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Life might have come from outer space, scientist say

Life might have come from outer space, scientist say

Independenta day ago
The seeds of life on Earth might have come from outer space – and might be widespread throughout the rest of the universe, scientist say.
Researchers have found complex organic molecules in a disc around a 'protostar' in a major breakthrough. Those molecules are seen as the precursors to the building blocks of life, which go on to become sugars and amino acids that are then combined into the complex flora and fauna that surrounds us.
Researchers have found such complex organic molecules in other places before. But the new findings fill in a previously mysterious missing link – one that could suggest that life is more abundant than we realise.
When cold protostar becomes a young star, surrounded by a disc of dust and gas, it is a violent process that includes intense radiation and the hurling out of gas. Researchers had been concerned that the extreme nature of that process could 'reset' the chemical compounds available around a star, meaning that they would have to be formed in the discs that at the same time are making planets.
But the new findings suggest that complex molecules can stick around through that process, meaning they will be inherited by the discs that follow.
The findings are reported in a new study, 'A deep search for Complex Organic Molecules toward the protoplanetary disk of V883 Ori', published in the The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
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Neanderthals were not ‘hypercarnivores' and feasted on maggots, scientists say
Neanderthals were not ‘hypercarnivores' and feasted on maggots, scientists say

The Guardian

time2 hours ago

  • The Guardian

Neanderthals were not ‘hypercarnivores' and feasted on maggots, scientists say

For hungry Neanderthals, there was more on the menu than wild mammals, roasted pigeon, seafood and plants. Chemical signatures in the ancient bones point to a nutritious and somewhat inevitable side dish: handfuls of fresh maggots. The theory from US researchers undermines previous thinking that Neanderthals were 'hypercarnivores' who stood at the top of the food chain with cave lions, sabre-toothed tigers and other beasts that consumed impressive quantities of meat. Rather than feasting on endless mammoth steaks, they stored their kills for months, the scientists believe, favouring the fatty parts over lean meat, and the maggots that riddled the putrefying carcasses. 'Neanderthals were not hypercarnivores, their diet was different,' said John Speth, professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Michigan. 'It's likely maggots were a major food.' Neanderthals were thought to be top of the food chain because of the high levels of heavy nitrogen in their bones. Nitrogen builds up in living organisms when they metabolise protein in their food. A lighter form of the element, nitrogen-14, is excreted more readily than the heavier form, nitrogen-15. As a result, heavy nitrogen builds up in organisms with each step up the food chain, from plants to herbivores to carnivores. While the levels of heavy nitrogen in Neanderthal bones place them at the top of the food chain, they would not have been able to handle the amount of meat needed to reach those levels, the researchers say. 'Humans can only tolerate up to about 4 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight, whereas animals like lions can tolerate anywhere from two to four times that much protein safely,' said Speth. Since many Indigenous groups around the world routinely consume maggots in putrefied meat, the researchers decided to explore their potential role. The experiments were not for the squeamish. Dr Melanie Beasley, a member of the team at Purdue University in Indiana, was formerly at the Forensic Anthropology Center, or Body Farm, at the University of Tennessee. There, researchers study donated human corpses that are left to decompose. The work helps forensic scientists hone their techniques, for example, to ascertain for how long people have been dead. Beasley measured heavy nitrogen in putrefying muscle and the maggots that infested the corpses. Heavy nitrogen rose slightly as muscle putrefied, but was far higher in the maggots. The same process would have occurred in carcasses the Neanderthals stored, Beasley said. The finding, reported in Science Advances, suggests that rather than consuming meat as ravenously as lions and other hypercarnivores, Neanderthals acquired high levels of heavy nitrogen by eating maggots, which themselves were enriched with heavy nitrogen. 'The only reason this is surprising is that it contradicts what we westerners think of as food,' said Karen Hardy, professor of prehistoric archaeology at the University of Glasgow. 'Elsewhere in the world, a very wide range of things are eaten, and maggots are a great source of protein, fat and essential amino acids.' 'It is a no brainer for Neanderthals,' she added. 'Put out a bit of meat, leave it for a few days then go back and harvest your maggots, its a very easy way to get good nutritious food.' 'How does it shift our thinking? The Neanderthals as top carnivores was nonsense, it was physiologically impossible. So this makes sense, but also explains these high nitrogen signals in a way that nothing else has done so clearly,' Hardy said.

