What the data show about the state of immigration in Canada since cuts were announced
A new analysis of immigration data released by the federal government reveals that while the number of new permanent residents dropped after the federal government announced that it would cut immigration levels, the number of temporary foreign workers actually increased, while other temporary permits declined.
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Last October, the federal government under then prime minister Justin Trudeau announced it would reduce its permanent immigration targets from 500,000 down to 395,000 in 2025. The government also set a cap for the first time on the intake of temporary residents in both student and worker streams, at 673,650 temporary resident visas for 2025.
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'Meeting these targets is not simple given the need to account for regional priorities, pre-existing and other considerations,' says a detailed analysis of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada data done by the Metropolis Institute and the Association for Canadian Studies.
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The government will also have to take into account population growth, which has slowed since the immigration cuts were announced. During the fourth quarter of 2024, Canada's population grew by 0.2 per cent, the slowest quarterly growth rate since the end of 2020.
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'Those declines in population growth, that's an issue that is the object of an important national conversation that we're not really having. We're not meaningfully having that conversation, which is, do we want population growth? Or do we not? We're very dependent on immigration in that regard, and so we're not making that connection,' said Jack Jedwab, president and CEO of the Association for Canadian Studies and the Metropolis Institute. In a follow-up email, Jedwab noted that Prime Minister Mark Carney promised to return 'our overall immigration rates to sustainable levels,' in his mandate letter published on May 21. But that is a term 'that is open to much interpretation,' Jedwab said.
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According to Statistics Canada data, the overall population reached 41,528,680 on Jan. 1, 2025, up from 41,465,298 on Oct. 1, 2024, an increase of 63,382, the report states. 'By contrast, the population increase between the two previous quarters was 176,699. Immigration level reductions played a critical role in the outcome,' the report states.
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While the number of new permanent residents in a single quarter declined by 15 per cent, when comparing the first quarter of 2024 to the first quarter of 2025, the largest reduction in newcomers was attributed to temporary residents who came via the International Mobility Program (IMP). The program allows companies to hire temporary foreign workers without the usual Labour Market Impact Assessment. The IMP includes the post-graduate work permits granted to international students, the International Experience Canada stream for workers aged 18 to 35, free trade agreements, company transfers and permits for high-demand occupations, such as software engineers, among other programs.
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