
Project Pinto: The Joy, Sorrow, and Work of Building a Race Car
Once again the intrepid editors of Car and Driver have thrust their necks into the thick of the Goodrich Radial Challenge, which, for all of you who came in late, is a road-racing series for small sedans sanctioned by the International Motor Sports Association. Four races were entered, two poles were captured, and one winner's circle was invaded. So much for what we did on our summer vacation.
Our car was a Ford Pinto, and the win was the first victory for a Pinto in two years of Goodrich racing. But the really fascinating part—to us, at least—is that the season's results strongly support a hunch we've been kicking around the office for years. We reckon that motor racing is almost entirely an intellectual game. Brains are trump. Bullfighter-brave drivers will give the car a good run and Onassis budgets take the worry out of blown engines, but it is thoughtful selection and logical preparation of the car in the first place that wins races. There are no tricks and no short cuts. It's common sense all the way. At least, that's what we thought. And the Pinto project—winning in its second appearance, long after most of the serious racers had dismissed Ford's subcompact as a lost cause—rather grandly supports our theory.
Every racing project has to start with fundamentals. You must have a thorough understanding of the rules and complete specifications for all the eligible cars.
It would be easy to lapse into "The Anatomy of a Winning Pinto" at this point—everything from valve-seat angles to camber settings—but frankly, it would be pretty dull. The car, in fact, is completely conventional. It even scored its one victory (at Charlotte Motor Speedway) using its original hydraulic valve lifters. Any number of competent mechanics would have made the same modifications we did and, if they were thorough, probably would have ended up with the same results. So the real story is not in the car itself but in our approach to it: Why we chose a Pinto and how we knew what to do with it.
Every racing project has to start with fundamentals. You must have a thorough understanding of the rules and complete specifications for all the eligible cars. Ideally, you would also have first-hand and quantitative observations of the cars that you'll have to beat: how fast they are, where are they fast (corners, straights, or under braking), and how close are they to the limits of their development. You have to know all of this before you can choose the right car. And the right car is absolutely essential if you want to win.
The Top Cars: BMW 2002 and AMC Gremlin (Really)
We went into the 1974 Goodrich series with an excellent backlog of information. Car and Driver's Mazda Wankel race car had been a first-class observation platform during the 1973 races. We had been able to run with the leaders in every race and could compare their strengths and weaknesses to a car we knew. Apart from the Mazda (which IMSA subsequently hobbled with a rules change), there were only two other competitive cars in the series: the AMC Gremlin and the BMW 2002.
The Gremlin is an odd duck. It's really a big car made compact by chopping out about a third of the body. But it retains the control-arm front suspension, huge brakes, and six-inch-wide wheels of the big American Motors models, not to mention the 232-cubic-inch six-cylinder engine. Next to the Mazda, it was the fastest car on the straightaways and we considered it the one to beat.
But how do you recognize the third-best car? Durability is the most important factor—you have to finish to win. Speed is next, then handling, and finally brakes. Ties are broken by picking the least costly alternative.
The BMW ranked a close second. Its 2.0-liter engine is very powerful for its size, enabling the 2300-pound sedan to keep up with the 2700-pound Gremlins in acceleration, losing out only in top speed on long straights like those at Road Atlanta and Daytona. Handling and braking are about on a par with the Gremlins and better than you would expect, considering the BMW's MacPherson front suspension and rather small brakes. This can probably be attributed to the endless development work done by Miller & Norburn, the leading BMW team. And it would further suggest that these cars are nearing the limit of their potential.
At this point, a right-thinking racer should check the price difference between American Motors and (gasp!) BMW replacement parts, then slide himself into a Gremlin. If the point of the exercise were simply to win races, that's what we would have done. But we had a theory: that a logical and thoughtful approach applied to a lesser car could knock off the heavies. The only way to find out was to try.
Why We Picked the Third-Best Car
The search began for the third-best car. (We weren't willing to push our theory too far. Fourth or fifth best makes the job just a little too hard.) But how do you recognize the third-best car? Everyone has their own theories on that; this is ours. Durability is the most important factor—you have to finish to win. Speed is next, then handling and finally brakes. Ties are broken by picking the least costly alternative.
Car and Driver
While durability is most important, it is also the hardest to predict. You can examine the finishing records of various makes of cars for a clue, but usually you find only a reflection of how well they are prepared. And of course there can be exceptions. If there is a pattern to the failures—the crankshafts always break or the transmissions always fail—you can pinpoint a problem. But usually the failures are random, and you have to assume that you'll spot weak areas during preparation.