Covid vaccines ‘saved far fewer lives than first thought'
Covid vaccines ‘saved far fewer lives than first thought'

Telegraph

time5 hours ago

  • Telegraph

Covid vaccines ‘saved far fewer lives than first thought'

Covid vaccines saved far fewer lives than first thought, a major new analysis has concluded, with researchers criticising 'aggressive mandates'. In 2024, the World Health Organisation (WHO) claimed that jabs prevented the deaths of 14.4 million globally in the first year alone, with some estimates putting the figure closer to 20 million. However, new modelling by Stanford University and Italian researchers suggests that while the vaccine did undoubtedly save lives, the true figure is 'substantially more conservative' and closer to 2.5 million worldwide over the course of the entire pandemic. The team estimated that nine of 10 prevented deaths were in the over-60s, with jabs saving just 299 youngsters aged under 20, and 1,808 people aged between 20 and 30 globally. Overall 5,400 people needed to be vaccinated to save one life but in the under-30s this figure rose to 100,000 jabs, the paper suggests. Researchers criticised 'aggressive mandates and the zealotry to vaccinate everyone at all cost', adding that the findings had implications for how future vaccine rollouts are handled. John Ioannidis, Professor of Medicine at Stanford University and the first author, said: 'I think early estimates were based on many parameters having values that are incompatible with our current understanding. 'In principle, targeting the populations who would get the vast majority of the benefit and letting alone those with questionable risk-benefit and cost-benefit makes a lot of sense. 'Aggressive mandates and the zealotry to vaccinate everyone at all cost were probably a bad idea.' Since 2021, more than 13 billion Covid-19 vaccine doses have been administered. But there have been mounting concerns that vaccines could be harmful for some people, particularly the young, and that the risk was not worth the benefit for a population at little risk from Covid. More than 17,500 Britons have applied to the Government's vaccine damage payment scheme believing they or loved ones were injured by the jab. In June, manufacturers added warnings for myocarditis and pericarditis to Covid-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines' prescribing information. For the new study, experts used worldwide population data, alongside vaccine effectiveness and infection fatality rates, to estimate how many people died from a Covid infection before or after the periods of vaccination. The team believes earlier modelling may have used overly pessimistic infection fatality rates and overly optimistic vaccine effectiveness, while failing to consider how quickly protection waned. Based on fewer assumptions Earlier studies may also have underestimated how many people had already been unknowingly infected by the time they had the vaccine. Dr Angelo Maria Pezzullo, researcher in general and applied hygiene at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, in Milan, said: 'Before ours, several studies tried to estimate lives saved by vaccines with different models and in different periods or parts of the world, but this one is the most comprehensive because it is based on worldwide data. it also covers the omicron period. 'It also calculates the number of years of life that was saved, and it is based on fewer assumptions about the pandemic trend.' The team calculated that around 14.8 million life-years were saved, one life-year saved per 900 vaccine doses administered. Researchers concluded that although vaccines had a 'substantial benefit' on global mortality, it was 'mostly limited' to older people. The over-70s made up nearly 70 per cent of the lives saved, while the 60 to 70s accounted for a further 20 per cent. In contrast, under-20s made up just 0.01 per cent of lives saved and 20 to 30s were 0.07 per cent. Professor Stefania Boccia, of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, added: 'These estimates are substantially more conservative than previous calculations that focused mainly on the first year of vaccination, but clearly demonstrate an important overall benefit from Covid-19 vaccination over the period 2020-2024. 'Most of the benefits, in terms of lives and life-years saved, have been secured for a portion of the global population who is typically more fragile, the elderly.' Sir David Davis, the former Brexit secretary who fought against vaccine mandates, said: 'Frankly it's a good cautionary tale that if we have another pandemic we should be far more clinical about the risk-benefit ratio. 'We knew pretty quickly who the most susceptible groups were and we should have focused very strictly on them, rather than placing people who were at little risk in hazard's way. 'The level of aggression of trying to force people to become vaccinated and shutting down people who were raising concerns, the reasons for those concerns are all validated in this report.'

