Scientists solve mystery behind massive sea star die-off along Pacific Coast
In a study published Monday, researchers identified the bacteria that causes sea star wasting disease, which has decimated sunflower sea star populations off the California coast. Experts say that the finding could help with management of the disease and even guide the restoration of sea star populations.
Sea star wasting disease impacts 26 different species of sea star species, including the sunflower sea star. This species is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; officials have proposed listing it as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.
Sunflower sea stars used to be everywhere, said Kevin Lafferty, a marine biologist with the U.S. Geological Survey at UC Santa Barbara, who wasn't part of the new study. But sea star wasting disease causes the animals to become disfigured, eventually disintegrate and die.
'To see really this unprecedented mass change was almost disorienting in a way,' said Lafferty, who authored an article accompanying the new research study.
The die-off had ecological consequences. These sea stars are natural predators of sea urchins; in their absence, sea urchin populations have boomed and mowed down kelp forests, said lead author Melanie Prentice, an evolutionary ecologist at the Hakai Institute and University of British Columbia. According to Prentice, this has meant places like Northern California have lost 'more than 95% of the kelp forest canopy cover.'
In the new study, Prentice and colleagues found that fluid from infected sea stars could make healthy sea stars sick. This fluid is essentially the sea stars' blood, said senior author Alyssa Gehman, a marine disease ecologist at the Hakai Institute and University of British Columbia.
The scientists collected and compared samples of fluid from healthy sea stars and infected sea stars to pinpoint what causes the disease.
'It was shockingly clear,' Gehman said of the infected sea stars. 'There was just tons of Vibrio pectenicida.'
This bacteria is closely related to Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera in humans.
The authors were able to grow Vibrio pectenicida in the lab and confirmed that it caused sea stars to become sick. While initial experiments focused on sea stars from Washington, the researchers confirmed that the bacteria was found in samples from other locations too, including British Columbia and Alaska.
California's sunflower sea star population has essentially disappeared, making it difficult to confirm that the same bacteria causes animals from the region to become sick. But scientists think that given the size of the sea star wasting disease outbreak, Vibrio pectenicida likely caused California sea stars to die off too. A next step is to test older samples from California for the bacteria, Gehman said.
The findings are important for future work to help sea stars, experts say.
'It opens the opportunity to identify whether any animals are resistant to the disease and allows us to test for the presence of the disease both in the wild and in labs and aquariums,' said Norah Eddy, the associate director of the Nature Conservancy's oceans program in California, by email.
'We're starting to look and see if we can find probiotics potentially that could help the host help the sea stars fight off this pathogen,' Gehman said.
Scientists could also identify viruses that target the bacteria; such a therapy has allowed abalone to recover in California, Lafferty said.
Ultimately, the work could help restore California's sunflower sea star populations.
'All the work that is going to come next is hopefully going to be able to help bring those species back to the state,' Prentice said.
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Chicago Tribune
4 hours ago
- Chicago Tribune
Scientists say they have solved the mystery of what killed more than 5 billion sea stars
WASHINGTON — Scientists say they have at last solved the mystery of what killed more than 5 billion sea stars off the Pacific coast of North America in a decade-long epidemic. Sea stars – often known as starfish – typically have five arms and some species sport up to 24 arms. They range in color from solid orange to tapestries of orange, purple, brown and green. Starting in 2013, a mysterious sea star wasting disease sparked a mass die-off from Mexico to Alaska. The epidemic has devastated more than 20 species and continues today. Worst hit was a species called the sunflower sea star, which lost around 90% of its population in the outbreak's first five years. 