There are two kinds of speed, and the importance of each depends upon the type of tracks on which you'll be racing. At Daytona and Talladega, top speed is critical, and it depends entirely upon horsepower and aerodynamic drag. Since the principal component of drag is frontal area (roughly the width multiplied by the height of the car), hp-to-frontal area ratios are good indications of performance. At all the other tracks, acceleration is more important. A comparison of horsepower to weight tells the story here; ties are decided by the car with the closest spacing in the transmission ratios and the widest choice of axle gears.
The value of handling once again depends on the track, ranging from being of relatively minor importance at Daytona and Talladega to being a critical factor at tight tracks such as Lime Rock and Mid-Ohio. In fact, cornering capability is more important than power at Lime Rock. Handling can generally be predicted from the following parameters, listed in order of importance: suspension type (unequal-length control arms are better than MacPherson struts), wheel width, track width, and car height. The more of these items that are relatively favorable, the better the car will handle.
The importance of brakes increases on tracks with long straights followed by tight turns, but only in cases where brakes don't have enough capacity to last through the race do they become truly critical. When you have the freedom to substitute racing linings for the stock equipment (which you do in the Goodrich series), brake capacity depends almost entirely upon the weight of the car and size of the brakes. Under those circumstances, almost all of the eligible cars have adequate brakes, the Mazda RX-2 being the chief exception.
Since speed depends upon horsepower, there comes a point at which you have to get down to numbers.
With all of these car-evaluation parameters in mind, it's time to take a look at the tracks. The Goodrich series includes eight to 10 races, only three of which are on the superspeedways. So acceleration and handling are the most important qualities because they will see you through the conventional road courses in the best fashion. But the three superspeedway races depend almost entirely upon top speed and nothing else, so you can't afford to overlook this aspect.
The Competitive Equation
Since speed depends upon horsepower, there comes a point at which you have to get down to numbers. We knew the Wankel Racer produced 218 horsepower on the dyno, weighed 2350 pounds, and had a frontal area of 3400 square inches. Assuming that the Gremlins and BMWs were down to minimum weight and calculating their frontal areas from the specifications, we estimated their power-to-weight and power-to-frontal-area ratios relative to the Mazda based on their comparative speeds on the track. Solving the equation for horsepower, we concluded that the Gremlins had about 215 hp and the BMWs about 185, and this seemed within their capabilities. (Horsepower numbers have to be viewed with a great deal of caution. Some dynos—and some dyno operators—are optimistic; others are pessimistic. If you don't know the predilections of each, you can be seriously misled by their test results.)
Setting the Gremlin's power-to-weight and power-to-frontal-area as a target, it was then possible to check out all of the other eligible cars by simply substituting their weights and frontal areas and solving the equation for horsepower necessary to match the Gremlin's speed. That left the key question: Could the engines of the cars in question produce the required horsepower?
The power-to-frontal-area equation eliminates all of the small-engine cars right off the bat. We were particularly interested in the Toyota Corolla because of its 1850-pound minimum weight, but its frontal area turns out to be only 15 percent smaller than the Gremlin's and therefore would need about 180 horsepower to be competitive on long tracks. That would never happen with a 1.6-liter engine set up according to IMSA rules. The Honda Civic, with roughly the same frontal area, would be even worse off with only a 1237-cc engine.
Car and Driver
So the search for the third-best car was confined to those with engines of at least 2.0 liters, and it narrowed down to the Toyota Celica, the Mercury Capri 2000, and the Ford Pinto with either the 2.0-liter or new 2.3-liter engine. The Datsun 610 had previously been rejected because its 4.5-inch wheels are too narrow to work well with wide Goodrich Radial T/A tires, and the 2.0-liter Dodge Colt will not be approved by IMSA as long as it is only imported with an automatic transmission.
Further calculations eliminated the 2.0-liter Pinto. IMSA assigned it a minimum weight of 2100 pounds and specified an additional 200 pounds if the 2.3-liter engine was used. The 15 percent displacement increase of the 2.3 engine more than outweighed the 9.5 percent weight increase. Further, since frontal area remains the same, the larger engine would have a much better shot at the superspeedways.
Handling shot down the Toyota Celica. It's a narrow-track, MacPherson-suspension car and much too nose-heavy in street form. And IMSA's preparation rules don't allow enough latitude to fix its basic problems. Also, the engine was a complete unknown, and performance parts are rare.
We were attracted to the Capri primarily because of its fine aerodynamics. Its smaller frontal area would require about 15 less horsepower than the Pinto for the same top speed, and its uncommonly slippery shape would help even more. It was, however, 100 pounds heavier than the Pinto with the same 2.0-liter engine, its track was two inches narrower in front and three inches narrower in back and, finally, it had a MacPherson front suspension. All of this was tempered by the fact that a street Capri handles better than the stock versions of most of the cars it would race against and therefore wouldn't need as much improvement to be competitive.