Doctors invent at-home test for condition that affects millions of Americans but goes undiagnosed for up to 10 YEARS
Doctors invent at-home test for condition that affects millions of Americans but goes undiagnosed for up to 10 YEARS

Daily Mail​

time6 hours ago

  • Daily Mail​

Doctors invent at-home test for condition that affects millions of Americans but goes undiagnosed for up to 10 YEARS

A first-of-its-kind at-home test can reveal whether a person suffers from endometriosis, a condition that leaves patients suffering from debilitating pain and without a diagnosis for up to a decade. Endometriosis is a condition that causes tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, or endometrium, to grow outside the uterus. It affects at least 11 percent of American women, more than 6.5 million. This tissue thickens and breaks down, but because it grows outside the uterus, there is no way for it to the leave body like typical lining does in blood during menstruation. It becomes trapped and leads to the formation of cysts. It often causes damage to the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis and can cause extreme menstrual pain, pain during sex, excessive bleeding, fatigue, diarrhea, constipation and fertility problems. Typically, it takes about a decade for doctors to diagnose endometriosis because of misdiagnosis, stigma and lack of access to proper healthcare - which can leave many women in excruciating pain for years. In many cases, doctors conduct a laparoscopy to diagnose endometriosis, which involves inserting a small camera in the body to find the extra tissue near the pelvis, taking a sample and testing it for confirmation. Once a diagnosis is made, potential treatments include birth control pills to stop the menstrual cycle or hormonal medication. As of now, there is no long-term treatment or cure for endometriosis. However, researchers at the Pennsylvania State University have now developed a new minimally invasive test patients can do themselves that can detect a biomarker for the disease in period blood and get a diagnosis - and start treatment - years earlier. Developed by Dr Dipanjan Pan, a Dorothy Foehr Huck & J. Lloyd Huck Chair Professor in Nanomedicine at the university, and his team, the at-home test offers up a diagnosis with nearly five times more accuracy than a laparoscopy in just 10 minutes. Dr Pan explained to Newsweek: 'This is the first time we have a proof of principle pregnancy-like test that shows one can collect menstrual blood and run it in the privacy of home and obtain the results in 10 minutes.' He noted that menstrual blood and tissue that is shed from the uterus each month is often overlooked as medical waste but could help with earlier and more accessible endometriosis detection. The team's prototype device can detect HMGB1 - a protein involved in endometriosis development and progression - in period blood with 500 percent more accuracy and confirm whether a person is suffering from the condition, he explained. To conduct the test, a sample of blood needs to be added to what looks like a Covid testing strip. If any HMGB1 proteins are present, they bind to the antibodies in the blood and when tested, turn two stripes dark - giving a positive result for endometriosis. In case of a negative result, only one stripe on the test darkens. Dr Pan told Newsweek: 'Currently, the only definitive [diagnostic] method is laparoscopic surgery [keyhole surgery, often invasive]. 'While menstrual blood is not yet a standard diagnostic tool for endometriosis, it's an active area of research with the potential to revolutionize how the condition is diagnosed and monitored in the future. 'With our technology, we are hoping to democratize women's health by providing a much-needed tool to track the onset or progression of this disease at the convenience and privacy of home. 'We anticipate that combining this technology with clinical symptoms will allow for early detection or diagnosis of endometriosis in adolescents and women.' Additionally, he also noted that the new test can help reduce the costs and time involved in scheduling and conducting a laparoscopy. He added: 'A recent study found that the average cost for a woman with endometriosis was around $30,000 per year. 'This huge financial burden can be reduced [as well as the shame and isolation from stigma] if an accurate at-home test becomes available. 'Our technology once developed, can reduce the time of diagnosis dramatically from years to minutes. 'Technologies are being developed that claim to be 'at-home' tests for endometriosis, but in fact they are developing ways to collect samples for laboratories to test.' Dr Pan also noted that with further testing and funding, he and his team intend to make the test accessible to people of all incomes. Furthermore, he also hopes to integrate the tests into period pads, making it possible to discreetly and conveniently monitor HMGB1 levels this way at home too. He said: 'It is our goal to [eventually] provide the kits directly to the public, at a reasonable price point, so women can do the test at home and share the results with their doctors, who will offer diagnoses and advice about next steps. 'We are looking at a couple of years of effort at this point. The team is actively looking for funding and partners to further develop the test. With funding, this timeline can be reduced in my opinion. '

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