Daily subject-wise quiz : Science and Technology MCQs on Ilyushin Il-78MKI, GPS interference and more (Week 117)
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Consider the following statements about GPS interference:
1. GPS jamming involves a device emitting strong radio signals on GPS frequencies in order to overpower weaker signals.
2. GPS spoofing involves a device transmitting signals on the same frequencies used by GPS satellites, blocking the GPS receivers from acquiring or maintaining the right satellite signals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
— GPS interference includes spoofing and jamming, two types of deliberate cyber-attacks on Global Positioning System (GPS) signals that disrupt or confuse vehicle navigation systems. Spoofing and jamming are often used interchangeably, however they refer to significantly different types of interference.
— GPS jamming, also known as GPS intervention, occurs when a device (jammer) emits strong radio signals on GPS frequencies in order to overcome weaker signals. This impairs the operation of GPS systems by preventing receivers from determining location or time. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
— GPS spoofing occurs when a device transmits signals on the same frequencies utilised by GPS satellites, overpowering or blocking GPS receivers from acquiring or sustaining the correct satellite signals. Unlike jamming, which completely interrupts transmissions, spoofing tricked the receiver into believing fake data. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
Which of the following events generates the gravitational waves?
1. Collision of black holes
2. Merging of neutron stars
3. Core collapse of massive stars
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
— Gravitational waves are produced by some of the universe's most catastrophic events, including the collision of black holes, the merging of neutron stars, and the core collapse of massive stars.
— These events emit enormous amounts of energy, greater than the light from all the stars in all the galaxies combined, yet in a form that does not travel as light. Instead, it travels as tiny distortions in spacetime itself, moving outward like ripples from a stone tossed into a cosmic pond.
— LIGO (Laser Interferometer gravity-Wave Observatory), the experiment that detected gravity waves, was created in the United States following years of scepticism, budget constraints, and near-cancellation.
— The concept was simple but ambitious: split a laser beam and send the parts down two 4-kilometer-long tunnels at right angles before reassembling them. If a gravitational wave passed through, it would ever-so-slightly alter the lengths of the arms, changing the interference pattern of the beams. Simple in concept, but a nightmare in practice . Engineers had to isolate the instrument from every tremor, hum, and vibration, from distant earthquakes to passing trucks.
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
With reference to the Ilyushin Il-78MKI, consider the following statements:
1. The Indian Air Force (IAF) currently operates a fleet of six Ilyushin Il-78MKI tankers procured from France in 2003-04.
2. It was developed and designed in the Soviet Union.
3. Recently, the IAF has completed three rounds of technical evaluation of the Ilyushin Il-78MKI.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Explanation
— The Indian Air Force (IAF) is currently conducting technical evaluations of mid-air refuellers, which it has been looking to acquire as a critical strategic asset since 2007. 'The technical evaluation stage is currently underway,' an official said, adding that the mid-air refuellers used by the three to four enterprises are being considered. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
— The IAF currently operates a fleet of six Ilyushin Il-78MKI tankers acquired from Uzbekistan in 2003-04. It was created and designed in the Soviet Union. Hence, statement 1 is not correct and statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements:
1. Nuclear fusion is a process in which a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei.
2. Nuclear fission involves the formation of a new, heavier atomic nucleus from the merger of two lighter and smaller nuclei.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
— Nuclear technology is one of the few innovations that have changed the modern world profoundly and controversially. It involves harnessing nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei through the processes of nuclear fission and fusion.
— Nuclear fission is a process in which a heavy atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei. It is also associated with the process of radioactive decay as heavier nuclear elements decay into lighter ones. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
— Nuclear fusion is considered a process of creation as it involves the formation of a new, heavier atomic nucleus from the merger of two lighter and smaller nuclei. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
— Both processes provide a significant quantity of energy. While the practical application of nuclear fusion is still being investigated, nuclear fission has been used for both destructive and constructive purposes since its discovery in 1938 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann.