'It's really quite gruesome,' said marine disease ecologist Alyssa Gehman at the Hakai Institute in British Columbia, Canada, who helped pinpoint the cause. Healthy sea stars have 'puffy arms sticking straight out,' she said. But the wasting disease causes them to grow lesions and 'then their arms actually fall off.' The culprit? Bacteria that has also infected shellfish, according to a study published Monday in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution. The findings 'solve a long-standing question about a very serious disease in the ocean,' said Rebecca Vega Thurber, a marine microbiologist at University of California, Santa Barbara, who was not involved in the study. It took more than a decade for researchers to identify the cause of the disease, with many false leads and twists and turns along the way. Early research hinted the cause might be a virus, but it turned out the densovirus that scientists initially focused on was actually a normal resident inside healthy sea stars and not associated with disease, said Melanie Prentice of the Hakai Institute, co-author of the new study. Other efforts missed the real killer because researchers studied tissue samples of dead sea stars that no longer contained the bodily fluid that surrounds the organs. But the latest study includes detailed analysis of this fluid, called coelomic fluid, where the bacteria Vibrio pectenicida were found. 'It's incredibly difficult to trace the source of so many environmental diseases, especially underwater,' said microbiologist Blake Ushijima of the University of North Carolina, Wilmington, who was not involved in the research. He said the detective work by this team was 'really smart and significant.' Now that scientists know the cause, they have a better shot at intervening to help sea stars. Prentice said that scientists could potentially now test which of the remaining sea stars are still healthy — and consider whether to relocate them, or breed them in captivity to later transplant them to areas that have lost almost all their sunflower sea stars. Scientists may also test if some populations have natural immunity, and if treatments like probiotics may help boost immunity to the disease. Such recovery work is not only important for sea stars, but for entire Pacific ecosystems because healthy starfish gobble up excess sea urchins, researchers say. Sunflower sea stars 'look sort of innocent when you see them, but they eat almost everything that lives on the bottom of the ocean,' said Gehman. 'They're voracious eaters.' With many fewer sea stars, the sea urchins that they usually munch on exploded in population – and in turn gobbled up around 95% of the kelp forest s in Northern California within a decade. These kelp forests provide food and habitat for a wide variety of animals including fish, sea otters and seals. Researchers hope the new findings will allow them to restore sea star populations — and regrow the kelp forests that Thurber compares to 'the rainforests of the ocean.'
Yahoo
5 hours ago
- Yahoo
Researchers figure out what's caused devastating sea star epidemic
A study published Monday offers clarity on a more than decade-long marine mystery: What has been killing the velvety sunflower sea star? In 2013, something began ravaging sea stars along the West Coast, turning them into decaying, fragmented carcasses. Over the next few years, the wasting disease (SSWD) killed billions of animals along the shore, transforming entire marine ecosystems. A network of researchers formed to focus on recovery. One species was hit especially hard: Pycnopodia helianthoides, more commonly known as the sunflower sea star. Scientists estimate the global population plummeted by 94% since 2013. California alone lost about 99% of its sunflower sea stars. For over a decade, nobody knew what was responsible. In their paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution, researchers have now identified the culprit behind the devastating epidemic — and with it, a path forward for restoration. 'This was a big deal for us,' said Alyssa Gehman, a marine disease ecologist at Hakai Institute and the University of British Columbia and senior author on the study. 'When we started these experiments, I knew we would learn more, but I honestly wasn't convinced we would actually find the causative agent of disease.' The breakthrough came during a routine meeting between Gehman and two collaborators, Grace Crandall and Melanie Prentice. They had recently tested whether heat-treated coelomic fluid — the internal body fluid of a sea star — could still trigger the disease when injected into a healthy sea star. When it didn't, and the injected sea stars stayed healthy, it confirmed that the disease was being caused by something that was alive. To find out what that "something" was, the team turned to a set of techniques that reveals which genes are being expressed by what microorganisms. When they compared healthy and infected animals, one group consistently stood out—the Vibrios, a type of bacteria commonly found in marine environments. Knowing there are many Vibrios, the researchers were curious whether the wasting sickness could be tied to one in particular. Prentice ran the species-level analysis, and the result floored them. 'The whole list was Vibrio pectinocida. And it was in all of our six stars and it was in none of our controls,' Gehman said. It was "mind-blowingly clear" that this bacteria was causing the disease, she said. For California's kelp forests, and the conservation groups trying to save them, this news is a major turning point. Sunflower sea stars are considered a keystone species, meaning they are critical in regulating the stability and diversity of their ecosystems. One of their most important roles is controlling purple sea urchin populations, a species with a notoriously voracious appetite. 