We try to benefit from our own experience. When we find products or suppliers that do the job, we stick with them.
At this point, neither the Pinto nor the Capri had a firm advantage. The Pinto promised high aerodynamic drag (due to its width and poor shape), excellent handling potential (control-arm front suspension, wide track, and low car), and a large engine. The Capri offered low drag and moderately good handling.
It was the 2.3-liter engine that finally tipped the scale in favor of the Pinto. The 2.0-liter Pinto/Capri engine, on the other hand, had been around long enough so that all of the race shops had experience with it. And they all said the same thing: The intake ports are shaped wrong, severely limiting its potential for racing. At this point, nothing was known about Ford's new 2.3 engine except that it was the first U.S. engine to be produced with all metric dimensions—which hardly counts when the starter waves the green flag. So we bought a cylinder head and shipped it off to Doug Fraser Racing Engines in Marblehead, Massachusetts, for a candid opinion. Fraser specializes in Formula Fords but has broad four-cylinder experience including 2.0-liter Pinto, Colt, and BMW engines built to IMSA specifications. We were also familiar enough with his work to know that his engines were durable and his horsepower quotes quite conservative. Fraser pronounced the 2.3-liter ports substantially better than those of the 2.0 and predicted that the 2.3 would not only make more power than the 2.0 but would produce more power per cubic inch as well. At the same time, he was pessimistic about equaling the output of the 2.0-liter BMW, which has excellent ports. But with enough work, he thought the big Ford could come close.
Adding up the Pinto's advantages and disadvantages, we could predict with fair accuracy its performance on various tracks. Its high drag and shortage of horsepower would hold it back on the superspeedways, but on short tracks its excellent chassis would probably compensate for any lack of power.
Our Car
This was as far as the project could go on a slide rule, so we went out and bought a solid 30,000-mile 1972 Pinto two-door. A new car would have been an easier way to go—there are no hidden cracks in the unit-body and no worn parts to rebuild—but the 1974 Pinto is a substantially heavier car, and we could see no way to trim the weight down to the 2300-pound IMSA minimum.
The job of converting a street car into a racing car is time-consuming, but it's not particularly complicated. Making the car fast is a straightforward application of physics. The engines were farmed out to Doug Fraser, since professional engine builders usually save you money in the long run. You need good engines if you want to win, and good engines are the products of machine shops, airflow benches, and dynamometers. Not many amateur racers have this kind of equipment in their garages—or, for that matter, have enough time to build engines and keep their cars in first-class shape too. So we concentrated our efforts on the car, pausing occasionally to encourage Fraser when the horsepower was elusive and to threaten him when he was late. His plan was to build the first engine according to the dictates of his own experience, using whatever special parts (pistons, camshafts, valves, springs, etc.) could be obtained in time to meet our deadline. The second engine, to be available later in the season, was to be the product of much camshaft and cylinder-head development and would —hopefully—produce more power.
By having engines built outside, we were free to concentrate on the chassis. Since this figured to be the Pinto's only strong point, we wanted to optimize every detail right from the start. And the only way to have complete control, to make sure no shortcuts were taken, was to do the work in our own shop. Fortunately, C/D is equipped to do this.
When it comes to building racing cars, there are a very few key guidelines to follow, and if they are kept firmly in mind, the car will almost always turn out well. The most important is safety. The car has to be structurally strong to prevent breakage and it has to be reinforced to protect the driver in case of a crash. Like most of the other construction guidelines, safety has side benefits that show up in performance. If a car is structurally strong, it will also be rigid. And a rigid car will be predictable to its driver and respond to fine tuning adjustments of the brakes and suspension.
The main source of rigidity is the tubular-steel roll cage. It not only protects the driver but stiffens the car as well. To do this properly, it must tie into any suspension mounting points that are of questionable rigidity. Finding them is pure educated guesswork. Usually you tie into as many as you can reach and gusset the ones you can't, all the while trying to add the least weight. There are no textbooks for guidance, so we brazed up a scale model of the roll cage using straight sections of stiff wire. This proved to be only a rough aid, since it is impossible to simulate the structure of the car to which the cage will be attached. The job of stiffening the car is simpler in the Goodrich series because the rules specify street radial tires, which don't generate the cornering forces of racing tires and therefore don't load the chassis as much.
When we rubbed a hole in the oil pan during the car's third race (at Lime Rock), we knew how low is too low.
Next in importance to a rigid, safe car is—in the interest of both handling and aerodynamics—a low car. For handling, the important thing is to have the weight (center of gravity) low. This can be achieved in part by lowering the body/chassis unit as far as possible on the suspension, which obviously lowers every single pound in the car. But you can also lower the center of gravity by mounting various components (the seat, fuel cell, oil cooler, and other movables) as low in the car as possible.