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
To read more: Understanding nuclear technology
With reference to the Axiom-4 space mission, consider the following statements:
1. This mission is part of a joint ISRO-NASA initiative.
2. The mission will perform the myogenesis study.
3. This project can benefit others on Earth by developing remote technologies for diagnosing and treating mental disorders, particularly for individuals in isolated or challenging environments where access to mental health care is limited.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Only one
(b) Only two
(c) All three
(d) None
Explanation
— Onboard the International Space Station (ISS), the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla conducted a series of tests on muscle loss in microgravity, digestion in space, and crew's mental well-being. Shukla, who is part of the Axiom-4 space mission, a joint ISRO-NASA initiative, entered the ISS on June 26 with three other astronauts. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
— According to Axiom Space, 'Shux (Shukla's call sign) performed operations in the Life Sciences Glovebox (LSG) for the myogenesis study, which could uncover how microgravity contributes to muscle loss.' Hence, statement 2 is correct.
— The crew on board reported activities for the Astronaut Mental Health project, which helped to further research into understanding well-being in space. 'This project can benefit others on Earth by developing remote technologies for diagnosing and treating mental disorders, particularly for individuals in isolated or challenging environments where access to mental health care is limited,' according to Axiom Space. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
— The crew also took part in an experiment to enhance brain-computer interface technology, which involved wearing a customised headset that tracked blood flow to indirectly measure neuronal activity. This is part of the PhotonGrav project, which intends to decipher brain impulses and enable individuals to operate computer systems solely through their thoughts.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
International Atomic Energy Agency's #RaysOfHope initiative aims to:
(a) minimise hazardous effects on the environment due to wars
(b) resolve conflicts among nations which possess nuclear weapons
(c) increase access to cancer care
(d) optimising use of nuclear technologies
Explanation
According to iaea.org,
— 'Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death on the continent, claiming around 2,000 lives every day. Three years ago, to close the global cancer care gap, we launched the IAEA's #RaysOfHope initiative at the African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa.'
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements:
1. According to Newton, gravity is the warping of space and time or spacetime , caused by mass and energy.
2. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity explained planetary motion more accurately than Newton's laws and also led to predictions such as time runs slower near massive objects, light can bend around stars, and gravitational waves should radiate outward when spacetime is disturbed.
Which of the above given statements is/are true?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
— Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, published in 1915, redefined our understanding of gravity. Instead of being a force between masses, as Newton described, gravity in GR is the warping of space and time — or spacetime — caused by mass and energy. Massive objects like stars and planets bend the fabric of spacetime around them, and other objects move along those curves. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
— This elegant idea not only explained planetary motion more accurately than Newton's laws, but also led to revolutionary predictions: time runs slower near massive objects, light can bend around stars, and ripples, or gravitational waves, should radiate outward when spacetime is disturbed. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
What are Macrophages?
(a) New virus identified in bats in China
(b) Generic medicines for high cholesterol
(c) Dietary fibre
(d) Immune cells
Explanation
— In Covid-19 and many other disease caused by virus attacks, immune cells in the lungs can contribute to worsening the attack. In a new study, researchers at Karolinska Institutet describe how different kinds of immune cells develop in the lungs, and which of them may be behind severe lung diseases.
— The structure of the lungs exposes them to viruses and bacteria from both the air and the blood. The study looked at what happens to certain immune cells, called macrophages, during a virus attack. Macrophages are immune cells that, among other things, protect the lungs from such attacks. But under certain conditions, lung macrophages can also contribute to severe lung diseases, such as COPD and Covid-19.