'They can mow down a kelp forest and then actually remain in that ecosystem without a food source,' said Prentice, a marine biologist and study co-author. 'They enter almost like a zombie state until the kelp regrows, and then they eradicate it again.' Sunflower sea stars used to prey on the urchins, keeping them in check. But when wasting disease effectively wiped out their main predator, the sea urchins exploded in number, decimating kelp forests and transforming once-lush underwater habitats into so-called 'urchin barrens.' 'Kelp forests are the most important ecosystem on our coast because they house over 800 species of animals,' said Nancy Caruso, marine biologist and founder of the nonprofit Get Inspired. 'Essentially, they're the condos and apartment complexes of the animals that live on our coastline. When they disappear, the animals have no place to live.' Kelp forests also filter water, store carbon, and protect coastal communities from storms and erosion, making them an ally in addressing climate change, Prentice said. Since the 2013 outbreak, areas like Northern California have lost more than 95% of their kelp forest cover. Several sites are still considered ecological collapse zones. Some scientists trying to recover sunflower sea stars see the finding as a strong guide for future research — and efforts to boost the decimated keystone species. For example, it could help address concerns California wildlife officials have had that stars bred in captivity might have the disease and carry it into wild waters if they are moved, conservationists said. Prentice is currently developing something similar to a COVID rapid test that could help screen animals and seawater for the presence of Vibrio pectinocida before they're introduced into the ocean. That beats the cumbersome process of monitoring them to make sure they're healthy enough to be released. 'That's going to be powerful not just for research, but for management,' she said. 'Now we can actually test animals before we move them, or test the water at a potential outplanting site and say, is this a good place for reintroduction?' Researchers also plan to investigate whether certain stars are resistant to the disease, opening the door to breeding animals that are more resilient. Could exposing them to a low dose of the disease do the trick? Already there have been promising strides in conservation. Starting in 2019, Jason Hodin, a senior research scientist at the University of Washington's Friday Harbor Laboratories, spearheaded an effort to see if the hefty stars could be raised in captivity. They could, and the success paved the way for a network of scientists trying to recover the species. Last year, his team became the first (and currently only) to unleash lab-bred stars into the ocean, dispatching 10 one-year-olds and 10 two-year-olds near the dock of their lab on San Juan Island. None have been seen sick or dying. At least three of the two-year-olds were spotted just a few months ago. It's 'not only showing that the stars can thrive in the wild, but that if you put them into an area that they like, then they stick around,' he said. Now he's hoping for approval from Washington's wildlife agency to release stars in a small urchin barren developing on the west side of the island where his lab is located. The idea is to see if introducing them where urchins have taken over, and where the kelp is getting hit, can help restore the kelp. That work could begin this fall. Scientists in California are moving in the same direction, but haven't yet planted stars in the wild. Researchers with the Nature Conservancy may release stars in cages in Monterey Bay as soon as September, replicating a step Hodin's team took before sending them out on their own. They're waiting on approval from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. There also have been hopeful sightings of wild stars in California waters. Recently, a sunflower sea star was spotted in Sonoma County, which Hodin estimated is the furthest south anyone has spotted them in seven years. 'It takes a lot of stars to make a healthy population, so just having a few around isn't necessarily enough to get a good sort of population going,' Hodin said, 'but at least it's a sign that the species is still around and that with some assistance, we might be able to bolster these populations.' At the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, which cares for some of the surviving sunflower stars, the new findings could help reshape priorities. 'It sharpens our focus on what it might take to reintroduce these animals in a way that is thoughtful, informed, and sustainable,' said Johnathan Casey, the aquarium's curator of fish and invertebrates. 'With each new piece of the puzzle, we feel we're getting closer to a future where sunflower stars can once again thrive along our coastline.' Sunflower sea stars used to be everywhere — on sand, rocks, kelp beds, and seagrass beds. For Gehman, that's the point. She hopes the findings help people realize that even the most abundant species can disappear very quickly. This story originally appeared in Los Angeles Times.