To reduce aerodynamic drag, you want to minimize the space for air to flow under the car. A low car is the most direct way of doing so—but there is a limit. If you go too far, you'll either bottom out the suspension or scrape something off the underside. The only way to know is try and see what happens. With the Pinto at IMSA's minimum height (six inches from the ground to the center of the rocker panel) we rubbed a hole in the oil pan during the car's third race (at Lime Rock). Now we know how low is too low.
The next item is to make sure that all moving parts travel in exactly the paths you intend with no interferences. This applies mainly to the suspension. We favor hard bushings instead of rubber in all of the suspension pivots. It's also important to make sure the shocks don't bottom out, the ball joints aren't over-angled, and the brake hoses are neither pulled tight nor pinched as the suspension moves through its travel.
It's also a good idea to build in extra capacity in those areas where there is no serious penalty for doing so: Overdesign the cooling system (our Pinto has a Corvette aluminum radiator); use the largest brake ducts that will fit, and master cylinders with ample reservoirs; build in two electric fuel pumps with a large-diameter line to the carburetor; choose oversize filters where possible; and use heavy electrical wiring and high-quality bolts, clamps, and fasteners. The car may turn out somewhat heavier, but you won't have to waste time reworking systems that prove to be inadequate during the first few test sessions.
We also try to consult specialists whenever we can find them, since it always saves time to benefit from somebody else's experience. Sometimes other teams will even give away a tip or two. Bob Negstad, who modified the suspension on Larry Campbell's quick Pinto, suggested that we use the 1974 Pinto steering gear because it was stronger and told us how to fabricate the necessary mountings. He also showed us how to adapt the larger 1974 disc brakes to the 1972 car.
The final point to remember about building a race car is that there is no single right answer for any part of the car.
Finally, we try to benefit from our own experience. When we find products or suppliers that do the job, we stick with them. Much of the special equipment on the Pinto was proven on the previous Mazda Rotary Racer project: StewartWarner instruments, Superior Industries steering wheel, Cibie lights, Raybestos disc brake linings, and Velvetouch drum brake lining specially made at Rochester Brake and Clutch in Rochester, New York. The Pinto also has certain problems of its own that require special attention. A Hurst shifter happily replaces that standard Ford part that has been known to periodically pop out of the top of the transmission if the driver pulls too hard. And Hurst/Schiefer also makes 4.10 and 4.30 axle ratios to supplement the standard Ford gears, which are correct only for superspeedways. For the most part, we used Koni shock absorbers in front, Bilsteins in back, and did some promising experimentation with Gabriel Striders along the way. Unfortunately, four races didn't give us enough time to find all of the answers in the shocks department.
Which brings us to the final point about building a racing car: There is no one single right answer for any part of the car. There is no perfect spring rate, no optimum chassis stiffness, and no ideal sway-bar setting. Cars will work well with a broad range of these valves so long as they are all compatible. The only way to know what works and what doesn't is to try them. This applies particularly to the suspension. Our plan was to make the best estimate going in and then provide plenty of adjustment. It has proven to be a workable approach. The Pinto required only half a day on the skidpad and half a day of testing at Lime Rock to iron out its problems. With no more proving than that, it finished at Talladega (where two pit stops to replace flat tires—not Goodrichs—dropped it to 24th place) and then went on to win at Charlotte a week later.
Would we do it all again? Well, if our mechanical insight gets much better, we figure that soon there won't even be any point in going to the track. We'll be able to decide the outcome of the races without ever leaving our desks.
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New Bears coach Ben Johnson has ‘lofty,' historic goals for QB Caleb Williams in their first season together
New Chicago Bears head coach Ben Johnson has some extremely high goals for Caleb Williams this season, which would put the second-year quarterback in an elite group if he can pull it off. Johnson made it clear on Tuesday, one day before the Bears officially open training camp, that he wants Willaims to complete 70% of his passes this season. Williams echoed that sentiment later, and added that he wants to throw for 4,000 yards, too. Advertisement Not only would that make him the first quarterback in Bears history to reach the 4,000-yard mark, but Williams would become just the 10th quarterback in NFL history to hit both of those marks. 'We certainly have goals that we strive for. It's not a secret,' Johnson said . 'I would love for him this season to complete 70% of his balls, so you would like to think that over the course of practice we're completing 70% or more, or that's hard to just magically arise in a game. 'It's a lofty goal, but it's one we're going to strive for.' [Join or create a Yahoo Fantasy Football league for the 2025 NFL season] Williams, who the Bears took with the No. 1 overall pick out of USC last year, threw for 3,541 yards with 20 touchdowns and six interceptions as a rookie in Chicago. The Bears went just 5-12 under his watch, missed the playoffs for a fourth straight season and ended up firing head coach Matt Eberflus. That led to the Bears hiring Johnson, who was previously the Detroit Lions' offensive coordinator. Advertisement Williams completed just 62.5% of his passes last season, too, so that 70% mark that Johnson set would be a significant increase. In fact, only four true starting quarterbacks who played the entire campaign last season completed 70% of their passes or better. Lions quarterback Jared Goff led the way with 72.4%. It would take a significant jump for Williams to pull that off, though it would undoubtedly both throw himself into the MVP conversation and mean that the Bears are among the best in the NFC if he can get it done. With Johnson now leading the way, and a very solid group around him, the goals in place for Williams aren't unobtainable by any means. He's very likely to make a significant improvement after his rookie season, too. Advertisement Whether he can hit those admittedly lofty goals from Johnson, though, remains to be seen.