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
Daily Subject-wise quiz — History, Culture, and Social Issues (Week 115)
Daily subject-wise quiz — Polity and Governance (Week 117)
Daily subject-wise quiz — Science and Technology (Week 116)
Daily subject-wise quiz — Economy (Week 116)
Daily subject-wise quiz — Environment and Geography (Week 116)
Daily subject-wise quiz – International Relations (Week 116)
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This could have an impact on the climate. Hence, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is not correct. — Albedo refers to how much energy a surface reflects. Dark colours have an albedo near 0, indicating that little or no energy is reflected. Pale colours have an albedo close to 100%, which means that almost all of the energy is reflected. Hence, statement 3 is not correct. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. (Other Source: Which of the following terms refers to the growing tendency of companies, organisations or even countries to make dubious or unverifiable claims about their activities, products or services being environment-friendly or climate-friendly? (a) Sustainability theatre (b) Greenwashing (c) Bluewashing (d) Greenhushing Explanation What is greenwashing? — Although greenwashing as a term has been used in the limited context of advertising in these guidelines, it has a much broader scope. Greenwashing refers to the growing tendency of companies, organisations or even countries to make dubious or unverifiable claims about their activities, products or services being environment-friendly or climate-friendly. Due to heightened sensitivity to climate change, there is rising pressure on corporations and governments to carry out their activities in a way that causes the least damage to the environment. Many of them also have legal commitments, or targets, to adhere to in this regard. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. With reference to Forest Rights Act, 2006, consider the following statements: 1. It recognizes the rights of the forest dwelling tribal communities and other traditional forest dwellers to forest resources, on which these communities were dependent for a variety of needs, including livelihood, habitation and other socio-cultural needs. 2. The Gram Sabha is a highly empowered body under the Act, enabling the tribal population to have a decisive say in the determination of local policies and schemes impacting them. 3. It protects forest dwellers from unlawful evictions and also provides for basic development facilities for the community of forest dwellers to access facilities of education, health, nutrition, infrastructure etc. but limits the forest dwellers to access and use the forest resources to protect, conserve and manage forests. Which of the above given statements is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Explanation — Underlining that forest-dwelling communities were protected from unlawful eviction under the Forest Protection Act, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has directed the states to create an institutional mechanism to ensure compliance with the law and set up a mechanism to address grievances, it is learnt. — The Ministry has asked the state tribal development and forest departments for a report detailing the name and number of villages situated in tiger reserves; the tribes and forest-dwelling communities in such villages; and all the forest rights claims received, vested, and rejected. It has also sought to know the process of seeking consent and the likely compensation. — 'The provisions under FRA explicitly empower forest-dwelling communities by legally recognising their rights, protecting them from unlawful eviction, and ensuring that any resettlement is carried out with their informed consent and participation,' the Ministry is learnt to have said. According to — 'The Act further enjoins upon the Gram Sabha and rights holders the responsibility of conservation and protection of bio-diversity, wildlife, forests, adjoining catchment areas, water sources and other ecologically sensitive areas as well as to stop any destructive practices affecting these resources or cultural and natural heritage of the tribals. The Gram Sabha is also a highly empowered body under the Act, enabling the tribal population to have a decisive say in the determination of local policies and schemes impacting them. — Thus, the Act empowers the forest dwellers to access and use the forest resources in the manner that they were traditionally accustomed, to protect, conserve and manage forests, protect forest dwellers from unlawful evictions and also provides for basic development facilities for the community of forest dwellers to access facilities of education, health, nutrition, infrastructure etc.' Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. Which of the following states is implementing three externally aided projects to ensure the protection of forests and the livelihood of forest dwellers? (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Nagaland (c) Goa (d) Tripura Explanation — Tripura's Forest and Environment Minister, Animesh Debbarma, announced that the state government is implementing three externally funded programs to safeguard forests and ensure the livelihoods of forest inhabitants. — The first project was supported by the Japanese government through the Japan International Cooperation Agency, the second by the Federal Republic of Germany through the KfW bank, and the third by the World Bank for Rs 1,764.94 crore, he added. — 'The projects aimed to generate employment for youths and women through the promotion of forest-based entrepreneurship,' Debbarma said while launching the 76th state-level Vanmahotsava at the Behalabari School playground in Khowai district. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. Consider the following statements with reference to Green Credit Programme (GCP): 1. Non-government organisations selected by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change will be the implementing agencies (IA) for tree plantation based Green Credit Programme. 2. Industries, companies, non-government organizations, philanthropists, and individuals are encouraged to participate in the Green Credit Programme. Which of the above given statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Explanation — The Green Credit Programme (GCP) rolled out by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in 2023 was flagged by the Ministry of Law and Justice before its rollout, over legality of the business model built into it. — The ambitious government scheme seeks to invite voluntary participation in sectors ranging from plantations to water conservation in exchange of tradable credits. According to — 'Forest Departments/Forest Development Corporations of States and UTs will be the Implementing agency (IA) for tree plantation based Green Credit Programme. IA is responsible for identifying the suitable plantation blocks and further carrying out the plantation activities on the land selected by the entities.' Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. Daily Subject-wise quiz — History, Culture, and Social Issues (Week 115) Daily subject-wise quiz — Polity and Governance (Week 117) Daily subject-wise quiz — Science and Technology (Week 117) Daily subject-wise quiz — Economy (Week 117) Daily subject-wise quiz — Environment and Geography (Week 116) Daily subject-wise quiz – International Relations (Week 116) Subscribe to our UPSC newsletter and stay updated with the news cues from the past week. Stay updated with the latest UPSC articles by joining our Telegram channel – IndianExpress UPSC Hub, and follow us on Instagram and X.