Los Angeles Times
10 hours ago
- Los Angeles Times
Researchers figure out what's caused devastating sea star epidemic
A study published Monday offers long-awaited clarity on a more than decade-long marine mystery: What has been killing the sunflower sea star? In 2013, something began ravaging sea stars along the West Coast, turning them into decaying, fragmented carcasses. Over the next few years, the wasting disease (SSWD) killed billions of animals along the shore, transforming entire marine ecosystems. One species was hit especially hard: Pycnopodia helianthoides, more commonly known as the sunflower sea star. Scientists estimate the global population plummeted by 94% since 2013. California alone lost about 99% of its sunflower sea stars. For over a decade, nobody knew what was responsible. In their paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution, researchers have now identified the culprit behind the devastating epidemic — and with it, a path forward for restoration. 'This was a big deal for us,' said Alyssa Gehman, a marine disease ecologist at Hakai Institute and the University of British Columbia and senior author on the study. 'When we started these experiments, I knew we would learn more, but I honestly wasn't convinced we would actually find the causative agent of disease.' The breakthrough came during a routine meeting between Gehman and two collaborators, Grace Crandall and Melanie Prentice. They had recently tested whether heat-treated coelomic fluid — the internal body fluid of a sea star — could still trigger the disease when injected into a healthy sea star. When the injected sea stars stayed healthy, it confirmed that the disease was being caused by something that was alive. To find out what that 'something' was, the team turned to a set of techniques that reveals which genes are being expressed by what microorganisms. When they compared healthy and infected animals, one group consistently stood out—the Vibrios, a type of bacteria commonly found in marine environments. Knowing there are many Vibrios, the researchers were curious whether the wasting sickness could be tied to one in particular. Prentice ran the species-level analysis, and the result floored them. 'The whole list was Vibrio pectinocida. And it was in all of our six stars and it was in none of our controls,' Gehman said. It was 'mind-blowingly clear' that this bacteria was causing the disease, she said. For California's kelp forests, and the conservation groups trying to save them, this news is a major turning point. Sunflower sea stars are considered a keystone species, meaning they are critical in regulating the stability and diversity of their ecosystems. One of their most important roles is controlling purple sea urchin populations, a species with a notoriously voracious appetite. 'They can mow down a kelp forest and then actually remain in that ecosystem without a food source,' said Prentice, a marine biologist and study co-author. 'They enter almost like a zombie state until the kelp regrows — and then they eradicate it again.' Sunflower sea stars used to prey on the urchins, keeping their population in check. However, when wasting disease effectively wiped out their main predator, the sea urchins exploded in number, decimating kelp forests and transforming once-lush underwater habitats into so-called 'urchin barrens.' 'Kelp forests are the most important ecosystem on our coast because they house over 800 species of animals,' said Nancy Caruso, marine biologist and founder of the nonprofit Get Inspired. 'Essentially, they're the condos and apartment complexes of the animals that live on our coastline — and when they disappear, they have no place to live.' Kelp forests also filter water, store carbon, and protect coastal communities from storms and erosion, making them, as Prentice described, 'an ally in our fight against the climate crisis.' Since the 2013 outbreak, areas like Northern California have lost more than 95% of their kelp forest cover. Several sites are still considered ecological collapse zones. Researchers say recovery can now be more targeted. Prentice is currently developing a diagnostic test similar to a COVID rapid test, which could help screen animals and seawater for the presence of Vibrio pectinocida before conservationists reintroduce sea stars into the wild. 'That's going to be powerful not just for research, but for management,' she said. 'Now we can actually test animals before we move them — or test the water at a potential outplanting site and say, is this a good place for reintroduction?' Other teams are looking at breeding disease-resistant sea stars. Surviving populations may have natural immunity, which could help shape more resilient captive-rearing programs. At the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, which cares for some of the surviving sunflower stars, the new findings could help reshape priorities. 'It sharpens our focus on what it might take to reintroduce these animals in a way that is thoughtful, informed, and sustainable,' said Johnathan Casey, the aquarium's curator of fish and invertebrates. 'With each new piece of the puzzle, we feel we're getting closer to a future where sunflower stars can once again thrive along our coastline.' Sunflower sea stars used to be everywhere — on sand, rocks, kelp beds, and seagrass beds. For Gehman, that's the point. She hopes the findings help people realize that even the most abundant species can disappear very quickly.