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- Yahoo
NBA's best available free agents: The top bigs, ball-handlers and wings still on the market
Three weeks after the start of the NBA's 2025 free agency period, most of the biggest prospective difference-makers have come off the board. That doesn't mean, though, that the market is devoid of talented players — veterans of all shapes, sizes, experience levels and skill sets who might be capable of meaningfully, tangibly helping a club next season. (NOTE: What follows will focus on unrestricted free agents. If you'd like to read about the games and statuses of restricted free agents Josh Giddey, Jonathan Kuminga, Quentin Grimes and Cam Thomas, then, boy, do I have just the link for you!) Advertisement Let's take a spin through the some of the best unsigned talent still on the board, starting with the big fellas, and a perennial postseason participant in search of a new home: Best available free agents: Bigs • Ball-handlers • Wings BIGS Al Horford The just-turned-39-year-old might not be on the market for long. He's been tipped for weeks to join the Golden State Warriors, though as of press time, the deal remains unconsummated. So as long as he isn't inked, Horford is the best big man available — one who's only available, really, due to the Celtics responding to the shocking combination of Jayson Tatum's ruptured Achilles tendon and their earlier-than-expected exit from the playoffs by pivoting into cost-saving mode and away from the kind of immediate title contention that an 18-year vet would reasonably want to pursue as he nears the end of the line. Advertisement [Join or create a Yahoo Fantasy Football league for the 2025 NFL season] Horford's shooting efficiency dipped last season from what he provided during Boston's run to the 2024 NBA championship. He continued to produce, though, averaging 9.0 points, 6.2 rebounds, 2.1 assists and 1.5 combined steals and blocks in 27.7 minutes per game, and remaining a key contributor for a Celtics team that won 61 games, finished in the top five in the NBA in both offensive and defensive efficiency — and performed better on both ends of the floor with the rock-solid vet on the floor. He'll organize coverages, space the floor, move the ball and generally provide whatever you need on any given possession, and do it while providing the kind of steady hand and measured leadership you need in the postseason. Chris Boucher The last remaining member of the Raptors' 2019 NBA title team, Boucher developed from the fringes of the rotation into a key frontcourt reserve over seven seasons in Toronto. Injuries and inconsistency have dampened his effectiveness from the 2020-21 peak that saw him finish eighth in Sixth Man of the Year voting — he's played just under 1,600 minutes over the last two seasons combined — but the 6-foot-9, 200-pound Boucher can still both hoist triples and wreak some havoc defensively. Advertisement Only 26 NBA players last season blocked 20 shots, snagged 20 steals and made 70 3-pointers while shooting 36% or better from long distance. Boucher was one of them. That kind of potential two-way impact could be worth a flier on a short-money deal this late in the calendar. Trey Lyles The glass-half-empty take: Lyles is about to turn 30 and hitting free agency coming off his worst season in several years, shooting just 42% from the floor and 34% from 3-point range for an exceedingly underwhelming Kings team. Glass-half-full: He missed training camp with a groin injury and never quite got out from behind the 8-ball, and he'd shot better in each of the previous three seasons, during which more functional and less weirdly duct-taped-together Sacramento teams played better — sometimes significantly so — with Lyles on the floor than off it. Advertisement There's always been a bit of jack-of-all-trades, master-of-none to the Kentucky product's game; he's not the kind of obvious, demonstrative talent on either end of the floor that demands to be built around. At his best, though, Lyles is a capable gap-filler — the sort of extra-pass-and-timely-rotation-making grout and mortar that holds possessions together. If he can also make shots more like he did from 2020 to 2024 (.594 true shooting percentage) than he did last season (.551), then he's worth a look for a frontcourt rotation that's a live body short. Thomas Bryant Bryant has spent the last three seasons backing up Anthony Davis, Nikola Jokić, Bam Adebayo and Myles Turner — gigs that haven't exactly afforded him a ton of opportunities to log heavy minutes. When he has seen the floor, though, he's flashed ability as a pick-and-roll dive man, a pick-and-pop floor-spacer, an offensive rebounder and an active participant in the transition game — a useful combination of skills off the bench for a team with postseason aspirations. Advertisement He also came up big in a couple of big spots during Indiana's remarkable run to the NBA Finals, making a number of huge plays in closeout victories over Cleveland and New York. 'Look, Thomas has an indomitable spirit, as a person and a player,' Pacers head coach Rick Carlisle said after Indiana's win over the Knicks in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference finals, in which Bryant scored 11 points in 13 minutes. 