high cushioning. They started to feel too squishy after a few hours of standing in them. Nike Motiva: With a breathable upper, wide toe box, and balanced cushioning, the Nike Motivas proved to be comfortable for hours on your feet — though not quite as supportive as the Brooks Ghost 16s or Asics Gel Nimbus 27s. Oofos OOmy Zen: A slide-on, high-cushion sneaker from a great recovery footwear brand, these shoes are very comfortable for walking all day. They run a full size small and may be a little too cumbersome for some people, but if you're not a fan of the Asics Gel Nimbus 27s, these are a solid high-cushion alternative. : These lightweight boots are made with the same top-tier durability, composite toe, and high-traction outsoles as the Wolverine Overpass boots, and come with a cushioned, energy-returning footbed. They just take a little longer to break in. What to look for in the best shoes for standing all day "Wearing high-quality, comfortable footwear for standing all day lowers your risk of injury and other foot issues, such as plantar fasciitis or neuromas," says Dr. Parthasarathy. Conversely, choosing unsupportive footwear can create inflammatory conditions that may take months to resolve, Dr. Oldani adds. Here's what both experts recommend: A shoe that matches your activity. If you're walking a lot during your shift, you'll want something with more ankle support than clogs. If you're working construction, you need a boot durable enough to withstand flying debris. Cushioning. This is crucial to increasing shock absorption and reducing stress on your ankles. Rigidity. When you hold the shoe by heel and toe, you shouldn't be able to fold it in half. Supportive heel counter. A solid heel counter cradles your Achilles tendon and prevents you from excessively rolling your feet inward as you step (also called "overpronation"). Breathability. When you're in an active profession, even air flow prevents overheating. A slight wedge. A slight lift in the heel (half an inch, ideally) takes pressure off your Achilles and plantar fascia. Removable insoles. Ideally, you can place a custom orthotic in your shoe as needed. Secure straps. Some people find a lace-up shoe provides better support for standing all day because it keeps your foot in for sandals, look for styles with adjustable ankle straps, including one over the toes for better stabilization. FAQs What are the best shoes for standing all day? After testing 22 pairs of shoes, we think the Brooks Ghost 16s are the best shoe for most people who spend hours on their feet. They're cushioned to absorb shock, but rigid enough to not fold in half, with a firm and supportive heel counter. Are flat shoes good for standing all day? No, flat shoes aren't ideal. You actually want a shoe with a slight 0.5-inch heel, as this helps take strain off your foot tendons, and one with a supportive footbed, Dr. Priya Parthasarathy says. Are HOKAs good shoes for standing all day? It depends on which model, but for the most part, HOKAs are too flexible to be supportive over hours of standing. If you want a similar high-cushion shoe with a more rigid midsole for better support, opt for the Asics Gel Nimbus 27s. What should I do if my feet hurt after a long day of standing? If your feet hurt after standing all day, Dr. Priya Parthasarathy recommends rotating your shoes to provide different levels of cushion and support, stretching during and after your shift, and icing to reduce inflammation. She adds that wearing compression socks may also help.
New York Post
2 hours ago
- New York Post
‘Possibly hostile' alien threat detected in unknown interstellar object, a shocking new study claims
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Advertisement However, critics have called their project a mockery of the work of other scientists, who have provided plenty of evidence that 3I/ATLAS is not evidence of a pending close encounter. 'Astronomers all around the world have been thrilled at the arrival of 3I/ATLAS, collaborating to use advanced telescopes to learn about this visitor,' Chris Lintott, an astronomer at the University of Oxford who helped simulate 3I/ATLAS's galactic origins, told Live Science. 'Any suggestion that it's artificial is nonsense on stilts, and is an insult to the exciting work going on to understand this object.'
USA Today
2 hours ago
- USA Today
Could this California company challenge SpaceX's Falcon 9? What to know about Rocket Lab
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Rocket Lab is a launch service provider and spaceflight company founded in 2006 and based in Long Beach, California. The company operates out of three launch pads at two launch sites, including one in New Zealand and two in Virginia at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport within NASA's Wallops Flight Facility. Rocket Lab Neutron launch date Rocket Lab has increasingly been in the news over mounting anticipation for the first launch of its upcoming Neutron rocket. The satellite launch vehicle is central to Rocket Lab's plans to shift from small satellite deployments to missions with heavier payloads. But when exactly the Neutron rocket could make its orbital debut has yet to be determined. Rocket Lab continues to work through a checklist of requirements before Neutron can get off the ground for its maiden flight. 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Many space industry analysts have said that Neutron could emerge as a credible challenger to SpaceX's Falcon 9 in the medium-lift launch market. Rocket Lab is developing the Neutron rocket – which already has contracts with the Department of Defense – for commercial, civil and military space operations. That includes satellite constellation deployments, cargo resupply missions to the International Space Station and interplanetary missions. The arena is one that SpaceX, founded by billionaire Elon Musk in 2002, has dominated for years with its Falcon 9 rocket – one of the most active rockets in the world. The Falcon 9 is routinely the rocket of choice to launch NASA astronaut missions to the International Space Station and is the exclusive launch provider for Musk's Starlink satellite deliveries. At 141-feet-tall, Neutron is smaller in stature than SpaceX's two-stage, 230-foot Falcon 9. But like the Falcon 9, Neutron is designed to be reusable so that it can launch more frequently. Its design features an integrated system that brings Neutron's first stage and payload fairings back to Earth as a single stage. Capable of delivering about a 14-ton (more than 28,600 pounds) payload to low-Earth before landing, Neutron is powered by Rocket Lab's newly developed Archimedes engine. Rocket Lab's emergence also comes at a time of mounting public discord between Musk and President Donald Trump. What is Rocket Lab's Electron rocket? Rocket Lab has already spent years reliably launching its smaller Electron rocket to deliver small satellites and other payloads to orbit for civil and commercial contractors. At 59 feet tall, Electron is capable of carrying just 661 pounds of cargo to space, according to Rocket Lab. A version of the rocket is also tailored for Rocket Lab's hypersonic HASTE launches. One of the two launch complexes where Electron can launch is right next door to the Neutron's new launch complex. Since its first orbital launch in January 2018, the Electron has delivered more than 200 satellites to orbit and become one of the most frequently launched U.S. rockets, second only to the Falcon 9, according to Rocket Lab. In June alone, the Electron launched four times on both government and commercial missions, according to Rocket Lab. The most recent mission came June 28 when the Electron launched a single satellite to space for "a confidential commercial customer," Rocket Lab announced in a press release. The mission was the second of two launches from the same launch site in less than 48 hours, a new launch record for the company. Is Rocket Lab a good stock to buy? Whether to invest Unlike SpaceX, Rocket Lab is publicly traded. While Rocket Lab's stock is up 800% over the past year, according to Forbes, the company is not yet profitable. "A lot hinges on Rocket Lab's ability to evolve its revenue model and reach sustained profitability," Sasirekha Subramanian, an equity research content expert, wrote for Forbes. Eric Lagatta is the Space Connect reporter for the USA TODAY Network. Reach him at elagatta@