'Even when he's not in the rotation, he's over there in a defensive stance on the sidelines, and he is into it, and he's ready. He is ready.' Seems like a pretty decent guy to have around! Precious Achiuwa It was a frustrating 2024-25 for Achiuwa, who missed the first six weeks after suffering a preseason hamstring injury and saw his minutes and opportunities dwindle once Mitchell Robinson returned to New York's rotation after the All-Star break. But while the 25-year-old's interior finishing and perimeter shot-making both remain below league-average for an NBA big, he's still a mobile and versatile defender capable of moving his feet in space who has posted strong block, steal and rebounding rates in a rotation role, and who's just a year removed from playing real minutes (albeit due to a raft of injuries) for the Knicks in the postseason. Advertisement If you're looking for a high-efficiency modern offensive big man, Achiuwa is probably not for you. If you need an energetic rebounder and defender to set screens and dive, though, he's got the tools to be effective in a defined role. Also on the market: Tristan Thompson, DeAndre Jordan, Taj Gibson, Alex Len, Bismack Biyombo, Charles Bassey BALL-HANDLERS Russell Westbrook Only 14 NBA players last season logged at least 2,000 minutes and averaged at least 13 points, six assists and four rebounds per game. It's a list loaded with MVP, All-NBA and All-Star candidates … and Russ was on it. Westbrook doesn't play at that exalted level anymore; as his shooting efficiency dips, his turnover rate rises and his defensive effectiveness vacillates, he can prove to be a tricky on-court fit. But at age 36, 17 seasons into a Hall of Fame career, he's still a productive player — one who injects energy into an offense in transition, operates effectively in the pick-and-roll and puts pressure on the rim, taking well over 40% of his field goal attempts at the basket last season and making 64% of them. Advertisement Westbrook can sometimes burn too hot for his own or his team's good; he shot just 34.8% from the field and 21.9% from 3-point range with more turnovers than assists in Denver's second-round loss to Oklahoma City. (It's worth noting that, after the series, he had surgery to repair two broken bones in his shooting hand.) But the fire he plays with and the burst he still brings to bear both remain rare, even after all these years, and capable of helping contribute to success. You might not feel super comfortable needing to turn to Russ in a gotta-have-it playoff game. At this point in the calendar, though, I'm not sure anybody left on the market is likely to prove more helpful in getting you through the regular season and to that kind of moment than he is. Malcolm Brogdon One of just two players in NBA history to win both Rookie of the Year and Sixth Man of the Year (shout out to Mike Miller), Brogdon's star has dimmed in the two years since he shined as Boston's top reserve, with a pair of trades — first to Portland, in the deal that made Jrue Holiday a Celtic, and then to Washington, in the swap that brought Deni Avdija to the Blazers — shuffling him to non-competitive teams and a host of injuries limiting him to just 63 games over the past two seasons. Advertisement When healthy, Brogdon is a useful piece in the backcourt. He's a 38.8% career 3-point shooter, adept at knocking down shots off the catch or off the bounce. He's a low-turnover secondary ball-handler and pick-and-roll facilitator — a heady playmaker with playoff experience. He's a high-volume driver who can draw fouls and finish through contact. And while he's not a great defender, he at least has enough size (6-4, 230 pounds) to be tough to hunt and bully defensively. The recent injury history is enough to give interested suitors pause, but if he's able to stay on the court, Brogdon could be a low-cost, high-reward option for would-be contenders with a need in the backcourt. Ben Simmons We're going on five seasons since Simmons last made an All-Star team, cracked double figures in points per game, played more than 51 games, or even attempted six shots or two free throws per game. Whether you chalk it up to a mental block dating back to that pass against the Hawks in the playoffs, the ongoing physical toll of persistent back injuries, some combination of both, or something else entirely, it seems reasonable to conclude that the former No. 1 overall draft pick isn't likely to return to the All-NBA heights he reached once upon a time in Philadelphia. Advertisement Even so: 6-10, 230-pound dudes who can facilitate, rebound and defend multiple positions in multiple contexts don't grow on trees. According to The BBall Index's charting, only four players in the NBA last season (minimum 500 minutes played) finished in the 70th percentile or better in defensive positional versatility, defensive playmaking, perimeter isolation defense and help defensive activity: Draymond Green, Scottie Barnes, Jonathan Isaac … and Simmons. That doesn't mean he's likely to find a major role on a team of consequence; barring a sudden, 180-degree reversal in his willingness to take shots at the basket, to accept contact in the process, and to both take and make free throws, that ship has all but certainly sailed. (To wit: After catching on with the Clippers following his buyout in Brooklyn, Simmons played just 16 minutes per game, ostensibly as a backup center, and logged a total of 42 minutes in L.A.'s seven-game playoff loss to the Nuggets.) But even a half-decade removed from his peak, Simmons' physical tools and pedigree are still enticing enough — the Suns, Celtics, Knicks and Kings have all registered at least some level of interest, according to Marc Stein — that he'll likely wind up getting another shot to prove he can still make a positive impact. Monte Morris Morris was once widely viewed as one of the best backup point guards in the NBA — a steady enough set of hands that, when Jamal Murray missed the entire 2021-22 season, the Nuggets just tossed him the keys to run with Nikola Jokić. He'd average 12.6 points and 4.4 assists per game on 48/40/87 shooting splits, helping Denver to 48 wins and a playoff berth (though, obviously, the giant Serbian guy deserved most of the credit for that). Advertisement The following season, though, Morris found himself on the move in a trade to Washington for Kentavious Caldwell-Pope — a deal that solidified the Nuggets' championship roster and gave Morris another chance as a starting point guard, but that started what's been a rocky road for the Iowa State product. Since: four teams in three seasons, swapped for second-round picks twice and returned to reserve duty, with declining shooting efficiency (often a troubling development for a smaller guard) contributing to reduced opportunities. Morris still has one of the steadiest sets of hands in the game: a 3.5-to-1 assist-to-turnover ratio last season, a top-20 mark among players to appear in at least 40 games. If the shooting can tick back up toward his prior career numbers, the just-turned-30-year-old could be a strong pickup for a roster in need of a high-floor, low-mistake table-setter. Cameron Payne The well-traveled Payne has cemented himself as a backup point guard for a number of playoff teams in recent years, bouncing from Phoenix to Milwaukee to Philadelphia and, last season, to New York, where he shot 36.3% from deep with a 3.9-to-1 assist-to-turnover ratio as one of the relatively few reserve options that Tom Thibodeau felt he could trust. Advertisement Payne repaid that trust early in the postseason, helping spark a fourth-quarter run as the Knicks climbed out of a fourth-quarter deficit in Game 1 against the Pistons at Madison Square Garden … … but struggled mightily thereafter, shooting just 23.3% from the field over New York's next 13 playoff games before getting removed from the rotation midway through the Eastern Conference finals in favor of the more defensively capable Delon Wright and Landry Shamet. Even after putting him on the bench, though, Knicks head coach Tom Thibodeau continued to praise Payne as a consummate professional who's all about doing what's best for the team — traits that, when combined with low turnovers and high-volume 3-point shooting, tend to keep you employed for a long while in this league. Also on the market: Delon Wright, Cory Joseph, Patty Mills, Jared Butler, Markelle Fultz, Elfrid Payton WINGS Malik Beasley After becoming just the fifth player in NBA history to make 300 3-pointers in a single season, helping the Pistons to return to the playoffs for the first time in six years, and finishing second in Sixth Man of the Year voting, Beasley seemed poised to cash in with a lucrative multi-year deal to return to Detroit as soon as free agency opened. And then we learned Beasley was the subject of a federal gambling investigation related to instances of 'unusually heavy betting interest on [his] statistics' during his tenure with the Milwaukee Bucks — a revelation that put the kibosh on the 28-year-old's contract talks. Before long, the Pistons pivoted, bringing in reserves Caris LeVert and Duncan Robinson — a high-usage reserve guard and a high-volume movement shooter, effectively filling both of the roles Beasley had played in Detroit last season. Advertisement Obviously, Beasley's legal status would seem to be the primary factor in determining his NBA future; you'd imagine that, unless he's unequivocally cleared of any wrongdoing in the federal gambling probe, no team in the league will be willing to even tiptoe toward bringing him in. If such an exoneration does come, though … well, the only other guys who've ever shot 41% from 3 while taking them as often as Beasley just did are Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson, and they're not available. If Beasley is, and if the feds give the all-clear, some team will absolutely kick the tires on a buy-low reclamation project. Gary Payton II Payton's value is probably always going to be both highly situation-dependent and heavily in the eye of the beholder. Advertisement On one hand, he's played 1,000 minutes once in nine NBA seasons, and has never come close to averaging even 20 minutes per game. He's a 6-2 guard who's barely made a third of his 3-point tries for his career, who has never consistently or effectively created his own shots at the NBA level, and who turns 33 in December. He doesn't seem like a guy you necessarily want to pay if you have the option of giving a younger guard with more potentially unrealized upside an opportunity to see if he can develop into something more. On the other, Payton was a legitimate rotation piece on a championship team three seasons ago. He is consistently one of the best and most disruptive point-of-attack defenders in the NBA on a possession-by-possession basis, routinely sitting at or near the top of the leaderboard in steals and deflections per 36 minutes and ranking in the 93rd percentile or higher in defensive estimated plus-minus in three of the last four seasons. He doesn't shoot all that much, but he makes 'em from the corners, shooting 37% or better on those looks in each of the last four years. He moves well off the ball, times his cuts well, punches above his weight class as a screener in guard-guard pick-and-rolls, generates extra possessions on the offensive glass, and generally delivers a lot of value without needing the ball in his hands a lot … which makes him seem like a guy you do want to pay if you're trying to fill in the gaps around a high-volume, attention-demanding shot creator. Advertisement Like, say, Steph. But will the Warriors, who've yet to make any moves while they sort out the Kuminga situation, have room to bring GPII back? If not, it'll be interesting to see which teams might consider themselves the right kind of fit for a productive but particular player. Amir Coffey The myriad injuries that have beset the Clippers seemingly every season have afforded Coffey, undrafted out of Minnesota in 2019, to work his way from the G League into consistent rotation run, averaging 20.7 minutes per game over the last four seasons. He shot 40.9% from 3-point range on 3.4 attempts per game while spending time at the 2, 3 and 4 spots for Tyronn Lue; he's also consistently ranked as a net-negative producer in his minutes, with the Clippers routinely performing much better when he's off the court than on it. Advertisement Coffey will likely find himself squeezed out of a spot on a Clippers roster that has added veterans Chris Paul, Bradley Beal, John Collins and Brook Lopez to holdovers Kawhi Leonard, James Harden, Ivica Zubac, Derrick Jones Jr., Kris Dunn and Nicolas Batum. You'd expect a 6-7 wing who just shot 40% from deep to get a chance to catch on elsewhere, though; whether he sticks might depend on whether he can show more, especially on the defensive end, in a different context. Alec Burks Entering his 15th NBA season, Burks' value at this stage largely depends on whether his jumper is falling. (Who among us, right?) But if you need a professional guard with size and experience who can handle the ball, attack an already bent defense and offer a spot-up threat, Burks showed last season that he can still be equal to the task. Advertisement After stepping into a larger-than-perhaps-anticipated role in Miami after The Jimmy Unpleasantness turned into The Post-Jimmy Era, Burks averaged just under eight points and three rebounds in 18.5 minutes per game, shooting 41.7% from 3-point range in the second half of the season. Asking him to shoulder too much of the shot-creation workload or assume bigger defensive responsibilities probably won't end too well, but the 34-year-old still has enough gas left in the tank to be worth a look for a team in need of an experienced complementary catch-and-shoot threat and second-side slasher. Seth Curry Look, I'm not going to blame you if you weren't, like, super locked in to the exploits of the 2024-25 Charlotte Hornets — a basketball team that only intermittently resembled a basketball team, and that faced existential questions about what it was even trying to accomplish most nights (and especially the ones where LaMelo Ball wasn't present). Advertisement What I will say to you, though, is that under cover of national-media darkness, Seth Curry shot 45.6% from 3-point range on 182 attempts — the fifth time he's made 45% of his triples while taking at least 100, tying Kyle Korver for the second-most such seasons in NBA history, behind only Hubert Davis — which led the NBA. He also ranked in the 85th percentile or higher in points per possession finished as a spot-up shooter, pick-and-roll ball-handler, attacking in transition or working in isolation, according to Synergy. He's also a 6-2 combo guard who's a glaring defensive minus, who has battled injuries and played limited minutes the past few seasons, and who will turn 35 before training camps open in September. (To some extent, Seth's sort of like the yin to GPII's yang.) Even so: teams will always be looking for elite, capital-S Shooters, especially when they're also low-turnover ball-handlers with experience, pedigree and professionalism. Whether it's a playoff hopeful in need of another floor spacer or an up-and-coming team looking for a good vet to show its youngsters the ropes, it's likely that somebody's going to give Curry the opportunity to get back on the court for a 12th NBA season this fall. Also on the market: Landry Shamet, Brandon Boston Jr., Lonnie Walker IV (though he might be returning to Europe), Talen Horton-Tucker, Dalano Banton